Scouting
Organizational data
Country	Worldwide
Founded	1907
Founder	Baden-Powell
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Scouting, also known as the Scout Movement, is a worldwide youth movement with the stated aim of supporting young people in their physical, mental and spiritual development, so that they may play constructive roles in society. A youth movement is any attempt to organize individual young people into a unified identity

Scouting began in 1907 when Robert Baden-Powell, Lieutenant General in the British Army, held the first Scouting encampment at Brownsea Island in England. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The Brownsea Island Scout camp was a boys camping event on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, southern England organised by Lieutenant-General Baden-Powell Brownsea Island is the largest of the Islands in Poole Harbour in the county of Dorset, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Baden-Powell wrote the principles of Scouting in Scouting for Boys (London, 1908), based on his earlier military books, with influence and support of Frederick Russell Burnham (Chief of Scouts in British Africa), Seton of the Woodcraft Indians, Smith of the Boys' Brigade, and his publisher Pearson. Scouting for Boys A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship is the first book on the Scout Movement, published in 1908 Frederick Russell Burnham, DSO (May 11 1861 – September 1 1947 was an American scout and world traveling adventurer known for his service to the Ernest Thompson Seton ( August 14 1860 - October 23 1946) was a Scots-Canadian (and naturalized U The League of Woodcraft Indians was a youth program established by Ernest Thompson Seton. Sir William Alexander Smith ( October 27, 1854 - May 10, 1914) the founder of the Boys' Brigade, was born in Pennyland House For the 80s New Wave band from Canada see Boys Brigade (band. Sir Cyril Arthur Pearson 1st Baronet GBE ( 24 February 1866 &ndash 9 December 1921) was a British newspaper magnate During the first half of the 20th century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups each for boys (Cub Scout, Boy Scout, Rover Scout) and, in 1910, a new organization, Girl Guides, was created for girls (Brownie Guide, Girl Guide and Girl Scout, Ranger Guide). A Cub Scout is a member of the section of the worldwide Scouting movement for young persons mainly boys normally aged 8–10 Some troops are co-educational for those troops this article is relevant to them Rover Scouting is a service division of Scouting for young men and in some countries women A Brownie is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 7 and 10 This is an article about the young person in the Scouting movement A Ranger or Ranger Guide is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 14 and 25

The movement employs the Scout method, a program of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports. The Scout method is the informal educational system used by Scouting. Definition Camping describes a range of activities Survivalist campers set off with little more than their boots whereas Recreational vehicle travelers arrive equipped The term woodcraft denotes skills and experience in matters relating to living and thriving in the woods — such as Hunting, Fishing, and Camping The word 'hiking' is understood in all English-speaking countries but there are differences in usage Backpacking (in US tramping, trekking, or bushwalking in other countries combines Hiking and camping in a single Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Another widely recognized movement characteristic is the Scout uniform, by intent hiding all differences of social standing in a country and making for equality, with neckerchief and campaign hat or comparable head wear. A uniform is a set of standard Clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity A neckerchief is a type of Neckwear associated with Scouts and Sailors It consists of a triangular piece of cloth or a rectanglular piece folded into a A campaign hat (also Stetson, drill instructor hat, drill sergeant hat, round brown, ranger hat, sergeant hat, Distinctive uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil, as well as merit badges and other patches. The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily Trefoil (from Latin trifolium, "three-leaved plant" French trèfle, German Dreiblatt and Dreiblattbogen) is a graphic form composed Scout Badges are worn on the uniforms of members of Scouting organisations across the world in order to signify membership and achievements

In 2007, Scouting and Guiding together had over 38 million members in 216 countries. The two largest umbrella organizations are the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), for boys-only and co-educational organizations, and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS), primarily for girls-only organizations but also accepting co-educational organizations. The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM is the Non-governmental international organization which governs most national Scout Organizations, with 28 million The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS is a global association supporting the Female -oriented and female-only Scouting organizations in 145

2007 marked the centenary of Scouting world wide, with member organizations planning events all over the world in order to celebrate the event. The Scouting 2007 Centenary comprised celebrations around the world in which Scouts celebrated 100 years of the World Scout Movement.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Growth 1.3 Influences 2 Movement characteristics 2.1 Scout method 2.2 Activities 2.3 Uniforms and distinctive insignia 3 Age groups and sections 4 Adults and leadership 5 Around the world 5.1 Co-educational 5.2 Membership 5.3 Nonaligned and Scout-like organizations 6 Controversy and conflict 7 In film and the arts 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 12 External links

History

Origins

As a military officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in India and Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New Since his youth, he was fond of woodcraft and military scouting, and therefore – as part of their training – showed his men how to survive in the wilderness. The term woodcraft denotes skills and experience in matters relating to living and thriving in the woods — such as Hunting, Fishing, and Camping Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information He noticed it taught the soldiers to develop independence, rather than just blindly follow officers' orders. The self is a key construct in several schools of Psychology, broadly referring to the cognitive representation of one's identity ^[1]

In South Africa in the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army (the Siege of Mafeking). This article is about the former country in Africa For the present-day country see South Africa; for the region where both are located see Southern Africa See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Mafikeng (previously Mafeking) is the capital of the North-West Province of South Africa. The Siege of Mafeking was the most famous British action in the Second Boer War. ^[2] The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, which freed the men for military duties and kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of boy cadets during the Siege of Mafeking in South Africa. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town (1899–1900), and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. ^[3][4][5] Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined compass point and spearhead. A compass, magnetic compass or mariner's compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the earth's Magnetic poles It consists This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. The badge's logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily

In the United Kingdom the public followed his struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers, and when the siege was broken Baden-Powell had become a national hero. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A hero (from Greek grc ἥρως hērōs) in Greek mythology and Folklore, was originally a Demigod, the offspring of a mortal and This pushed the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, Aids to Scouting.

On his return to England he noticed the large interest of boys in this book, which was also used by teachers and youth organizations. ^[6] He was suggested by several to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys' Brigade. For the 80s New Wave band from Canada see Boys Brigade (band. This brigade was a large youth movement, drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used. ^[7] He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting.

In July 1906, Ernest Thompson Seton sent Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians. Ernest Thompson Seton ( August 14 1860 - October 23 1946) was a Scots-Canadian (and naturalized U Seton, a British-born Canadian living in the United States, met Baden-Powell in October 1906, and they shared ideas about youth training programs. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[8][9][10] In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft called Boy Patrols. In the same year, to test his ideas, he gathered 21 boys of mixed social backgrounds and held a week-long camp in August on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. The Brownsea Island Scout camp was a boys camping event on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, southern England organised by Lieutenant-General Baden-Powell Poole Harbour is a large natural Harbour in Dorset, southern England, with the town of Poole on its shores Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast ^[11] His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of Scouting training, allowed the boys to organize themselves into small groups with an elected patrol leader. ^[12]

In the autumn of 1907, Baden-Powell went on an extensive speaking tour arranged by his publisher, Arthur Pearson, to promote his forthcoming book, Scouting for Boys. Sir Cyril Arthur Pearson 1st Baronet GBE ( 24 February 1866 &ndash 9 December 1921) was a British newspaper magnate Scouting for Boys A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship is the first book on the Scout Movement, published in 1908 He had not simply rewritten his Aids to Scouting, but left out the military aspects and transferred the techniques (mainly survival) to non-military heroes: backwoodsmen, explorers (and later on, sailors and airmen). Survival skills are techniques a person may utilize for an indefinite duration in order to survive a dangerous situation (also see Bushcraft) ^[1] He also added innovative educational principles (the Scout method) by which he extended the attractive game to a personal mental education. The Scout method is the informal educational system used by Scouting.

Scouting for Boys first appeared in England in January 1908 as six fortnightly installments, and was published in England later in 1908 in book form. The book is now the fourth-bestselling title of all time,^[13] and is now commonly considered the first version of the Boy Scout Handbook. ^[14]

At the time, Baden-Powell intended that the scheme would be used by established organizations, in particular the Boys' Brigade, from the founder William A. Smith. Sir William Alexander Smith ( October 27, 1854 - May 10, 1914) the founder of the Boys' Brigade, was born in Pennyland House ^[15] However, because of the popularity of his person and the adventurous outdoor game he wrote about, boys spontaneously formed Scout patrols and flooded Baden-Powell with requests for assistance. He encouraged them, and the Scouting movement developed momentum. As the movement grew, Sea Scout, Air Scout, and other specialized units were added to the program. For the frogman-detector sonar system see NuvoSonic. Sea Scouts are members of the international Scouting movement with a particular Air Scouts are members of the international Scouting movement with a particular emphasis on flying-based activities

Growth

The Boy Scout movement swiftly established itself throughout the British Empire soon after the publication of Scouting for Boys. Olave St Clair Baden-Powell Baroness Baden-Powell, GBE ( February 22, 1889 – June 25, 1977) was born Olave St Clair Soames The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The first recognized overseas unit was chartered in Gibraltar in 1908, followed quickly by a unit in Malta. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Canada became the first overseas dominion with a sanctioned Boy Scout program, followed by Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Scouts Canada is a Canadian Scouting association that in affiliation with the French-language Association des Scouts du Canada, is a member of the World A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island } The Union of South Africa is the historic predecessor to the present-day state of the Republic of South Africa. Chile was the first country outside the British dominions to have a recognized Scouting program. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The first Scout rally, held in 1909 at The Crystal Palace in London, attracted 10,000 boys and a number of girls. The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and Glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. By 1910, Argentina, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Malaya, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States had Boy Scouts. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Grand Duchy of Finland (Magnus Ducatus Finlandiæ Великое княжество Финляндское ' Velikoe knjažestvo finljandskoe) was the Predecessor This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[16][17][18]

The program initially focused on boys aged 11 to 18, but as the movement grew, the need became apparent for leader training and programs for younger boys, older boys, and girls. The first Cub Scout and Rover Scout programs were in place by the late 1910s. A Cub Scout is a member of the section of the worldwide Scouting movement for young persons mainly boys normally aged 8–10 Rover Scouting is a service division of Scouting for young men and in some countries women They operated independently until they obtained official recognition from their home country's Scouting organization. In the United States, attempts at Cub programs began as early as 1911, but official recognition was not obtained until 1930. ^{[18][19][20][21]}

Girls wanted to become part of the movement almost as soon as it began. Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell introduced the Girl Guides in 1910, a parallel movement for girls, sometimes named Girl Scouts. Agnes Smyth Baden-Powell (16 December 1858 &ndash 2 June 1945 was the younger sister of Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell, and was most noted for her work in establishing This is an article about the young person in the Scouting movement Agnes Baden-Powell became the first president of the Girl Guides when it was formed in 1910, at the request of the girls who attended the Crystal Palace Rally. In 1914, she started Rosebuds – later renamed Brownies – for younger girls. A Brownie is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 7 and 10 She stepped down as president of the Girl Guides in 1920 in favor of Robert's wife Olave Baden-Powell, who was named Chief Guide (for England) in 1918 and World Chief Guide in 1930. Olave St Clair Baden-Powell Baroness Baden-Powell, GBE ( February 22, 1889 – June 25, 1977) was born Olave St Clair Soames At that time, girls were expected to remain separate from boys because of societal standards, though co-educational youth groups did exist. By the 1990s, two thirds of the Scout organizations belonging to WOSM had become co-educational. ^[22]

Baden-Powell could not single-handedly advise all groups who requested his assistance. Early Scoutmaster training camps were held in London in 1910 and in Yorkshire in 1911. Boy Scouting is a membership level of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA for boys and young men Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Baden-Powell wanted the training to be as practical as possible to encourage other adults to take leadership roles, so the Wood Badge course was developed to recognize adult leadership training. Wood Badge is a Scouting Leadership program and the related Award for adult leaders in the programs of Scout associations around the The development of the training was delayed by World War I, so the first Wood Badge course was not held until 1919. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All ^[23] Wood Badge is used by Boy Scout associations and combined Boy Scout and Girl Guide associations in many countries. Gilwell Park near London was purchased in 1919 on behalf of The Scout Association as an adult training site and Scouting campsite. Gilwell Park is a camp site and activity centre for Scouting groups as well as a Training and Conference centre for Scout Leaders The Scout Association is the World Organization of the Scout Movement recognised Scouting association in the United Kingdom Description The term "camp" comes from the Latin word campus, meaning field ^[24] Baden-Powell wrote a book, Aids to Scoutmastership, to help Scouting Leaders, and wrote other handbooks for the use of the new Scouting sections, such as Cub Scouts and Girl Guides. A Scout Leader or Scouter generally refers to the trained adult leader of a Scout unit One of these was Rovering to Success, written for Rover Scouts in 1922. A wide range of leader training exists in 2007, from basic to program-specific, including the Wood Badge training.

Influences

Important elements of traditional Scouting have their origins in Baden-Powell's experiences in education and military training. John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 He was a 50-year-old retired army general when he founded Scouting, and his revolutionary ideas inspired thousands of young people, from all parts of society, to get involved in activities that most had never contemplated. Comparable organizations in the English-speaking world are the Boys' Brigade and the non-militaristic Woodcraft Folk; however, they never matched the development and growth of Scouting. The Woodcraft Folk is a UK -based educational movement for children and young people ^[25]

Aspects of Scouting practice have been criticized as too militaristic. Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or ^[26] Military-style uniforms, badges of rank, flag ceremonies, and brass bands were commonly accepted in the early years because they were a part of normal society, but since then have diminished or been abandoned in both Scouting and society. A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification A brass band is a Musical group generally consisting entirely of Brass instruments, most often with a percussion section

Local influences have also been a strong part of Scouting. By adopting and modifying local ideologies, Scouting has been able to find acceptance in a wide variety of cultures. In the United States, Scouting uses images drawn from the U. S. frontier experience. A frontier is a Political and Geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary, or of a different nature This includes not only its selection of animal badges for Cub Scouts, but the underlying assumption that American native peoples are more closely connected with nature and therefore have special wilderness survival skills which can be used as part of the training program. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States By contrast, British Scouting makes use of imagery drawn from the Indian subcontinent, because that region was a significant focus in the early years of Scouting. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Baden-Powell's personal experiences in India led him to adopt Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as a major influence for the Cub Scouts; for example, the name used for the Cub Scout leader, Akela (whose name was also appropriated for the Webelos), is that of the leader of the wolf pack in the book. Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet The Jungle Book (1894 is a collection of stories written by Rudyard Kipling. Akela the great gray Lone Wolf who led all the Pack by strength and cunning lay out at full length on his rock and below him sat forty or more wolves of every size and color| Rudyard Cub Scouting is part of the Scouting program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA available to some boys from first through fifth-grade or 7–10 years of age and their families ^[27]

The name "Scouting" seems to have been inspired by the important and romantic role played by military scouts performing reconnaissance in the wars of the time. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the In fact, Baden-Powell wrote his original military training book, Aids To Scouting, because he saw the need for the improved training of British military-enlisted scouts, particularly in initiative, self-reliance, and observational skills. The book's popularity with young boys surprised him. As he adapted the book as Scouting for Boys, it seems natural that the movement adopted the names Scouting and Boy Scouts. ^[28]

"Duty to God" is a principle of Scouting, though it is applied differently in various countries. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. ^[29][30] The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) take a strong position, excluding atheists. The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million Atheism ^[31] The Scout Association in the United Kingdom requires adult leaders to implement the Association's religious policy which, inter alia, encourages members to belong to some religious body. The Scout Association is the World Organization of the Scout Movement recognised Scouting association in the United Kingdom ^[32] Scouts Canada defines Duty to God broadly in terms of "adherence to spiritual principles" and leaves it to the individual member or leader whether they can follow a Scout Promise that includes Duty to God. Scouts Canada is a Canadian Scouting association that in affiliation with the French-language Association des Scouts du Canada, is a member of the World Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality ^[33]

Movement characteristics

Scouting is taught using the Scout method, which incorporates an informal educational system that emphasizes practical activities in the outdoors. Programs exist for Scouts ranging in age from 6 to 25 (though age limits vary slightly by country), and program specifics target Scouts in a manner appropriate to their age. ^[34][35] It is the use of the Scout method that binds Scouts together, worldwide.

Scout method

Main article: Scout method

The Scout method is the principal method by which the Scouting organizations, boy and girl, operate their units. The Scout method is the informal educational system used by Scouting. WOSM describes Scouting as ". . . a voluntary nonpolitical educational movement for young people open to all without distinction of origin, race or creed, in accordance with the purpose, principles and method conceived by the Founder. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A creed is a statement of Belief — usually Religious belief — or Faith often recited as part of a religious service . . "^[34] It is the goal of Scouting "to contribute to the development of young people in achieving their full physical, intellectual, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities. "^[34]

The principles of Scouting describe a code of behavior for all members, and characterize the movement. The Scout method is a progressive system designed to achieve these goals, comprising seven elements:^[36]

• Law and promise
• Learning by doing
• Team system
• Symbolic framework
• Personal progression
• Nature
• Adult support

While community service is a major element of both the WOSM and WAGGGS programs, WAGGGS includes it as an extra element of the Scout method:^[37]

• Service in the community. Since the publication of Scouting for Boys in 1908 all Scouts and Guides around the world have taken a Scout Promise or oath to live up to ideals of the movement Since the publication of Scouting for Boys in 1908 all Scouts and Guides around the world have taken a Scout (or Guide promise or oath to live up to ideals of the movement

The Scout Law and Promise embody the joint values of the Scouting movement worldwide, and bind all Scouting associations together. The emphasis on "learning by doing" provides experiences and hands-on orientation as a practical method of learning and building self-confidence. In Psychology, self-esteem reflects a Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth Small groups build unity, camaraderie, and a close-knit fraternal atmosphere. These experiences, along with an emphasis on trustworthiness and personal honor, help to develop responsibility, character, self-reliance, self-confidence, reliability, and readiness; which eventually lead to collaboration and leadership. Responsibility assumption is a Doctrine in the personal growth field holding that each individual has substantial or total responsibility for the events and circumstances Moral character or character is an evaluation of a particular individual's moral qualities The self is a key construct in several schools of Psychology, broadly referring to the cognitive representation of one's identity Preparedness refers to the state of being prepared for specific or unpredictable events or situations Collaboration is a recursive process where two or more people or organizations work together toward an intersection of common goals — for example an intellectual The word leadership can refer to Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading A program with a variety of progressive and attractive activities expands a Scout's horizon and bonds the Scout even more to the group. Activities and games provide an enjoyable way to develop skills such as dexterity. Fine motor skills can be defined as coordination of small Muscle movements which occur e In an outdoor setting, they also provide contact with the natural environment. ^[35]

Since the birth of Scouting in 1907, Scouts worldwide have taken a Scout Promise to live up to ideals of the movement, and subscribe to the Scout Law. The form of the promise and laws have varied slightly by country and over time, but must fulfil the requirements of the WOSM to qualify a National Scout Association for membership.

The Scout Motto, 'Be Prepared', has been used in various languages by millions of Scouts since 1907. The Scout Motto of the Scout Movement, in various Languages has been used by millions of Scouts around the world since 1907 Less well-known is the Scout Slogan, 'Do a good turn daily'. The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million

Activities

Common ways to implement the Scout method include having Scouts spending time together in small groups with shared experiences, rituals, and activities, and emphasizing good citizenship and decision-making by young people in an age-appropriate manner. Floreat is a western suburb in the Western Australian city of Perth. Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Weekly meetings often take place in local centres known as Scout dens. Cultivating a love and appreciation of the outdoors and outdoor activities is a key element. Primary activities include camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports. Definition Camping describes a range of activities Survivalist campers set off with little more than their boots whereas Recreational vehicle travelers arrive equipped The term woodcraft denotes skills and experience in matters relating to living and thriving in the woods — such as Hunting, Fishing, and Camping The word 'hiking' is understood in all English-speaking countries but there are differences in usage Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively ^[38][39]

Camping is most often arranged at the unit level, such as one Scout troop, but there are periodic camps (known in Australia as "jamborettes" and in the US as "camporees") and "jamborees". A camporee is a local or regional gathering of Scouting units for a period of camping and common activities In Scouting, a jamboree is a large gathering of Scouts who rally at a national or international level Camps occur a few times a year and may involve several groups from a local area or region camping together for a weekend. The events usually have a theme, such as pioneering. Pioneering is the art of using ropes and wooden spars joined by lashings and Knots to create a structure World Scout Moots are gatherings, originally for Rover Scouts, but mainly focused on Scout Leaders. The World Scout Moot is a gathering of older Scouts, mainly Rover Scouts, ages 18-26 (although there was no upper age limit for the earlier Moots from all over Rover Scouting is a service division of Scouting for young men and in some countries women A Scout Leader or Scouter generally refers to the trained adult leader of a Scout unit Jamborees are large national or international events held every four years, during which thousands of Scouts camp together for one or two weeks. Activities at these events will include games, scoutcraft competitions, badge, pin or patch trading, aquatics, woodcarving, archery and activities related to the theme of the event. Scouting memorabilia collecting is the hobby (and in many cases the study of preserving and cataloguing Boy Scouting and Girl Guiding items for their historic aesthetic Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has ^[40]

In some countries a highlight of the year for Scouts is spending at least a week in the summer engaging in an outdoor activity. This can be a camping, hiking, sailing, or other trip with the unit, or a summer camp with broader participation (at the council, state, or provincial level). Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force Scouts attending a summer camp work on merit badges, advancement, and perfecting scoutcraft skills. Summer camps can operate specialty programs for older Scouts, such as sailing, backpacking, canoeing and whitewater, caving, and fishing. Canoeing is the activity of paddling a Canoe for the purpose of recreation (also called a float trip Sport, or transportation. Whitewater is formed in a Rapid, when a River 's gradient drops enough to disturb its Laminar flow and create Turbulence, i Caving or spelunking is the recreational Sport of exploring Caves In contrast Speleology is the scientific study of caves and the cave For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish.

At an international level Scouting perceives one of its roles as the promotion of international harmony and peace. ^[41] Various initiatives are in train towards achieving this aim including the development of activities that benefit the wider community, challenge prejudice and encourage tolerance of diversity. Such programs include co-operation with non-scouting organisations including various NGOs, the United Nations and religious institutions as set out in The Marrakech Charter. ^[42]

Uniforms and distinctive insignia

Individual national or other emblems may be found at the individual country's Scouting article.

The Scout uniform is a widely recognized characteristic of Scouting. Robert Tait McKenzie ( 1867 - April 28, 1938) Ramsay Township, Lanark County, Ontario – April 28, 1938 The Cradle of Liberty Council (525 is a Boy Scouts of America council created in 1996 with the merger of the former Philadelphia Area Council covering the city and county of Philadelphia Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern A uniform is a set of standard Clothing worn by members of an organization while participating in that organization's activity In the words of Baden-Powell at the 1937 World Jamboree, it "hides all differences of social standing in a country and makes for equality; but, more important still, it covers differences of country and race and creed, and makes all feel that they are members with one another of the one great brotherhood". ^[43] The original uniform, still widely recognized, consisted of a khaki button-up shirt, shorts, and a broad-brimmed campaign hat. This article is about the fabric. For the colour see Khaki (color. A campaign hat (also Stetson, drill instructor hat, drill sergeant hat, round brown, ranger hat, sergeant hat, Baden-Powell also wore shorts, because he believed that being dressed like a Scout helped to reduce the age-imposed distance between adult and youth. Uniforms are now frequently blue, orange, red or green, and shorts are replaced by long trousers in winter, and in areas where the culture calls for modesty. Standards of modesty (also called demureness or reticence) are aspects of the Culture of a Country or people at a given point in time

While designed for smartness and equality, the Scout uniform is also practical. Shirts traditionally have thick seams to make them ideal for use in makeshift stretchers—Scouts were trained to use them in this way with their staves, a traditional but deprecated item. The leather straps and toggles of the campaign hats or Leaders' Wood Badges could be used as emergency tourniquets, or anywhere that string was needed in a hurry. A campaign hat (also Stetson, drill instructor hat, drill sergeant hat, round brown, ranger hat, sergeant hat, Wood Badge is a Scouting Leadership program and the related Award for adult leaders in the programs of Scout associations around the A tourniquet is a constricting or compressing device used to control venous and arterial circulation to an extremity for a period of time Neckerchiefs were chosen as they could easily be used as a sling or triangular bandage by a Scout in need. A neckerchief is a type of Neckwear associated with Scouts and Sailors It consists of a triangular piece of cloth or a rectanglular piece folded into a Scouts were encouraged to use their garters for shock cord where necessary. Garters are articles of Clothing: narrow bands of fabric fastened about the leg used to keep Stockings up ^[43]

Distinctive insignia for all are Scout uniforms, recognized and worn the world over, include the Wood Badge and the World Membership Badge. Scouting has two internationally known symbols: the fleur-de-lis is used by member organizations of the WOSM, and the trefoil by members of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). The fleur-de-lys (or fleur-de-lis, plural fleurs-de-lis ˌfləː(rdəˈliː (ˌfləː(rdəˈlɪs in Quebec) translated from French as "lily Trefoil (from Latin trifolium, "three-leaved plant" French trèfle, German Dreiblatt and Dreiblattbogen) is a graphic form composed The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS is a global association supporting the Female -oriented and female-only Scouting organizations in 145 ^[44][45] While these are the largest boy and girl Scouting associations, not all Scouts or Scouting associations belong to them.

The swastika was used as an early symbol by the British Boy Scouts and others. The swastika (from Sanskrit: svástika sa स्वस्तिक Hindu IS CORRECT if 'ि' is positioned incorrectly see -->) is The Scout Association is the World Organization of the Scout Movement recognised Scouting association in the United Kingdom Its earliest use in Scouting was on the Thanks Badge introduced in 1911. ^[46] Lord Baden-Powell's 1922 design for the Medal of Merit added a swastika to the Scout fleur-de-lis to symbolize good luck for the recipient. Like Rudyard Kipling, he would have come across this symbol in India. In 1934, Scouters requested a change to the design because of the later use of the swastika by the National Socialist German Workers Party. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 A new British Medal of Merit was issued in 1935.

Age groups and sections

Main article: Age Groups in Scouting and Guiding

Scouting and Guiding movements are generally divided into sections by age or school grade, allowing activities to be tailored to the maturity of the group's members. National Scouting and Guiding organisations are divided into different age groups in order to deliver the Scouting and Guiding programmes for a full range These age divisions have varied over time as they adapt to the local culture and environment.

Scouting was originally developed for adolescents—youths between the ages of 11 and 17. In most member organizations, this age group composes the Scout or Guide section. Some troops are co-educational for those troops this article is relevant to them This is an article about the young person in the Scouting movement Programs were developed to meet the needs of young children (generally ages 6 to 10) and young adults (originally 18 and older, and later up to 25). Scouts and Guides were later split into "junior" and "senior" sections in many member organizations, and some organizations dropped the young adults' section. The exact age ranges for programs vary by country and association. ^[47][48][49]

Original age groups as developed by Baden-Powell:

Age range	Scouting section	Guiding section
7 to 10	Cub Scout	Brownie Guide
11 to 17	Boy Scout	Girl Guide or Girl Scout
18 and up	Rover Scout	Ranger Guide

The national programs for younger children include Tiger Cubs, Cub Scouts, Brownies, Daisies, Rainbow Guides, Beaver Scouts, Joey Scouts, Keas, and Teddies. A Cub Scout is a member of the section of the worldwide Scouting movement for young persons mainly boys normally aged 8–10 A Brownie is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 7 and 10 Some troops are co-educational for those troops this article is relevant to them This is an article about the young person in the Scouting movement Rover Scouting is a service division of Scouting for young men and in some countries women A Ranger or Ranger Guide is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 14 and 25 Cub Scouting is part of the Scouting program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA available to some boys from first through fifth-grade or 7–10 years of age and their families A Cub Scout is a member of the section of the worldwide Scouting movement for young persons mainly boys normally aged 8–10 A Brownie is a member of a section of some Guiding organisations who is between the ages of 7 and 10 Girlguiding UK is the national Guiding organisation of the United Kingdom. Joey Scouts is the section of Scouts Australia for the youngest age group in Scouting. New Zealand has 18007 Scouts (as of mid 2008 served by Scouting New Zealand. The Girl Guides Association of South Africa is a girls-only organisation and is recognised by the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS Programs for post-adolescents and young adults include the Senior Section,^[50] Rover Scouts, Venture Scouts, Explorer Scouts, and the Scout Network. Girlguiding UK is the national Guiding organisation of the United Kingdom. Rover Scouting is a service division of Scouting for young men and in some countries women Venture Scouting is a section of the Scout Movement, mostly in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, for young people roughly in the 14 - 18 age range The Scout Network, is a section of The Scout Association in the United Kingdom for 18 to 25 year olds introduced in 2001 following the review of UK Scouting Many organizations also have a program for members with special needs. This is usually known as Extension Scouting, but sometimes has other names, such as Scoutlink. Extension Scouting is a programme within Scouting which caters for young people with special needs For information on ScoutLink IRC Network then visit ScoutLink Scoutlink is a Scouting programme run by The Scout Association The Scout Method has been adapted to specific programs such as Air Scouts, Sea Scouts, Rider Guides and Scoutingbands. Air Scouts are members of the international Scouting movement with a particular emphasis on flying-based activities For the frogman-detector sonar system see NuvoSonic. Sea Scouts are members of the international Scouting movement with a particular

In many countries, Scouting is organized into neighborhood Scout Groups, or Districts, which contain one or more sections. The Scout Group is the local organisation for Scouting in most countries where it is active Under the umbrella of the Scout Group, sections are divided according to age, each having their own terminology and leadership structure.

Adults and leadership

Adults interested in Scouting or Guiding, including former Scouts and Guides, often join organizations such as the International Scout and Guide Fellowship. The International Scout and Guide Fellowship (ISGF is a worldwide organization of Scout alumni in support of Scouting and Guiding who want to strengthen dialogue In the United States and the Philippines, university students might join the co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words la frater and la soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively are fraternal Alpha Phi Omega (commonly known as APO but also ΑΦΩ A-Phi-O and A-Phi-Q is the largest collegiate fraternity in the United States, with chapters at over 350 campuses an In the United Kingdom, university students might join the Student Scout and Guide Organisation, and after graduation, the Scout and Guide Graduate Association. The Student Scout and Guide Organisation (SSAGO exists to support Scouts, Guides, and people who have never been members of a Scout or Guide Association who The Scout and Guide Graduate Association (SAGGA is an association in the United Kingdom of Scouts and Guides who largely were former members of

Scout units are usually operated by adult volunteers, such as parents and carers, former Scouts, students, and community leaders, including teachers and religious leaders. Scout Leadership positions are often divided into 'uniform' and 'lay' positions. A Scout Leader or Scouter generally refers to the trained adult leader of a Scout unit Uniformed leaders have received formal training, such as the Wood Badge, and have received a warrant for a rank within the organization. Wood Badge is a Scouting Leadership program and the related Award for adult leaders in the programs of Scout associations around the Lay members commonly hold part-time roles such as meeting helpers, committee members and advisors, though there are a small number of full-time lay professionals. ^[51][52]

A unit has uniformed positions—such as the Scoutmaster and assistants—whose titles vary among countries. In some countries, units are supported by lay members, who range from acting as meeting helpers to being members of the unit's committee. ^[53] In some Scout associations, the committee members may also wear uniforms and be registered Scout leaders.

Above the unit are further uniformed positions, called Commissioners, at levels such as district, county, council or province, depending on the structure of the national organization. Commissioners work with lay teams and professionals. Training teams and related functions are often formed at these levels. In the UK and in other countries, the national Scout organization appoints the Chief Scout, the most senior uniformed member. The position of Chief Scout in the United Kingdom started with the appointment of Robert Baden-Powell 1st Baron Baden-Powell, the founder of the Scout Movement as

Around the world

Following its foundation in the United Kingdom (UK), Scouting spread around the globe. The first association outside the UK was opened in Malta, which is independent now but was a British colony at the time. In most countries of the world, there is now at least one Scouting (or Guiding) organization. Each is independent, but international cooperation continues to be seen as part of the Scout Movement. In 1922 the WOSM started as the governing body on policy for the national Scouting organizations (then male only). In addition to being the governing policy body, it organizes the World Scout Jamboree every four years. The World Scout Jamboree (Jamboree Scout Mondial is a Scouting jamboree of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, typically attended by several ^[54]

In 1928 the WAGGGS started as the equivalent to WOSM for the then female-only national Scouting/Guiding organizations. It is also responsible for the various international centres such as Our Chalet. Our Chalet is an international Girl Guide/Girl Scout centre and one of four World Centres of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS

Today at the international level, the two largest umbrella organizations are:

• World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), for boys-only and co-educational organizations. The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM is the Non-governmental international organization which governs most national Scout Organizations, with 28 million Mixed-sex education, (or just Mixed education) also known as Coeducation, is the integrated education to males and females at the same school facilities
• World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS), primarily for girls-only organizations but also accepting co-educational organizations. The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS is a global association supporting the Female -oriented and female-only Scouting organizations in 145

Co-educational

Worldwide there have been different approaches to co-educational Scouting. The World Scout Moot is a gathering of older Scouts, mainly Rover Scouts, ages 18-26 (although there was no upper age limit for the earlier Moots from all over Countries such as the USA have maintained separate Scouting organizations for boys and girls. ^[55] In other countries, notably in Europe, Scouting and Guiding have merged, and there is a single organization for boys and girls, which is a member of both the WOSM and the WAGGGS. ^[56][57] In others, for example Australia and the United Kingdom, the national Scout association has opted to admit both boys and girls, but is only a member of the WOSM, while the national Guide association has remained as a separate movement and member of the WAGGGS. In Greece it is the other way around, as the national Guide association has opted to admit both boys and girls, the national Scout association accepts both boys and girls but they function as different organizations. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία In some countries like Slovenia and Spain there are separate associations of Scouts (members of WOSM) and guides (members of WAGGGS), both admitting boys and girls. Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

The Scout Association in the United Kingdom has been co-educational at all levels since 1991, but this has been optional for groups, and currently 52% of groups have at least one female youth member. Since 2000 new sections have been required to accept girls. The Scout Association has decided that all Scout groups and sections will become co-educational by January 2007, the year of Scouting's centenary. ^[58]

In the United States, the Cub Scout and Boy Scout programs of the BSA are for boys-only; however, for youths age 14 and older, Venturing is co-educational. The Boy Scouts of America ( BSA) is the largest youth organization in the United States with over five million Venturing is part of the program of the Boy Scouts of America for young adults men and women between the ages of 14 (having completed the eighth grade and 21 The Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) is an independent organization for girls and young women only. The Girl Scouts of the United States of America (GSUSA is a Youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad Adult leadership positions in the BSA and GSUSA are open to both men and women.

Of the 155 WOSM member National Scout Organizations (representing 155 countries), 122 belong only to WOSM, and 34 belong to both WOSM and WAGGGS. Of the 122 which belong only to WOSM, 95 are open to boys and girls in some or all program sections, and 20 are only for boys. All 34 which belong to both WOSM and WAGGGS are open to boys and girls. ^[59]

WAGGGS has 144 Member Organizations and 110 of them belong only to WAGGGS. Of these 110, 17 are co-educational and 93 admit only girls. ^[60][61][62]

Membership

As of 2005, there are over 28 million registered Scouts and 10 million registered Guides around the world, from 216 different countries and territories.

Top 20 countries with Scouting and Guiding, sorted by membership. Full tables on List of World Organization of the Scout Movement members and List of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members. Since its conception in 1907 the Scouting movement has spread from the United Kingdom to 216 countries and territories around the world Table of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts recognizes at most one Guiding organization ^[63][22][64]

Country	Membership[65][66]	Scouting introduced	Guiding introduced
United States	9,500,000	1910	1912
Indonesia	8,100,000	1912	1912
India	3,700,000	1909	1911
Philippines	2,600,000	1910	1918
Thailand	1,400,000	1911	1957
United Kingdom	1,000,000	1907	1909
Bangladesh	950,000	1920	1928
Pakistan	570,000	1909	1911
Kenya	420,000	1910	1920
Korea	280,000	1922	1946
Canada	260,000	1908	1910
Germany[I]	260,000	1910	1912
Japan	240,000	1913	1919
Italy[II]	210,000	1910	1912
Nigeria	160,000	1915	1919
Poland[III]	160,000	1910	1910
France[IV]	150,000	1910	1911
Belgium[V]	150,000	1911	1915
Hong Kong	150,000	1914	1916
Malaysia	140,000	1911	1916

Nonaligned and Scout-like organizations

Main article: Non-aligned Scouting and Scout-like organisations

Fifteen years passed between the first publication of Scouting for Boys and the creation of the largest supranational Scout organization, WOSM, and millions of copies had been sold in dozens of languages. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Związek Harcerstwa Rzeczypospolitej ( Scouting Association of the Republic, ZHR) is a Polish Scouting organization founded on February 25 Known in English as the Confederation of European Scouts, the Confédération Européenne de Scoutisme was formed in Brussels Belgium in 1978, and is based Non-aligned Scouting and Scout-like organizations are Scouting organizations that are not affiliated to the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS and the By that point, Scouting was the purview of the world's youth, and hard to preserve as a monolith.

Alternative groups have formed since the original formation of the Scouting "Boy Patrols. " They can be a result of groups or individuals who refuse to follow the original ideals of Scouting but still desire to participate in Scout-like activities. Others maintain that the WOSM is currently far more political and less youth-based than ever envisioned by Lord Baden-Powell. They believe that Scouting in general has moved away from its original intent, because of political machinations that happen to longstanding organizations, and seek to return to the earliest, simplest methods. ^[67][68]

There are at least 520 separate national or regional Scouting associations in the world. Most have felt the need to create international Scouting organizations to set standards for Scouting and to coordinate activities among member associations. Six international Scouting organizations serve 437 of the world's national associations, and the largest two organizations, WOSM and WAGGGS, count 362 national associations as members, encompassing the vast majority of the world's Scouts. ^[69]

Controversy and conflict

Main article: Scouting controversy and conflict

Since the inception of Scouting in the early 1900s, the movement has sometimes become entangled in social controversies such as the civil rights struggle in the American South and in nationalist resistance movements in India. Scouting has sometimes become entangled in social Controversies such as the Civil rights struggle in the American South and in nationalist The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The term " Indian independence movement " is diffuse incorporating various national and regional campaigns agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Militant India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Scouting was introduced to Africa by British officials as a way to strengthen their rule, but came to challenge the legitimacy of the British Empire as African Scouts used the Scout Law's principle that a Scout is a brother to all other Scouts to collectively claim full imperial citizenship. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. ^[70][71] More recently, Scouting organizations that do not allow the participation of atheists, agnostics, or homosexuals have been publicly criticized. Atheism Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. ^[72][73]

In film and the arts

Main article: Scouting in popular culture

As Scouting has been a facet of culture throughout most of the 20th century in many countries, numerous films and artwork use the subject. Since Scouting began in 1907 it has entered into many elements of popular culture including movies TV and books River Jude Phoenix ( August 23, 1970 – October 31, 1993) was an American Film Actor. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade is a 1989 Adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg from a story co-written by Executive producer ^[74] It is especially prevalent in the United States, where Scouting is tied closely to the ideal of Americana. Americana refers to artifacts of the Culture of the United States, the history and folklore resultant from its Westward expansion. The works of painters Norman Rockwell, Pierre Joubert and Joseph Csatari and the 1966 film Follow Me, Boys! are prime examples of this idealized American ethos. Norman Percevel Rockwell ( February 3, 1894 &ndash November 8, 1978) was a 20th century American painter and Illustrator Pierre Joubert ( June 27, 1910 - January 13, 2002) was a French Illustrator. Joseph Csatari (born 1929 is an internationally-acclaimed realist portrait artist watercolorist and illustrator who has painted both the famous and the familiar in American life Follow Me Boys! is a 1966 family movie released through Walt Disney Pictures, based on the book God and My Country by MacKinlay Scouting is often dealt with in a humorous manner, as in the 1989 film Troop Beverly Hills and the 2005 film Down and Derby, and is often fictionalized so that the audience knows the topic is Scouting without any mention of Scouting by name. Troop Beverly Hills is a 1989 Motion picture filmed in the United States by Columbia Pictures. Down and Derby is a 2005 film about the competitive Pinewood derby race In 1980, Scottish singer and songwriter Gerry Rafferty recorded I was a Boy Scout as part of his Snakes and Ladders album. The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. A songwriter is someone who writes the Lyrics to songs the Musical composition (chords or Melody to songs or both Gerry Rafferty (born Gerald Rafferty 16 April 1947 in Paisley) is a Scottish Singer and Songwriter. ^[75]

See also

• List of highest awards in Scouting
• List of notable Scouts
• Oldest Scout Groups
• Outdoor education
• Religion in Scouting
• Scout Spirit
• ScoutLink

Notes

Citations

References

• László Nagy, 250 Million Scouts, The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985
• World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau, Trefoil Round the World. Dr László Nagy (born September 2, 1921 pronounced as ˌlasloˈnɒɟ was the Secretary General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement from 11th ed. 1997. ISBN 0-900827-75-0
• World Organization of the Scout Movement, Scouting 'round the World. Facts and Figures on the World Scout Movement. 1990 edition. ISBN 2-88052-001-0

External links

• Milestones in World Scouting
• Scouting Frequently Asked Questions
• Scouting Milestones - UK Scouting History site
• World Scouting infopage, by Troop 97
• The World Scout Emblem, by Pinetree Web
• World of Scouting, describes history of Scouting organizations
• Aids to Scoutmastership
• Scoutwiki - international wiki for scouting

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