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Scottish cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with Scotland. British cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with the United Kingdom. English Cuisine is shaped by the country's temperate climate its island geography and its history Welsh cuisine is the Cuisine of Wales. It has influenced and been influenced by other British cuisine. Gibraltarian cuisine is the result of a long relationship between the Andalucian Spaniards and the British, as well as the many foreigners who made Gibraltar Anglo-Indian cuisine is the often distinct Cuisine of the Anglo-Indian community in both Britain and India. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares much with British cuisine, but has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own, as a result of foreign and local influences both ancient and modern. British cuisine is the specific set of cooking traditions and practices associated with the United Kingdom. Traditional Scottish dishes exist alongside international foodstuffs brought about by migration.
Scotland's natural larder of game, dairy, fish, fruit, and vegetables is the integral factor in traditional Scots cooking, with a high reliance on simplicity and a lack of spices from abroad, which were often very expensive. Game is any Animal hunted for Food or not normally domesticated (such as Venison) A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal Milk &mdashmostly from goats or cows, but also from buffalo, Sheep The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive While many inveterate dishes such as Scotch broth are considered healthy, many common dishes are rich in fat, contributes to the high rates of heart disease and obesity in the country. Scotch Broth is a filling Soup, originating in Scotland but now obtainable world wide Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected In recent times greater importance has been placed on the consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables, but many Scots, particularly those of low incomes, continue to have extremely poor diets, which contributes to Scotland's relatively high mortality rate from coronary heart disease. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Mortality rate is a measure of the number of Deaths (in general or due to a specific cause in some population scaled to the size of that population per unit time Coronary disease (or coronary heart disease) refers to the failure of Coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to Cardiac muscle and surrounding [1]
Despite this, Scottish cuisine is enjoying a renaissance. As of 2006, nine restaurants with Michelin stars, served traditional or fusion cuisine made with local ingredients. The Michelin Guide ( Le Guide Michelin) is a series of annual Guide books published by Michelin for over a dozen countries Fusion cuisine combines elements of various culinary traditions while not fitting specifically into any In most towns, Chinese and Indian take-away restaurants exist along with traditional fish and chip shops. Chinese cuisine ( Traditional Chinese: 中國菜 Simplified Chinese: 中国菜 originated from the various regions of China and has become widespread in Take-out (in North American English) carry-out (in US and Scottish English) take-away (in Australian English, Fish and chips (sometimes written " fish ’n’ chips " is a popular Take-away food originating from the United Kingdom. Larger towns and cities offer cuisine ranging from Thai and Japanese to Mexican, Polish or Turkish. Japanese Cuisine has developed over the centuries as a result of many political and social changes Mexican food is a style of food that originated in Mexico. Mexican cuisine is known for its intense and varied flavors colorful decoration and variety of spices Polish cuisine (kuchnia polska is a mixture of Slavic culinary traditions Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine, which can be described as a fusion and refinement of Central Asian, Middle Eastern and
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History
Scotland, with its temperate climate and abundance of indigenous game species, has provided a cornucopia of food for its inhabitants for millennia. The wealth of seafood available on and off the coasts provided the earliest settlers with their sustenance. Agriculture was introduced, with primitive oats quickly becoming the staple. Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena.
In common with many mediæval European neighbours, Scotland was a feudal state for a greater part of the second millennium. This put certain restrictions on what one was allowed to hunt, therefore to eat. In the halls of the great men of the realm, one could expect venison, boar, various fowl and songbirds, expensive spices (pepper, cloves, cinnamon, etc. Venison is the Culinary name for Meat from the family Cervidae. The boar or wild boar ( Sus scrofa) is an Omnivorous, gregarious Mammal of the biological family Suidae. Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried This article is about the Spice; for other meanings see Clove (disambiguation. Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum, synonym C zeylanicum) is a small Evergreen Tree 10–15 metres (32 ), as well as the meats of domesticated species. From the journeyman down to the lowest cottar, meat was an expensive commodity, and would be consumed rarely. A journeyman is a trader or crafter who has completed an Apprenticeship. See also Canadian band The Cottars. A cottar, or cottars, is the Scots term for a Peasant Farmer For the lower echelons of Mediæval Scots, it was the products of their animals rather than the beasts themselves which provided nourishment. This is evident today in traditional Scots fayre, with its emphasis on dairy produce. It would appear that the average meal would consist of a pottage of herbs and roots, (and when available some meat or stock for flavouring) bread and cheese when possible. Potage (from Old French pottage; "potted dish" is a category of thick Soups Stews or Porridges in some of which meat and
Before Sir Walter Raleigh's introduction of the potato to the British Isles, the Scots' main sources of carbohydrate was gained from bread made from oats or barley. Sir Walter Raleigh or Ralegh (c 1552 – 29 October 1618 was a famed English writer Poet, Soldier, Courtier and Explorer Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Wheat was generally difficult to grow because of the damp climate. Food thrift was evident from the earliest times, with excavated middens displaying little evidence of anything but the toughest bones. A midden, also known as a kitchen midden, or a shell heap, is a dump for domestic waste. All parts of an animal were used.
The mobile nature of Scots society in the past required food that would not spoil quickly. It was common to carry a small bag of oatmeal that could be transformed into a basic porridge or oatcakes using a girdle (griddle). Porridge, or porage, is a simple dish made by boiling Oats (normally crushed oats occasionally Oatmeal) or another cereal in Water An oatcake is a type of cracker or Pancake, made from Oatmeal, and sometimes Flour as well A griddle is a piece of cooking equipment. In the industrial world usually it is a flat plate of metal (usually Aluminium, Stainless steel or Cast It is theorised that Scotland's national dish, haggis, originated in a similar way: A small amount of offal or low-quality meat, carried in the most inexpensive bag available, a sheep or pig's stomach. Haggis is a traditional Scottish dish There are many recipes most of which have in common the following ingredients Sheep 's ' pluck ' ( Heart Offal is the Entrails and Internal organs of a Butchered Animal. It has also been suggested that this dish was introduced by Norse invaders who were attempting to preserve their food during the long journey from Scandinavia. Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well [2]
French Influence
During the Late Middle Ages and early modern era, the French cuisine started to play a role in Scottish cookery due to the cultural exchanges brought by the "Auld Alliance";[3] and especially during the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots. The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) French cuisine is a style of cooking derived from the nation of France. The Auld Alliance (Vieille Alliance auld-alliansen refers to a series of treaties offensive and defensive in nature between Scotland and France aimed specifically Mary, on her return to Scotland, brought an entourage of French staff who are considered responsible for revolutionising Scots cooking and for some of Scotland's unique food terminology. This influence continued until the downfall of Jacobitism and the defeat at Culloden, when Scotland came into the cultural sphere of England. Jacobitism was (and to a limited extent remains the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland The Battle of Culloden (Blàr Chùil Lodair (16 April 1746 was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian
French derived cooking terms
- "Ashet", Assiette-a large platter. [4]
- "Cannel", Cannelle-Cinnamon
- "Collop", from Escalope
- "Gigot" (pronounced /ˈdʒɪɡət/) Leg of Mutton - Gigot. [4]
- "Howtowdie", Hétoudeau-a boiling fowl (Old French). [4]
With the advent of the sporting estate and enclosure in the 18th century, harvesting Scotland's larder became an industry. Enclosure or inclosure (the latter is used in Legal documents and Place names is the term used in England and Wales The railways further expanded the scope of the market, with Scots' Grouse at a premium (as today), on English Metropolitan menus shortly after the 12th of August. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The Glorious Twelfth is usually used to refer to August 12, the start of the Shooting season for Red Grouse ( Lagopus lagopus scoticus) and to
20th and 21st centuries
- See also: Rationing in the United Kingdom
Scotland, in common with the other parts of the United Kingdom, suffered during the 20th century. Rationing in the United Kingdom is the series of Food rationing policies put in place by the government of the United Kingdom during certain wartime periods of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Rationing during the two World Wars, as well as large scale industrial agriculture, limited the diversity of food available to the public. Imports from the British Empire and beyond did, however, introduce new foods to the Scottish public. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. But processed foods have become more and more popular, particularly among the youth, e. g. , the schoolchildren of Glasgow have been reported as eating a large amount of processed foods. Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom [5]
Recently there seems to be a resurgence in traditional restaurants, gastro-pubs are abounding, and farmers' markets increasing their scope, not to mention the influence New Scots have had on the national palate. New Scots is term used to describe people of any background who have Immigrated to Scotland.
During the 19th and 20th centuries there was large scale immigration to Scotland from Italy, and later from the Middle East, Pakistan and India. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country These cultures have influenced Scots cooking dramatically. The Italians reintroduced the standard of fresh produce, and the later comers introduced spice. An urban myth maybe, but it is alleged that the chicken tikka masala curry was invented in Glasgow. Chicken tikka masala (चिकन टिक्का मसाला ਚਿਕਨ ਟਿੱਕਾ ਮਸਾਲਾ চিকেন টিক্কা মাসালা is a South Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom With the enlargement of the European Union in the early years of the 21st century, there has been an increase in the population of Eastern European descent, from Poland in particular. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland It is too early to assess the impact that this will have on the future of Scots cookery, but a number of speciality restaurants and delicatessens catering for the various new immigrants have opened in the larger towns and cities.
Traditional Scottish Specialities
Soups
Fish and Seafood
Meat, Poultry and Game
Vegetables
Fruits |
CerealsDairy and Cheese
Puddings and Desserts
Cakes, Breads and Confectioneries
Condiments
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Scottish beverages
Alcoholic
- (see- Scottish beer)
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Non Alcoholic
Fast food
Scotland's reputation for coronary and related diet-based diseases is a product of the wide consumption of fast food since the latter part of the twentieth century. Cullen Skink is a thick Scottish Soup made of smoked Finnan haddie, Potatoes and Onions. Cock-a-leekie soup is a Scottish Soup dish of leeks Potatoes and Chicken stock. Partan Bree is a seafood speciality from north-eastern Scotland, where much of the country's fishing fleet is based Scotch Broth is a filling Soup, originating in Scotland but now obtainable world wide Arbroath Smokies are a type of lightly smoked small Haddock &ndash a speciality of the town of Arbroath in Angus, Scotland. Cabbie claw or Cabelew is a traditional dish from the North-East of Scotland and Orkney. Crappit Heid (English Stuffed Head is a traditional Scots fish course and can be considered a variation on the theme of Haggis and Black Pudding. The haddock or offshore hake is a marine Fish distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic. A kipper is a whole Herring that has been split from tail to head gutted salted and Cold smoked. The word rollmops refers to a pickled Herring fillet rolled (hence the name into a cylindrical shape around a piece of pickled Gherkin Smoked salmon is a preparation of Salmon, typically a fillet that has been cured and then hot or cold smoked. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Herring are small Oily fish of the genus Clupea found in the shallow temperate waters of the North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the North Black pudding or (less often blood pudding is a British English term for Sausage made by cooking blood with a filler until it is thick enough to congeal Red pudding is a Food commonly served at chip shops in the North East of England and certain parts of Scotland as an alternative to fish (see White pudding or oatmeal pudding is a Meat dish popular in Scotland, Ireland, Northumberland, Iceland ( Lifrarpylsa A bridie or Forfar bridie is a Scottish type of Meat Pastry or Pie Collops are slices of meat The term derives from the French escalope. Haggis is a traditional Scottish dish There are many recipes most of which have in common the following ingredients Sheep 's ' pluck ' ( Heart Mince and tatties is a popular Scottish dish consisting of Minced beef and Mashed potato. Head cheese ( AmE) or brawn ( BrE) is in fact not a Cheese, but meat slices in Aspic, with onion black pepper allspice bayleaf salt Head cheese ( AmE) or brawn ( BrE) is in fact not a Cheese, but meat slices in Aspic, with onion black pepper allspice bayleaf salt Angus cattle is a term that refers in much of the world (though not in the United States) to either or both (collectively of two types of naturally hornless Cattle Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows The Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest Deer species Grouse are a group of birds from the order Galliformes. Often considered a family Tetraonidae, the American Ornithologists' Union The woodcocks are a group of seven extant very similar wading Bird Species in the Genus Scolopax, characterised by a long slender A snipe is any of nearly 20 wading bird species in three genera in the family Scolopacidae. The Northern Gannet ( Morus bassanus, formerly Sula bassana) is a Seabird and is the largest member of the Gannet family Sulidae A Scotch egg consists of a cold hard-boiled egg removed from its eggshell wrapped in a Sausage meat mixture coated in breadcrumbs and deep-fried A Scotch pie is a small double-crust Meat pie filled with minced Mutton or other meat Skirlie is a traditional Scottish dish It is eaten on its own used as a Stuffing for a mock-sausage the Mealie pudding, or used as a stuffing for Chicken Sliced Sausage (often known as square sausage, or lorne sausage) is a food product most often enjoyed in Scotland and North East England Stovies is a traditional Scottish dish Recipes and ingredients vary widely between regions and even families but the dish usually consists of tatties ( Potatoes Clapshot is a traditional Scottish dish that originated in Orkney. Kale or Borecole is a form of Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea Acephala Group) green in color in which the central leaves do not The swede, (yellow turnip, swedish turnip or rutabaga ( Brassica napobrassica, or Brassica napus var The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Rumbledethumps is a traditional dish from the Scottish Borders. Tattie scones, tottie scones or potato scones are a regional variant of the savoury " Griddle scone " which is especially popular in Scotland Blackthorn redirects here for other uses see Blackthorn (disambiguation Prunus spinosa ( Blackthorn or Sloe Bilberry is a name given to several species of low-growing Shrubs in the Genus Vaccinium (family Ericaceae) that bears fruits Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide Porridge, or porage, is a simple dish made by boiling Oats (normally crushed oats occasionally Oatmeal) or another cereal in Water Carola is a female Given name, the Latinized form of the Germanic given names Caroline or Carol. Criffel is a mountain in southern Galloway, Scotland. It is 570 metres high but appears higher because of its great isolation and high relative height — Crowdie is a Scottish cream Cheese. It is often eaten with Oatcakes and recommended before a Ceilidh as it is said to alleviate the effects of Whisky Dunlop cheese is a mild Cheese or 'sweet-milk cheese' from Dunlop in East Ayrshire, Scotland. The Isle of Gigha (giːə Gaelic: Giogha (kʲiə is a small Island off the west coast of Kintyre in Scotland. Lanark Blue is a Sheep milk cheese produced in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Caboc is a Scottish cream Cheese, made with Double cream or cream-enriched Milk. Mastocarpus stellatus, also called Clúimhín Cait Puff Carragheen or Carrageen Moss is closely related to Irish Moss, or Chondrus crispus A clootie or cloot in Scots is a strip or piece of cloth a rag or item of clothing it can also refer to Fabric used in the patching of clothes or the Cranachan is a traditional Scottish Dessert. Nowadays it is usually made from a mixture of Whipped cream, Whisky, Honey, and fresh raspberries A deep-fried Mars Bar is an ordinary Mars Bar normally fried in a type of batter commonly used for deep frying fish sausages and other battered products although Bannock is a flat Quickbread, baked on a griddle and the same thickness as a scone. A Berwick cockle is a Scots style sweet (candy coloured white with red stripes originally associated with Berwick-upon-Tweed, England. Black bun is a type of Fruit cake completely covered with Pastry. Butterscotch is a type of Confectionery made by boiling sugar syrup, Butter, cream, and Vanilla. Caramel shortbread, also known as Caramel slice, Millionaires shortbread or Millionaires slice, is a Confectionery item believed to be of Pancakes are a type of Flatbread prepared from a sweet batter that is cooked on a hot Griddle or in a Frying pan. Edinburgh Rock is a traditional Scottish confection, and is quite distinct from conventional rock. Jedburgh (Referred to locally Jeddart or Jethart is a town and former Royal burgh in the Scottish Borders and historically in Roxburghshire. Moffat Toffee is not Toffee, but a boiled sweet made in the Scottish town of Moffat. An oatcake is a type of cracker or Pancake, made from Oatmeal, and sometimes Flour as well A pan loaf is a traditional style of Bread loaf made in Scotland. Shortbread is a type of Biscuit ( Cookie) which is traditionally made from one part white sugar, two parts Butter, and three parts oatmeal A plain loaf, slices of which are known in Scots as plain breid (plen brid is a traditional style of Loaf made in Scotland. The scone is a British snack of Scottish origin A small quickbread made of Wheat, Barley or Oatmeal, usually with A crumpet is a savoury/sweet bread snack made from Flour and Yeast. Bannock is a flat Quickbread, baked on a griddle and the same thickness as a scone. Shortbread is a type of Biscuit ( Cookie) which is traditionally made from one part white sugar, two parts Butter, and three parts oatmeal A Soor ploom ( Scots for "sour Plum " is a sharp flavoured round green boiled sweet (candy originally associated with Galashiels, Tablet (or taiblet in Scots) is a medium-hard sugary confection from Scotland. British-style marmalade is a sweet preserve with a bitter tang made from Fruit, Sugar, water and (in some commercial brands a Gelling agent Lager (storage camp bearing etc is the more popular of two main types of Beer; the other being Ale. Atholl Brose (also rendered Athol Brose or Athole Brose) is a mixture of Oatmeal Brose, Honey, and Whisky. Drambuie (pronounced dræmˈbjuːi or dræmˈbuːi is a Honey - and Herb -flavoured golden Scotch whisky Ginger Wine is a Fortified wine made from a fermented blend of ground Ginger and raisins that was first produced in England. Fráech ( Fróech, Fraích, Fraoch) is a Connacht hero in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. Pale ale is a term used to describe a variety of Beers which use Ale yeast and predominantly pale Malts It is widely considered to be one of the major Scotch whisky is Whisky made in Scotland. In Britain the term whisky is usually taken to mean Scotch unless otherwise specified Scotch whisky is Whisky made in Scotland. In Britain the term whisky is usually taken to mean Scotch unless otherwise specified Irn-Bru (pronounced iron brew ˈaɪɚn ˈbruː is a popular carbonated Soft drink produced in Scotland. Red Kola is a carbonated Soft drink made from fruit extracts including flavouring from the Kola nut. Sugarelly, or sugarelly water, is a traditional Scottish Soft drink made with Liquorice that was popular in the early 20th century Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly Fish and chip shops remain extremely popular, and indeed the battered and fried haggis supper remains a favourite; they have been joined in more recent years by outlets selling pizzas, Turkish-style kebabs (though generally with no resemblance to the original Anatolian dish), pakoras and other convenience foodstuffs. Fish and chips (sometimes written " fish ’n’ chips " is a popular Take-away food originating from the United Kingdom. Haggis is a traditional Scottish dish There are many recipes most of which have in common the following ingredients Sheep 's ' pluck ' ( Heart Pizza (ˈpiːtsə, in Italian:) is a popular dish made with an Oven -baked flat generally round Bread that is covered with tomatoes or a tomato-based Kebab (also transliterated as kabab, kabob, kibob, kebhav, kephav) refers to a variety of meat dishes in Middle Eastern Pakora ( Hindi: पकोड़ा Urdu: پکوڑا) is a fried snack found across the Indian subcontinent. Scotland, and the west coast in particular, is notorious for the amount of deep-fried food consumed, and for being the home of such delicacies as the deep-fried pizza and deep fried Mars bar. Deep-fried pizza is a dish available in many chip shops in Scotland. A deep-fried Mars Bar is an ordinary Mars Bar normally fried in a type of batter commonly used for deep frying fish sausages and other battered products although Deep fried döner kebab have also become notorious in Glasgow. Deep frying is a Cooking method in which food is submerged in hot oil or Fat. Döner kebab ( Turkish döner kebap, literally "turning roast" is a Turkish national dish made of Meat cooked on a vertical spit Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom
In addition to independent fast-food outlets, in the sixties American-style burger bars and other restaurants such as Wimpy were introduced, and in the eighties, McDonald's, Burger King, Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken appeared in Scotland. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Burger King ( often abbreviated to Kentucky Fried Chicken, usually known as KFC, is a chain of Fast food restaurants based in Louisville Kentucky.
Notes and references
- ^ David Eyre. "Scotland: Heart of the matter", BBC News Online, 2004-04-30
- ^ MacSweens of Edinburgh-"Haggis History". http://www.macsween.co.uk/haggis_history.htm, (accessed 23 October 2006)
- ^ Gail Kilgore - "The Auld Alliance and its Influence on Scottish Cuisine" http://www.historichighlanders.com/auldfood.htm (accessed 29 July 2006)
- ^ a b c Brown, Catherine (1989). Chapter 9: "Culinary Interchange". In: Scottish Cookery. Glasgow: Richard Drew Publishing. ISBN 0-86267-248-1.
- ^ Scottish executive publications-What Children eat. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/01/13110440/4
External links
- Food Stories — Explore a century of revolutionary change in UK food culture on the British Library's Food Stories website
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