Scots
James Watt • Walter Scott • Alexander Graham Bell William Wallace • Mary I of Scotland • Sean Connery
Total population
Scottish est: 30,000,000 0. James Watt ( 19 January 1736 &ndash 25 August 1819 Boulton proved to be an excellent businessman and both men eventually made fortunes Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Sir William Wallace ( Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas; c 1272 – 23 August 1305 was a Scottish Knight, Landowner, and Patriot Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born August 25 1930) is an Academy Award - Golden Globe - and BAFTA Award -winning Scottish 43% of World's Population These figures are estimates based on offical census data of populations and official surveys of identity. [1][2] [3] [4]
Regions with significant populations
Scotland 4,459,071 (Scottish descent only)
United States 9,209,813 (Scottish American) [5] [6]  Canada 4,719,850 [7]  Australia 1,501,204 [8]  England 795,000  New Zealand 10,700 (1996) 12,792 (2001) est. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Scottish Americans or Scots Americans are Citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates in Scotland. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island >1,000,000 with Scottish ancestry [9]
Languages
English, Scottish English, Scottish Gaelic, Scots
Religions
Christianity (mainly Presbyterianism, Roman Catholicism, Episcopalianism); other minority groups, agnostics and atheists. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The Scottish Episcopal Church (Eaglais Easbaigeach na h-Alba is a Christian denomination in Scotland and a member of the Anglican Communion, although it

The Scottish people (Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich (plural)) are a nation^[10] and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

Historically, as an ethnic group, they emerged from an amalgamation of Celtic (Picts, Gaels, Brythons) and Germanic (Angles, Norse) populations. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language

In modern use, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone born or living in Scotland. In another sense, it applies to people who are descended from the Scots and who identify ethnically as Scottish. While the Latin word Scoti^[11] originally applied to a particular, 5th century, Gaelic tribe that inhabited areas in the north of Ireland and western Scotland,^[12] the term Scots is now used to describe all Scottish people. Though usually considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also been used for the Scottish people, but this use has been primarily by people outside of Scotland. In Language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current Words and phrases are pejorative if they imply disapproval or contempt ^[13][14][15]

There are people of Scottish descent in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, and the formation of the British Empire, has resulted in Scottish people being found throughout the world. "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. The Highland Clearances ( Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Gàidheal the expulsion of the Gael were Forced displacements of the population of the Scottish The Lowland Clearances ( Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Galltachd) in Scotland were one of the results of the British Agricultural Revolution, The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand, with a large Scottish presence being particularly noticeable in Canada. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page They took with them their Scottish languages and culture. The culture of Scotland refers to the peculiar cultural norms of Scotland and the Scottish people, particularly in relation to the more general British ^[16]

Scotland has seen migration and settlement of peoples at different periods in its history. The history of Scotland begins around 10000 years ago when Humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last The Dalriadic Gaels, the Picts and the Britons had respective origin myths, like most Dark Age European peoples. ^[17] Germanic people such as Angles and Saxons arrived beginning in the 7th century while the Norse settled many regions of Scotland from the 8th century onwards. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was some immigration from France, England and the Low Countries. The history of Scotland in the High Middle Ages covers Scotland in the era between the death of Domnall II in 900 AD and the death of king Alexander III David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim ( Modern: Daibhidh I mac Chaluim; b This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt Many famous Scottish family names, including those bearing the names which became Bruce, Balliol, Murray and Stewart came to Scotland at this time. This article is about the given name For other uses see Bruce (disambiguation The English language name Bruce arrived in Scotland with the

Contents 1 The indigenous ethnic groups of Scotland 2 Scottish people abroad 3 The Scots in Europe 3.1 Poland 3.2 Italy 3.3 Holland 4 Culture 4.1 Language 4.1.1 Scottish English 4.1.2 Scots Language 4.1.3 Scottish Gaelic 4.2 Religion 4.3 Literature 4.4 Folklore 4.5 Sport 4.6 Cuisine 4.7 Clans 5 Anglicisation 6 Etymology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

The indigenous ethnic groups of Scotland

Further information: Genetic history of the British Isles and Prehistoric settlement of Great Britain and Ireland

In the Early Middle Ages, Scotland had several ethnic or cultural groups labeled as such in contemporary sources, namely the Picts, the Gaels(Scots), the Britons, with the Angles settling in the far southeast of the country in smaller numbers. Population research using DNA is initiating research into the genetic history of the British Isles The British Isles have a long history of migration from across Europe, starting in the Palaeolithic period The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in Culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Almost all of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century ^[18] Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in southeastern Scotland, and later the Norse arriving from Norway in the north and west. The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional

With the arrival of the Gaels, use of the Gaelic language spread throughout nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century,^[19][20] reaching a peak in the eleventh century. Old Irish is the name given to the oldest form of the Irish language, or rather the Goidelic languages, for which extensive written texts are possessed ^[21] Not all of medieval Scotland was Gaelic-speaking, however. Middle Irish is the name given by historical philologists to the Goidelic language used from the 10th to 12th centuries it is therefore a contemporary Southeast of the Firth of Forth in Lothian and the Borders, a northern variety of Middle English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken. The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows The Scottish Borders, often referred to simply as the Borders, is one of 32 local government council areas of Scotland. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of Early Scots describes the emerging literary language of the Northern Middle English speaking parts of Scotland in the period before 1450 Eastern Caithness and the Northern Isles were Norn-speaking. Geography Caithness extends about 40 Miles (64 Kilometres) north-south and about 30 miles (50 km east-west The Northern Isles ( Old Norse: Norðreyjar) are a chain of Islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland. Norn is an extinct North Germanic language that was spoken on Shetland and Orkney, off the north coast of mainland Scotland, and in From 1200 to 1500 the Early Scots language spread across the lowland parts of Scotland between Galloway and the Highland line. Early Scots describes the emerging literary language of the Northern Middle English speaking parts of Scotland in the period before 1450 Galloway ( Gaelic: Gall-Ghaidhealaibh, əŋ ɡauɫ̪ɣəɫ̪əv or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern

From 1500 until recent years, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, the Gaelic-speaking "Highlanders" and the Scots-speaking (later English-speaking) "Lowlanders". Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The term highland is used to denote any Mountainous region or elevated mountainous Plateau. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. The Scottish Lowlands ( a' Ghalldachd, meaning roughly 'the non-Gaelic region' in Gaelic, and called Lawlands or Lallans in Scots Today, immigrants have brought other languages, but almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Scottish people abroad

Further information: Highland Clearances, Lowland Clearances and Ulster-Scots

Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people, the majority of whom consider themselves Scottish. ^[22] In addition, there are many more Scots abroad than in Scotland. In the 2000 Census, 4. 8 million Americans reported Scottish ancestry,^[23] 1. 7% of the total U. S. population. Given Scotland's population (just over 5 million), there are almost as many Scottish Americans as there are native Scots living in their home country. Another 4. 3 million reported Scots-Irish ancestry, for a total of 9. Scotch-Irish (the historically common term in North America) or Scots-Irish refers to inhabitants of the United States and by some of Canada 2 million Americans of Scottish descent. ^[5] However, this number is believed to be a serious under-count, as the areas where people reported "American" ancestry are places where, historically, Scottish and Scots-Irish Protestants settled in America , in the interior of the South, and the Applachian region. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The Appalachian Mountains ( often called the Appalachians, are a vast system of mountains in eastern North America. It is believed that the number of Scots-Irish Americans could be in the region of 27 million. Scotch-Irish (the historically common term in North America) or Scots-Irish refers to inhabitants of the United States and by some of Canada [3] [4]

In Canada, according to the 2001 Census of Canada data, the Scottish-Canadian community accounts for 4,157,210 people. ^[7] Scottish-Canadians are the 3rd biggest ethnic group in Canada. Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland") where Canadian Gaelic is still spoken by a very small number in Cape Breton. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Canadian Gaelic (Gaelic gd ''Gàidhlig Chanaideanach'' locally just Gaelic or The Gaelic) is the dialect of Scots Gaelic that has been spoken continuously Also the home of the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts, both Lowland and Highland Scots settled there in large numbers. (For the Gaelic College of Scotland see Sabhal Mòr Ostaig) The Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts (also known informally as the Gaelic College

Large numbers of Scottish people reside in other parts of the United Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland, particularly Ulster where they form the Ulster-Scots community. Ulster Scots, also known as Ullans, Hiberno-Scots, or Scots-Irish, refers to the variety of Scots (sometimes referred to as The number of people of Scottish descent in England and Wales is impossible to quantify due to the ancient and complex pattern of migration within Great Britain. Of the present generation alone, some 800,000 people born in Scotland have emigrated to either England, Wales or Northern Ireland. ^[24]

Other European countries have had their share of Scots immigrants. The Scots have been emigrating to mainland Europe for centuries as merchants and soldiers. ^[25] Many emigrated to France, Poland^[26] Italy and Holland. Italian Scots or Scots-Italians are an Ethnic minority of Italian descent living in Scotland. ^[27] Recently some scholars suggested that up to 250,000 Russians may have Scottish blood. ^[28]

Significant numbers of Scottish people also settled in Australia and New Zealand. Approximately 20 percent of the original European settler population of New Zealand came from Scotland, and Scottish influence is still visible around the country. ^[29] The South Island city of Dunedin, in particular, is known for its Scottish heritage and was named as a tribute to Edinburgh by the city's Scottish founders. The South Island is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the more populous North Island. Dunedin (dəˈneɪdɪn) Ōtepoti in Maori is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the principal city of the region of Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. In Australia, the Scottish population was fairly evenly distributed around the country.

In Latin America there are notable Scottish populations in Brazil, Argentina,^[30] Chile^[31] and Mexico. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.

The Scots in Europe

Poland

From as far back as the mid 15th century there were Scots trading and settling in Poland. A Scot's Pedlar Pack in Poland, which became a proverbial expression, usually consisted of cloths, woollen goods and linen handkerchiefs. Itinerants also sold tin and ironware such as scissors and knives. Along with the protection offered by King Stephen in the Royal Grant of 1576 a district in Krakow was assigned to Scots immigrants. This article is about the ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century Kraków, in English also spelled Krakow or Cracow (ˈkrækaʊ M-W: krăk'ou krāk'ō is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland

Records from 1592 reveal Scots settlers being granted citizenship of Krakow giving their employment as trader or merchant. Payment for being granted citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding.

By the 1600s there were an estimated 30,000 Scots living in Poland. Many came from Dundee and Aberdeen and could be found in Polish towns from Krakow to Lublin. Lublin is the largest city in eastern Poland and the capital of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 355954 Settlers from Aberdeenshire were mainly Episcopalians or Catholics, but there were also large numbers of Calvinists. As well as Scottish traders there were also many Scottish soldiers in Poland. In 1656 a number of Scottish Highlanders who were disenchanted with Oliver Cromwell's rule went to Poland in the service of the King of Sweden. Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav (8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660 was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death

The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, the Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously. Marischal College is a building in the Scottish city of Aberdeen belonging to the University of Aberdeen.

Many Royal Grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 1700s at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population. Bonnie Prince Charlie was half Polish, being the son of James Edward Stewart and Clementina Sobieska, granddaughter of Jan Sobieski, King of Poland. [5][6][7]

Italy

By 1592 the Scottish community in Rome was big enough to merit the building of Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi it was constructed for the Scottish expatriate community in Rome, especially for those intended for priesthood. Sant' Andrea degli Scozzesi (English St Andrew of the Scots) is a former church in Rome, near Piazza Barberini on Via delle Quattro Fontane. The adjoining hospice was a shelter for Catholic Scots who escaped their country because of religious persecutions. In 1615 Pope Paul V gave the hospice and the nearby Scottish Seminar to the Jesuits. It was rebuilt in 1645. They became more important when James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender set his residence in Rome in 1717. It was abandoned during the French occupation of Rome in the late 18th century. In 1820, religious activity was resumed, but no longer by the Jesuits. It was reconstructed in 1869 by Luigi Poletti. The church was deconsecrated in 1962 and incorporated in a bank (Cassa di Risparmio delle Province Lombarde). The Scottish Seminar also moved away. The Feast of St Andrew is still celebrated there on 30 November.

Gurro in Italy is said to populated by the ancestors of Scottish soldiers. Gurro is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 140 km northeast According to local legend, Scottish soldiers fleeing the Battle of Pavia arrived in the area were stopped by severe blizzards forcing many or if not all to give up their travels and settle in the town. To this day the town of Gurro is still proud of its Scottish links many of the residents claim that their surnames are Italian translations of Scottish surnames and the town also has a Scottish museum. [8][9]

Holland

It's said that the first people from the Low Countries to settle in Scotland came in the wake of Mathilda's marriage to the Scottish king, David I, during the Dark Ages. Craftsmen and tradesmen followed courtiers and in later centuries a brisk trade grew up between our two nations: Scotland's primary goods (wool, hides, salmon and then coal) in exchange for the luxuries obtainable in the Netherlands, one of the major hubs of European trade.

By 1600, trading colonies had grown up on either side of the well-travelled shipping routes: the Dutch settling along the eastern seaboard of Scotland; the Scots congregating first in Campvere – where they were allowed to land their goods duty free and run their own affairs – and then Rotterdam, where Scottish and Dutch Calvinism coexisted comfortably. Besides the thousands of local descendants with Scots ancestry, both ports still show signs of these early alliances. Now a museum, 'The Scots House' in Vere was the only place outside Scotland where Scots Law was practised. In Rotterdam, meanwhile, the doors of The Scots International Church have remained wide open ever since 1643. [[10]]

Culture

Language

See also: Language in Scotland

Historically, Scottish people have spoken many different languages and dialects. The Pictish language, Norse, Norman-French and Brythonic languages have been spoken by descendants of Scottish people. However, none of these are in use today. The remaining three major languages of the Scottish people are English, Lowland Scots (various dialects) and Gaelic. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Of these three, English is the most common form as a first language. There are some other minority languages of the Scottish people, such as Spanish, used by the population of Scots in Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.

The Norn language was spoken in the Northern Isles into the early modern period — the current dialects of Shetlandic and Orcadian are heavily influenced by it, to this day. Norn is an extinct North Germanic language that was spoken on Shetland and Orkney, off the north coast of mainland Scotland, and in The Northern Isles ( Old Norse: Norðreyjar) are a chain of Islands off the north coast of mainland Scotland. Shetlandic is a Dialect of Insular Scots spoken in the Shetland Islands, north of mainland Scotland.

Scottish English

Main article: Scottish English

After the Union of Crowns in 1603, the Scottish Court moved with James VI & I to London and English vocabulary began to be used by the Scottish upper classes. Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. The Union of the Crowns was the Accession of James VI, King of Scots, to the throne of England in March 1603 thus uniting Scotland and England James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. ^[32] With the introduction of the printing press, spellings became standardised. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Scottish English, a Scottish variation of southern English English, began to replace the Scots Language. Scottish English is the variety of English spoken in Scotland, also called Scottish Standard English. English language in England refers to the English language as spoken in England, part of the United Kingdom. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Scottish English soon became the dominant language. By the end of the 17th century, Scots Language had practically ceased to exist, at least in literary form. ^[33] While Scots remained a common spoken language, the southern Scottish English dialect was the preferred language for publications from the 18th century to the present day.

Scots Language

Main article: Scots language

See also: Ulster Scots language

Lowland Scots, also known as Lallans or Doric, is a language of Germanic origin. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Lallans ('lɑlən(dz a variant of the Scots word lawlands meaning the lowlands of Scotland, was also traditionally used to refer to the Scots language Doric was formerly used to refer to all dialects of Lowland Scots but is now usually used as a name for the dialect spoken in the north-east of Scotland The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic It has its roots in Northern Middle English. Middle English is the name given by Historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of After the wars of independence, the English used by Lowland Scots speakers evolved in a different direction to that of Modern English. The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th English language in England refers to the English language as spoken in England, part of the United Kingdom. Since 1424, this language, known to its speakers as Inglis, was used by the Scottish Parliament in its statutes. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral ^[32] By the middle of the 15th century, the language's name had changed from Inglis to Scottis. The reformation, from 1560 onwards, saw the beginning of a decline in the use of Scots forms. The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this With the establishment of the Protestant Presbyterian religion, and lacking a Scots translation of the bible, they used the Geneva Edition. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The Geneva Bible was a Protestant translation of the Bible into English. ^[34] From that point on; God spoke English, not Scots. ^[35] Scots continued to be used in official legal and court documents throughout the 18th century. However, due to the adoption of the southern standard by officialdom and the Education system the use of written Scots declined. Lowland Scots is still a popular spoken language with over 1. 5 million Scots speakers in Scotland. ^[36] The Scots language is used by about 30,000 Ulster Scots^[37] and is known in official circles as Ullans. Ulster Scots, also known as Ullans, Hiberno-Scots, or Scots-Irish, refers to the variety of Scots (sometimes referred to as In 1993, Ulster Scots was recognised, along with Scots, as a variety of the Scots language by the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages. The European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages ( EBLUL) is a Non-governmental organisation promoting linguistic diversity and languages founded in 1982 ^[38]

Scottish Gaelic

Main article: Scottish Gaelic

See also: Canadian Gaelic

Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language with similarities to Irish Gaelic. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Scottish Gaelic comes from Old Irish. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Old Irish is the name given to the oldest form of the Irish language, or rather the Goidelic languages, for which extensive written texts are possessed It was originally spoken by the Gaels of Dál Riata and the Rhinns of Galloway, later being adopted by the Pictish people of central and eastern Scotland. Dál Riata (also Dalriada or Dalriata) was a Gaelic overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern The Rhins of Galloway (also known as The Rhins; and can be spelt The Rhinns; Scottish Gaelic: Na Rannaibh) is a hammer-head Peninsula Pictish is a term used for the Extinct language or languages thought to have been spoken by the Picts, the people of northern and central Scotland Gaelic (lingua Scottica, Scottis) became the de facto language of the whole Kingdom of Alba, giving its name to the country (Scotia, "Scotland"). The Kingdom of Alba ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba) pertains to the Kingdom of Scotland between the deaths of Donald II (Domnall mac Causantin Meanwhile, Gaelic independently spread west from Galloway into Clydesdale. Galloway ( Gaelic: Gall-Ghaidhealaibh, əŋ ɡauɫ̪ɣəɫ̪əv or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern The predominance of Gaelic began to decline in the 13th century, and by the end of the Middle Ages Scotland was divided into two linguistic zones, the English/Scots-speaking Lowlands and the Gaelic-speaking Highlands and Galloway. Gaelic continued to be spoken widely throughout the Highlands until the 19th century. The Highland clearances and the Education Act of 1872, which actively discouraged the use of Gaelic in schools, caused the numbers of Gaelic speakers to fall. The Highland Clearances ( Scottish Gaelic: Fuadaich nan Gàidheal the expulsion of the Gael were Forced displacements of the population of the Scottish Scotland has a long history of universal provision of Public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from other parts of the United ^[39] Many Gaelic speakers emigrated to counties such as Canada or moved to the industrial cities of lowland Scotland. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Scottish Lowlands ( a' Ghalldachd, meaning roughly 'the non-Gaelic region' in Gaelic, and called Lawlands or Lallans in Scots Communities where the language is still spoken natively are restricted to the west coast of Scotland; and especially the Hebrides. See also Hebrides (disambiguation The Hebrides (ˈhɛbrɨˌdiːz "HEB-ri-deez" Gaelic: Innse Gall) comprise a widespread and diverse However, large proportions of Gaelic speakers also live in the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. The 2001 UK Census showed a total of 58,652 Gaelic speakers in Scotland. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 Outside Scotland, there are communities of Scottish Gaelic speakers such as the Canadian Gaelic community; though their numbers have also been declining rapidly. Canadian Gaelic (Gaelic gd ''Gàidhlig Chanaideanach'' locally just Gaelic or The Gaelic) is the dialect of Scots Gaelic that has been spoken continuously The Gaelic language is recognised as a Minority Language by the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Scottish parliament is also seeking to increase the use of Gaelic in Scotland through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. The Scottish Parliament ( Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: Scottish Pairlament) is the devlolved national unicameral The Gaelic Language (Scotland Act passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2005 is the first piece of legislation to give formal recognition to the Scottish Gaelic is now used as a first language in some Schools and is prominently seen in use on dual language road signs throughout the Gaelic speaking parts of Scotland. In the Gàidhealtachd (the Gaelic-speaking parts of Scotland) the use of the Gaelic language on road signs instead of or more often alongside English It is recognised as an official language of Scotland with "equal respect" to English.

Religion

See also: Religion in Scotland

Saint Ninian (c. Traditional story Ninian is first mentioned by Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (book III chapter 4 360–432), is credited with bringing Christianity to Scotland. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. He was born in the Roman province of Valentia which is either modern day Galloway or Cumberland. Galloway ( Gaelic: Gall-Ghaidhealaibh, əŋ ɡauɫ̪ɣəɫ̪əv or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of At about the age of twenty, he went to Rome to study theology. ^[40] He stayed there for fifteen years and was ordained as a Bishop by Damasus around the end of the 4th century. He was sent back to preach to his native people. He built his church in the Roman province of Valentia in the town of Leucapia, now called Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland. Whithorn ( Taigh Mhàrtainn in Gaelic) is a former Royal burgh in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, about ten miles south of Wigtown Galloway ( Gaelic: Gall-Ghaidhealaibh, əŋ ɡauɫ̪ɣəɫ̪əv or Gallobha, Lowland Scots Gallowa) is an area in southwestern The local tribe was called the Novantes. He constructed the first church in Britain to be made of stone. He named the church Candida Casa, which means "white house". He traveled throughout Scotland, and converted the Picts (aka Caledonians) to Christianity. ^[41]

In 431, Saint Palladius was sent by Pope Celestine I to be Primus Episcopus — first bishop of the Scots believing in Christ. Palladius (fl 408-431 probably died ca 457/461 was the first Bishop of the Christians of Ireland, preceding Saint Patrick. Pope ^[40] At this time, "the Scots" referred to the Gaels of western Scotland and Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Palladius's work is not well recorded and is often confused with Saint Patrick. Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint Some time between 457 and 461, Palladius died. He is thought to have been laid to rest at a place called Forgund or Fordun in the village of Auchenblae in the Mearns district of Scotland. Auchenblae is a Village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Auchenblae is one of the ancient Burghs of the Barony of its Medieval ^[42]

Saint Patrick (died 17 March 493), is credited with bringing Christianity to Ireland and is the patron Saint of Ireland. Saint Patrick (Patricius Irish: Naomh Pádraig) was a Roman Britain -born Christian Missionary and is the Patron saint Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Events By Place Europe February 25 — Odoacer agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great, and is later killed Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members In 563, Saint Columba (7 December 521 – 9 June 597) left Ireland with twelve companions and founded a church on the small island of Iona. WikipediaPersondata --> See Columba (disambiguation and St Columb for other uses Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Events By Place Byzantine Empire Future Byzantine emperor Justinian becomes Consul. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Events By Topic Education The King's School is founded in Canterbury. Iona is a small island in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland that has an important place in the history of Christianity in Scotland and is renowned for its tranquility This became the central hub of Christianity in the Highlands of Scotland. The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous Saint Margaret, Queen of Scotland, was instrumental in moving the Scottish Church closer to Rome. Saint Margaret may refer to Saint Margaret the Virgin - the oldest and much the most prominent also known as Margaret of Antioch Saint Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Throughout the Middle Ages, Scotland remained Roman Catholic.

Lutheran ideas were introduced to Scotland in the 16th century. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Although they were initially suppressed and outlawed by the state, Protestant Presbyterianism became popular. This was the Scottish Reformation. The Scottish Reformation was Scotland 's formal break with the Roman Catholic Church in 1560 and the events surrounding this Bolstered by reformers such as John Knox, the Reformed Church became the established church in Scotland with an act of 1560. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically This developed into the Presbyterian church. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity

Religious ideology was to be a driving force throughout the 17th century. The Covenanters were to play an important role in the wars and in the later reinstatement of Charles II. The Covenanters formed an important movement in the religion and politics of Scotland in the 17th century Charles II may refer to Charles the Bald (823 &ndash 877 king of the West Franks and Holy Roman Emperor Charles II of Naples (1248 Though Charles then turned persecutor, trying to stamp out the Covenanters. Many of the Covenanters emigrated to the "new" lands of America and Canada which were then seeing an influx of immigrants. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

The 18th century would again see the Scottish people at war, with the mainly Catholic led Jacobite uprisings of 1715 and 1745. The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings rebellions and wars in the kingdoms of England, Kingdom of Scotland (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain Lowland Scots tended to support the English, Protestant Hanoverian King's red coats while the Highlanders and others stood with the Jacobites against the Hanoverian forces. Jacobitism was (and to a limited extent remains the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland

The modern people of Scotland remain a mix of different religions. The Protestant and Catholic divisions still remain in the society. In the United States, people of Scottish and Scots-Irish descent are chiefly Protestant, with many belonging to the Baptist or Methodist churches, or various Presbyterian denominations. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity

Literature

See also: Scottish literature

Folklore

Main article: Scottish folklore

Sport

See also: Sport in Scotland

Cuisine

See also: Scottish cuisine

Clans

Main article: Scottish clan

See also: Tartan and Kilt

Anglicisation

Main article: Anglicisation

Many Scottish surnames have become "Anglicised" (made to sound English) over the centuries. Scottish literature is Literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers. Scottish mythology may refer to any of the mythologies of Scotland. Sport plays a central role in Scottish culture. The Temperate, Oceanic climate has played a key part in the evolution of Sport in Scotland, with Scottish cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with Scotland. Scottish clans (from Scottish Gaelic clann, "children" give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relations Tartan is a pattern consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours The kilt is a knee-length garment with pleats at the rear originating in the traditional dress of men and boys in the Scottish Highlands of the 16th century Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Davidson, Bruce (originally Brus), Campbell, Salmond, Marshall, Christie and Joy are just a few of many examples. This reflected the gradual spread of English, also known as Early Scots, from around the 13th century onwards, through Scotland beyond its traditional area in the Lothians. Early Scots describes the emerging literary language of the Northern Middle English speaking parts of Scotland in the period before 1450 It also reflected some deliberate political attempts to promote the English language in the outlying regions of Scotland, including following the Union of the Crowns, and then the Act of Union of 1707 and the subsequent defeat of rebellions. The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into

However, many Scottish surnames have remained predominantly Gaelic albeit written according to English orthographic practice (as with Irish surnames). Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language Thus MacAoidh in Gaelic is Mackay in English, and MacGill-Eain in Gaelic is MacLean; O'Maolagan is Milligan and so on. Mac (sometimes Mc) is common as, effectively, it means "son of". MacDonald, McAuley, Balliol, Gilmore, Gilmour, MacKinley, MacKintosh, MacKenzie, MacNiell, MacRyan, MacPhearson, MacLear, McDonald, McKenzie, MacAra, MacNamara, MacManus, Lauder, Menzies, Galloway and Duncan are just a few of many examples of traditional Scottish surnames. There are, of course, also the many surnames, like Wallace and Morton, stemming from parts of Scotland which were settled by peoples other than the (Gaelic) Scots, and the most common surnames in Scotland are Smith and Brown. [11]

In 1603, the English and Scottish Crowns united under King James VI of Scotland (King James I of England). James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James

Etymology

The word Scotia was used by the Romans, as early as the 1st century CE, as the name of one of the tribes in what is now Scotland. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC ^[43] The Romans also used Scotia to refer to the Gaels living in Ireland. ^[44] The Venerable Bede (c. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c 672 or 673 – May 27, 735) uses the word Scottorum for the nation from Ireland who settled part of the Pictish lands: "Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Events A Smallpox epidemic starts in Ancient Japan, which reduces the population by 30% Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Pictish is a term used for the Extinct language or languages thought to have been spoken by the Picts, the people of northern and central Scotland " This we can infer to mean the arrival of the people, also know as the Gaels, in the Kingdom of Dál Riata, in the western edge of Scotland. It is of note that Bede used the word natio (nation) for the Scots, where he often refers to other peoples, such as the Picts, with the word gens (race). ^[45] In the 10th century Anglo Saxon Chronicle, the word Scot is mentioned as a reference to the "Land of the Gaels". The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The word Scottorum was again used by an Irish king in 1005: Imperator Scottorum was the title given to Brian Bóruma by his notary, Mael Suthain, in the Book of Armagh. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate Brian mac Cennétig, called Brian Bóruma, ( c 941&ndash23 April 1014 (Brian Boru Brian Bóraimhe was an Irish king who ended the centuries-long domination ^[46] This style was subsequently copied by the Scottish kings. Basileus Scottorum appears on the great seal of King Edgar (1074–1107). "Basilissa" redirects here For the saint of this name see Julian and Basilissa. Edgar (Mediaeval Gaelic Étgar mac Maíl Choluim; Modern Gaelic Eagar mac Mhaoil Chaluim; Mediaeval English Eadgar Margotsson) nicknamed Probus ^[47] Alexander I (c. Alexander I ( Mediaeval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim) (c 1078–1124) used the words Rex Scottorum on his great seal, as did many of his successors up to and including James II. James II of Scotland ( October 16 1430, at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh &ndash August 3 1460) reigned as King of Scots ^[48]

In modern times the words Scot and Scottish are applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The possible ancient Irish connotations are largely forgotten. The language known as Ulster Scots, spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is the result of 17th and 18th century immigration to Ireland from Scotland. Ulster Scots, also known as Ullans, Hiberno-Scots, or Scots-Irish, refers to the variety of Scots (sometimes referred to as

In the English language, the word Scotch is a term to describe a thing from Scotland, such as Scotch whisky. However, when referring to people, the preferred term is Scots. Many Scottish people find the term Scotch to be offensive when applied to people. ^[49] The Oxford Dictionary describes Scotch as an old-fashioned term for "Scottish". ^[50]

See also

Notes

References

• Ritchie, A. & Breeze, D. J. Invaders of Scotland HMSO. (?1991) ISBN-X
• David Armitage, "The Scottish Diaspora" in Jenny Wormald (ed. ), Scotland: A History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2005. ISBN
• Scotchirish. net: "Pioneers". http://www.scotchirish.net/The%20Pioneers.php4

External links

• The Scots In New Zealand Exhibition Minisite from the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
• "We're nearly all Celts under the skin" by Ian Johnston for The Scotsman Online
• "Discover your Scottish family history" at the official government resource for Scottish Genealogy

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