John Knox regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation

The Scottish Reformation was Scotland's formal break with the Papacy in 1560, and the events surrounding this. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and It was part of the wider European Protestant Reformation; and in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the re-establishment of the church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

The Reformation Parliament of 1560, which repudiated the pope's authority, forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith, was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony. The Scottish Reformation Parliament is the name given to the Scottish Parliament commencing in 1560 that passed the major pieces of legislation leading The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. A Confession of Faith is a statement of Doctrine very similar to a Creed, but usually longer and polemical as well as didactic This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Prior to that, Scotland was under the regime of the regent Mary of Guise, who had governed in the name of her absent daughter Mary Queen of Scots (then also Queen of France). A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Mary of Guise (Marie de Guise November 22, 1515 &ndash June 11 1560) was the Queen Consort of James V of Scotland A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king.

The Scottish Reformation decisively shaped the Church of Scotland^[1] and, through it, all other Presbyterian churches worldwide. The Church of Scotland (Eaglais na h-Alba known informally by its Scots language name The Kirk, is the National church of Scotland. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity

Pre-reformation Church (1517-59)

Protestant Reformation

The Reformation History and origins History of Protestantism The 95 Theses Peasants' War Schmalkaldic League Magisterial Reformation Radical Reformation Movements and denominations Protestantism German, Dutch, & Swiss Reformations Lutheranism Evangelicalism Pietism Apostelism Old-Catholicist Reformed Churches Calvinism Zwinglianism Anabaptist Mennonites German Baptist Church of Brethren Christ Brethren Bohemian Brethren Hussites Hutterites English Reformation Church of England Anglicanism Puritans Scottish Reformation Presbyterianism Reformation in Italy Waldensians Reformation in France Huguenots Protestant Reformers William Tyndale (E, 1494–1536) Menno Simmons (N, 1496–1561) Thomas Müntzer (G, 1489–1525) Thomas Cranmer (E, 1489–1556) John Knox (Sc, 1514?–1572) John Wesley (E, 1703–1791) Precursors Avignon Papacy (1309 to 1377) John Wycliffe (E, 1320–1384) Western Schism (1378–1417) John Huss (B, ~1369–1415) Hussite Wars (1420 to ~1434) Northern Renaissance German mysticism

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Pressure to reform

From the fifteenth century, Renaissance humanism had already encouraged critical theological reflection and calls for ecclesiastical renewal in Scotland. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The History of Protestantism begins with the Reformation movement which began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church and led to the fracturing of Christendom The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power of Indulgences, commonly known as The Ninety-Five Theses, were written by Martin Luther in 1517 For other conflicts referred to as peasant wars or revolts see Peasant revolt (disambiguation. The Schmalkaldic League (Schmalkaldischer Bund was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid- 16th The Magisterial Reformation was an element of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther and many others The Radical Reformation was a 16th century response to what was believed to be both the corruption in the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Denominationalism|List of Christian denominations|Church (disambiguation A Christian denomination is an identifiable religious body under a common name structure and doctrine within Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate (Mark Reust and population of Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Pietism was a movement within Lutheranism, lasting from the late 17th century to the mid-18th century and later The Old Catholic Church is a Christian denomination originating with churches (many of them German -speaking that split from the Roman Catholic Church in The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the The study of the theology of Huldrych Zwingli since the 1990s has been facilitated by a modern critical edition of his works Anabaptists ( Greek ανα (again twice + βαπτιζω (baptize thus "re-baptizers" are Christians of the Radical Reformation The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively The German Baptists have roots in Anabaptist theology and practice generally speaking The Church of the Brethren is a Christian denomination originating from the Schwarzenau Brethren ("Schwarzenauer Neutäufer" organized in 1708 by eight The Brethren in Christ Church (often abbreviated BIC is an Anabaptist Christian denomination with roots in the Mennonite church Pietism, and This page is about the Moravian Church globally For information about the church in a particular geographic area use the links at Organisation below The Hussites were a Christian movement following the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus or John Huss (c Hutterites are a communal branch of Anabaptists who like the Amish and Mennonites, trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the 16th century The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest General description The earliest Waldensians believed in poverty and austerity promoting true poverty public preaching and the personal study of the scriptures The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The Protestant Reformers were those Theologians churchmen, and Statesmen whose careers works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the Tyndale redirects here For the English family see Tyndall. For other uses see Tyndale (disambiguation. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Menno Simons (1496 – January 25[[ 561]] was an Anabaptist religious leader from Friesland (today a province of The Netherlands) The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Thomas Müntzer (ca 1488 – 27 May 1525 was an early Reformation-era German theologian and Anabaptist Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In the History of the Roman Catholic Church, the Avignon Papacy was the period from 1309 to 1377 during which seven Popes all French, resided in Avignon John Wycliffe (ˈwɪklɪf also spelled Wyclif, Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, or Wickliffe) (mid-1320s – 31 December England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 In the Roman Catholic Church, the Council of Constance is the 16th Ecumenical council. Jan Hus ( (ˈjan ˈɦus alternative spellings John Hus, Jan Huss, John Huss) (c Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars involved the military actions against and amongst the followers of Jan Hus in Bohemia in the period 1420 The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in Northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy. German mysticism, sometimes called Dominican mysticism or Rhineland mysticism, was a late medieval Christian mystical movement that was especially The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere From 1517, Martin Luther's doctrinal ideas were influencing Scots. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer As early as 1525 Parliament thought it necessary to forbid the importation of Lutheran books, and to suppress 'his heresies or opinions' throughout the realm. ^[2] However, this attempt was largely unsuccessful. ^[3]

The Martyrs' Monument at St Andrews, commemorates those executed before the Reformation, including Hamilton and Wishart.

In 1528, the nobleman Patrick Hamilton, influenced by Lutheran theology whilst at the universities of Wittenberg and Marburg, became the first Protestant martyr when he was burned at the stake for heresy, outside St Salvator's College at Saint Andrews. Patrick Hamilton ( 1504 - February 29, 1528) was a Scottish churchman and an early Protestant Reformer in Scotland Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a Town in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the Elbe Marburg is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the River Lahn. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom Execution by burning has a long history as a method of Punishment for Crimes such as Treason, Heresy and Witchcraft St Salvator's College of the University of St Andrews was founded in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy on North Street St Andrews St Andrews (Cill Rìmhinn is a Town and former Royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland. ^[4] (Hamilton had been spreading his message with the use of Patrick's Places, a short catechism founded on the doctrine of justification by faith^[5]). A catechism (ˈkætəkɪzəm κατηχισμός is a summary or exposition of Doctrine, traditionally used in Christian religious teaching from New Testament Sola fide ( Latin: by Faith alone also historically known as the doctrine of justification by faith is a doctrine that distinguishes most However, the celebration, particularly in printed works, of Hamilton's stance, only served to increase interest in the new ideas. Indeed, the Archbishop of St Andrews was warned against any further such public executions as "the reek of Maister Patrik Hammyltoun has infected as many as it blew upon". ^[6] Further prosecutions and executions followed in the 1530s and 40s.

The Parliament of Scotland, in 1541, thought it necessary to pass further legislation protecting the honour of the Mass, prayer to the Virgin Mary, images of the saints, and the authority of the pope. This article is about the pre-1707 parliament The article on the devolved legislative body established in 1999 is at Scottish Parliament. Private meetings of 'heretics where there errors are spread' were prohibited, informers rewarded, and Protestant sympathisers barred from royal office. All this was testimony to the growing attraction of Protestant ideas.

The cause of reform also enjoyed influential support. At this time, the clergy produced a list for the king of over a hundred landowners disaffected to the church. Such was the strength of sympathisers of reformation that, on the death of James V in 1542, they were able to form a government (under the vacillating Earl of Arran, who at that point favoured an English alliance and reforming causes). James V (10 April 1512 &ndash 14 December 1542 was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death James Hamilton Duke of Châtellerault and 2nd Earl of Arran (c England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Reforming Councils

The pre-Reformation Church did respond to some of the criticism^[7] being made against it. John Hamilton (the last pre-reformation Archbishop of St Andrews) instigated a series of provincial councils (1549-1559) modelled on the contemporaneous Council of Trent. John Hamilton (c 1511 – April 6, 1571) Scottish Prelate and Politician, was a natural son of James Hamilton The Bishop of St Andrews (Easbaig Chill Rìmhinn was the ecclesiastical head of the Diocese and then as Archbishop of St Andrews (Àrd-easbaig Chill Rìmhinn The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. These blamed the advance of the Protestant heresies on "the corruption of morals and the profane lewdness of life in churchmen of all ranks, together with crass ignorance of literature and of the liberal arts". ^[8] In 1548, attempts were made to eliminate concubinage, clerical pluralism, clerical trading, and non-residence, and to prohibit unqualified persons from holding church offices. Concubinage is the state of a woman or youth in an ongoing quasi-matrimonial relationship with a man of higher social status Originally a benefice was a gift of land ( Precaria) for life as a reward for services rendered Further, the clergy were enjoined to scriptural reflection and bishops and parsons instructed to preach at least four times a year. Monks were to be sent to university, and theologians appointed for each monastery, college and cathedral. However, in 1552, it was acknowledged that little had been accomplished. Attendance at Mass was still sparse and "the inferior clergy of this realm and the prelates have not, for the most part, attained such proficiency in the knowledge of the Holy Scriptures as to be able by their own efforts rightly to instruct the people in the catholic faith and other things necessary to salvation or to convert the erring". ^[9] The internal reform seemed too little, too late.

Political Background (1543-59)

Cardinal Beaton, defender of the old faith, and leader of the pro-French faction.

By 1535, the English king, Henry VIII, had broken with Rome and had been excommunicated. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 &ndash 28 January 1547 was King of England and Lord of Ireland, later King of Ireland and claimant to the Kingdom of Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community He had also permitted the reading of the Bible in the native tongue. These 'English heresies' were an additional influence on events in Scotland. Ecclesiastical ideas were linked to political manoeuvring. English policy from the 1530s aimed at enticing Scotland away from its traditional ties to France (the 'Auld alliance') and Rome. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Auld Alliance (Vieille Alliance auld-alliansen refers to a series of treaties offensive and defensive in nature between Scotland and France aimed specifically Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 In the 1540s Henry sought a treaty for the marriage of his infant son Edward to the infant Mary (by then Queen of Scots): the regent, Arran, approved this match in August 1543 (by the Treaties of Greenwich). Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine The Treaty of Greenwich (also known as the Treaties of Greenwich) contained two agreements both signed on 1 July, 1543 in Greenwich between representatives However, reaction against it in Scotland allowed a coup by Cardinal David Beaton that December. David Beaton (c 1494 &ndash 29 May 1546) was Archbishop of St Andrews and the last Scottish Cardinal prior to the Beaton repudiated the reforming policies, and all consideration of an English marriage for the Queen. The result was Henry's 'Rough Wooing' of 1544-5, which devastated south-east Scotland, and was only halted by the defeat of the invaders at Ancrum Moor in February 1545. The Rough Wooing was a term coined by Sir Walter Scott and H E The Battle of Ancrum Moor was fought during the War of the Rough Wooing in 1545

In 1546, Beaton arrested and executed George Wishart,a preacher who came under the influence of John Calvin in Geneva - and had indeed translated the First Helvetic Confession into Scots. George Wishart (c 1513 &ndash 1 March 1546) was a Scottish religious reformer and Protestant Martyr. John Calvin (or Jean Calvin) (10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564 was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation and Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Helvetic Confessions, the name of two documents expressing the common belief of the Reformed churches of Switzerland. Scots ( The Scots leid) refers to Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland and Northern Retribution quickly followed. A group of rebels seized Beaton's castle at Saint Andrews, and murdered him. St Andrews Castle is a picturesque Ruin located in the coastal Royal Burgh of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. These 'Castelians' (who, after the murder, were joined by a renegade priest, and student of Wishart's, named John Knox^[10]) held out in the castle until 1547, when they were forced to surrender to a French squadron and were imprisoned or taken as galley slaves. John Knox (c 1510 – 24 November 1572 was a Scottish clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian English forces arrived too late to save them, but nevertheless, having defeated the Scots at Pinkie, occupied south-east Scotland as far north as Dundee. The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, along the banks of the River Esk near Musselburgh, Scotland on 10 September 1547, was part of the Dundee (Dùn Dèagh is the fourth-largest city in Scotland and fully named as Dundee City, one of Scotland's 32 local government council This occupation (1547-49) encouraged the reforming cause; English Bibles circulated freely, and several earls pledged themselves 'to cause the word of God to be taught and preached'.

To counter the English, the Scots secured French help, the price of which was the betrothal of the infant Queen to the French dauphin, the future Francis II; she departed to France in 1548. The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France—strictly Dauphin of Viennois ( Dauphin de Viennois)—was the title given to the Heir apparent of the Francis II (François II (19 January 1544 &ndash 5 December 1560 King-consort of Scotland (1558&ndash1560 and King of France (1559 &ndash 1560 was born At this point, "the policy of Henry VIII had failed completely". ^[11] French ascendancy was made absolute over the next decade. Arran, in 1554, was given the title Duke du Châtellerault and removed from the regency in favour of Mary of Guise (the Queen Mother). The French noble title of Duc de Châtellerault has been created several times During her regency (1554-1559), Frenchmen were put in charge of the treasury, the Great Seal, and the French ambassador sometimes attended the Privy Council. The Great Seal of the Realm or Great Seal of the United Kingdom (prior to the Union the Great Seal of England, then Great Seal of Great Britain A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a

Lords of the Congregation

At first Mary of Guise cultivated the now growing number of Protestant preachers. She needed to win support for her pro-French policies, and they could expect no alternative support from England, which had recently come under the rule of the Roman Catholic Mary Tudor. Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death However, the marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to the dauphin in 1558 heightened fears that Scotland would become a French province.

By 1557, a group of Scottish lords (known as 'the Lords of the Congregation') drew up a covenant to 'maintain, set forth, and establish the most blessed Word of God and his Congregation. The Lords of the Congregation were a group of Protestant, Scottish nobles who were against the marriage of the young Catholic Mary Queen of Scots A covenant, in its most general sense is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action ' This was followed by outbreaks of iconoclasm in 1558-9. Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments At the same time, plans were being drawn up for a Reformed programme of parish worship and preaching, as local communities sought out Protestant ministers. In 1558, the Regent summoned the Protestant preachers to answer for their teaching, but backed down when lairds from the west country threatened to revolt.

Reformation Crisis (1559-60)

The accession, in England, of the Protestant Queen Elizabeth in 1558 gave fresh hope to the reformers. Queen Elizabeth may refer to Persons Monarchs Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, reigns since 1952 Elizabeth I January 1559 saw the publication of the anonymous Beggars' Summons, which threatened friars with eviction on the grounds that their property belonged to the genuine poor. This was calculated to appeal to the passions of the populace of towns who appeared to have particular complaints against friars. ^[12] Fearing disorder, the Regent summoned the reformed preachers to appear before her at Stirling on May 10th: insurrection followed. Stirling ( Gaelic: Sruighlea, Scots: Stirlin) is a city and former ancient Burgh in Scotland, and is at The men of Angus assembled in Dundee to accompany the preachers to Stirling, on May 4th they were joined by Knox recently arrived from France. Here, stirred by Knox's sermons in Perth and Dundee, the mob sacked religious houses (including the tomb of James I). James I ( December 10, 1394 &ndash February 21, 1437) was nominal King of Scots from April 4, 1406, and In response, the Regent marched on Perth, but was forced to withdraw and negotiate when another reformed contingent arrived from the west. Among the Regent's ambassadors was the Earl of Argyll and Lord James Stewart (both professed Protestants), however when the Regent went back on her word, by stationing French mercenaries in Perth, both abandoned her and joined the Lords of the Congregation at St Andrews, where they were joined by Knox. Archibald Campbell 5th Earl of Argyll (1532/1537 - 1573 was a leading figure in the politics of Scotland during the reign of Mary Queen of Scots and the early part James Stewart 1st Earl of Moray (c 1531 &ndash January 23, 1570) was Regent of Scotland from 1567 until his Assassination in 1570 Even Edinburgh soon fell to them, as Mary retreated to Dunbar. Dunbar is a town in East Lothian on the southeast coast of Scotland, approximately 30 miles east of Edinburgh and 28 miles from the English Border Chatelherault, at this point, accepted the leadership of the 'Lords of the Congregation' and established a provisional government. A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a previous administration or regime However, Mary of Guise was reinforced by professional French troops, and drove the rebels back to Stirling. All seemed lost for the Protestant side until an English fleet arrived in the Firth of Forth, in January 1560, causing the French to retreat to Leith. The Firth of Forth ( Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the Estuary or Firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows Formerly a municipal Burgh, Leith (Lìte is a district in the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith and is the port

The 'blast' rendered Knox unacceptable to Elizabeth, although it had been aimed at her predecessor Mary

Negotiations then began (from which Knox was excluded, his earlier tract The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women rendering him unacceptable to Elizabeth I). Mary I (18 February 1516 &ndash 17 November 1558 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women is a work by the Scottish Reformer John Knox, published in 1558 The resulting Treaty of Berwick (February) was an agreement between Chatelherault and the English to act jointly to expel the French. However, in June 1560, Mary of Guise died, allowing the Treaty of Edinburgh: a negotiation between France and England, which secured the withdrawal of both French and English troops from Scotland. The Treaty of Edinburgh was a Treaty drawn up in 1560 by the Parliament of Scotland in an attempt to formally end the Auld Alliance with Although the French commissioners were unwilling to treat with the insurgent Lords of the Congregation, they offered the Scots certain concessions from King Francis and Queen Mary, including the right to summon a parliament according to use and custom. The effect of the treaty was to leave power in the hands of the Protestants.

Reformation Parliament 1560

The Scots' Parliament met in Edinburgh on July 10 1560. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Fourteen earls, six bishops, nineteen lords, twenty one abbots, twenty-two burgh commissioners, and over a hundred lairds claimed right to sit. Parliament then set up a 'committee of the articles' which, after three weeks, recommended a condemnation of transubstantiation, justification by works, indulgences, purgatory, and papal authority. See also Eucharist (Catholic Church On the related belief that Christ is present in the Eucharist in body blood soul and divinity see Real Presence. Legalism, in Christian Theology, is a pejorative term referring to an over-emphasis on law or codes of conduct or legal ideas usually implying an allegation An indulgence, in Roman Catholic Theology, is the full or partial Remission of temporal punishment due for Sins which have already been forgiven See also Intermediate state Limbo|Heaven|Sheol|Hades in Christianity|Hell in Christianity Purgatory, in the original sense is the condition or process of purification The primacy of the Roman Pontiff is the apostolic authority of the Pope ( Bishop of Rome) from the Holy See, over the several churches Further it recommended restoring the discipline of the early Church, and redistributing the wealth of the Church to the ministry, schools and the poor. Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c On 17 August, Parliament approved a Reformed Confession of Faith (the Scots Confession), and on 24 August it passed three Acts that destroyed the old faith in Scotland. The Scots Confession (also called the Scots Confession of 1560) is a Confession of Faith written in 1560 by six leaders of the Protestant Reformation Under these, all previous acts not in conformity with the confession were annulled; the sacraments were reduced to two (to be performed by reformed preachers alone), and the celebration of the Mass was made punishable by a series of penalties (ultimately death). Papal jurisdiction in Scotland was repudiated.

However, aside from approving the confession, parliament showed little interest in plans for the reformation of the church. Significantly, although the traditional functions of the old clergy had been terminated, the clerical estate remained legally intact and, more importantly, in possession of the revenues of the old church. What shape the new church was to take was left open, and indeed was not finally settled until 1689. ^[13] Moreover, and perhaps unsurprisingly, the Queen declined to endorse even the acts that Parliament had passed, which were not officially ratified until the first parliament of James VI in 1567. James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625 was King of Scotland as James VI, and King of England and King of Ireland as James Nevertheless, from this point on, Scotland was, in effect, a Protestant state.

Post-Reformation Church

Confession

Unlike the earlier reformers, who were Lutheran, Knox and most of those surrounding him were firm in their practice of Calvinism. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the (Knox had travelled to Calvin's Geneva during his exile from Scotland, and described it as "the most perfect school of Christ that ever was on earth since the days of the Apostles. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking "^[14]) The Scots Confession reflects that Calvinist influence, although without the systematic and scholastic nature of the more strident Westminster Confession that would replace it in 1644. The Westminster Confession of Faith is a Reformed Confession of faith, in the Calvinist theological tradition The Scots Confession expounds the themes of the Catholic creeds, but also includes a rejection of any meritorious virtue: all good works are brought forth by the spirit. It also rejects all religious works that have no Scriptural warrant, including the rites of the Roman church. As for the church, it derived its authority from the word of God and was to be defined by "true preaching of the word of God . . . secondly, the right administration of the sacraments of Christ Jesus . . . last, ecclesiastical discipline uprightly ministered". ^[15]

Liturgy

Parliamentary hostility meant there was no question of any Act of Uniformity as in England. Over the course of English parliamentary history there were a number of acts of uniformity. Thus, the shape the Church initially took was dependent on local Protestant patrons. However, even before 1560, reformed congregations had already been organising themselves under the influence of Knox. In a 'Letter of Wholesome Councell' dated 1556, Knox describes in detail what should be done at weekly worship. Protestant preachers fleeing Marian persecutions in England brought with them Edward VI's second Book of Common Prayer (of 1552), which was commended by the Lords of the Congregation. The Marian Persecutions refers to the persecutions of Religious Reformers Protestants and other Dissenters for their beliefs during the reign of Mary I of England Edward VI (12 October 1537 &ndash 6 July 1553 became King of England and Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine The Book of Common Prayer is the common title of a number of prayer books of the Church of England and used throughout the Anglican Communion. Knox too initially supported it (indeed reportedly, he had influenced aspects of it). However, before leaving Geneva and with the encouragement of Calvin, he has written his own 'Book of Common Order' and it was this that was printed and approved by the General Assembly of 1562. The Book of Common Order is the name of several directories for public worship The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is the sovereign and highest Court of the Church of Scotland, and is thus the Church's governing body Enlarged, it was reprinted with the Confession and the Psalms in metre in 1564, and it remained the standard until replaced with the Westminster Directory in 1643. The Directory for Public Worship (known in Scotland as the Westminster Directory having been approved by the Scottish Parliament in 1645 was a manual of directions for worship ^[16]

Church Polity

How the Church was ideally to be organised was spelled out in the First Book of Discipline (1560), a document which set about organising both the Church and national life in accordance with the Reformed understanding of Scripture. This Book of Discipline refers to two works regulative of Ecclesiastical order in the Church of Scotland after the Scottish Reformation It envisaged the establishment of reformed ministers throughout Scotland, a national system of education, and poor-relief. Ministers were to be examined for their suitability and then elected by the local congregation. ^[17] In the interim, whilst candidates were scarce, 'readers' were to be appointed. Also, there should be 'superintendents', better paid than ministers, with regional responsibilities corresponding to the old dioceses. (It has often been suggested from this that Knox favoured episcopacy - however, it is to be remembered that Apostolic succession was explicitly denied. ^[18]) Education was to be established at primary, secondary and university levels; it was to be examined and inspected.

In truth, the lofty aims often went unrealised, or at least only realised very slowly. ^[19] An Act of 1562 denied the new Church much of the wealth of the old. As late as 1567, there were only 257 ministers and 600 readers for 1,067 churches. ^[20] The marks of what is now recognisable as Presbyterianism also start to emerge: Kirk Sessions existed from 1560, moderators emerged in 1563, but the presbytery not until 1580. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Presbyterian polity is a method of Church governance typified by the rule of assemblies of Presbyters or elders The seeds were planted for the modern shape of the Church of Scotland.

See also

• History of Scotland

Notes

References and further reading

• Burleigh, J. H. D A Church History of Scotland Hope Trust, Edinburgh, 1988.
• Cross, F. L. and Livingstone, E. A. (eds), "Scotland" in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, pp. 1471-1473. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997. ISBN 0-19-211655-X
• Kirk, J,, Patterns of Reform T&T Clark, Edinburgh, 1989 ISBN 0-567-09505-3
• Kirk, J. T&T Clark is a British publishing firm which was founded in Edinburgh in 1821 and which now exists as an imprint of Continuum. ,Reformation, Scottish in Cameron, Nigel M. de S. et al, Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology, pp. 693-698. T & T Clark, Edinburgh 1993. ISBN 0-567-09650-5
• Lamont, Stewart The Swordbearer: John Knox and the European Reformation Hodder and Stoughton, London 1991
• Lynch, Michael, "Reformation" in The Oxford Companion to Scottish History, pp. Hodder & Stoughton is a British publishing house now an Imprint of Hodder Headline. 500-504 . Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001. ISBN 0-19-211696-7
• Mackie, J. D., A History of Scotland Penguin, London 1964
• McGovern, Mary (ed), Chambers Biographical Dictionary Seventh Edition. John Duncan Mackie CBE MC Hon LLD ( Glasgow, 1887&ndash1978 was a distinguished Scottish historian who wrote the one-volume A History Chambers, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-550-10051-2

External links

• BBC Scottish History