Citizendia

The Scientology Symbol is composed of the letter S that stands for Scientology and the ARC and KRC triangles, two important concepts in Scientology
The Scientology Symbol is composed of the letter S that stands for Scientology and the ARC and KRC triangles, two important concepts in Scientology

Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices initially created by American speculative fiction author L. Ron Hubbard. Scientology is according to its own texts "the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself others and all of life The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Speculative fiction is a term used as an inclusive descriptor covering a group of Fiction Genres that speculate about worlds that are unlike the real world in Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13 1911 &ndash January 24 1986 was a fiction writer who devised a self-help technique called Dianetics and philosophy known as Scientology The major organization promoting Scientology is the Church of Scientology, a hierarchical organization founded by Hubbard, while independent groups using Hubbard's materials are collectively referred to as the Free Zone. The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. The Free Zone (or independent Scientologists or Scientology Freezone) comprises a variety of groups and individuals who practice Scientology -like beliefs Hubbard developed Scientology teachings in 1952 as a successor to his earlier self-help system, Dianetics. Self-help or self-improvement refers to self-guided improvement—economically intellectually or emotionally—most frequently with a substantial psychological or spiritual Dianetics is a set of ideas and practices regarding the relationship between the spirit mind and body that were developed by L [1] Hubbard later characterized Scientology as an "applied religious philosophy" and the basis for a new religion. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos [1] Scientology encompasses "auditing", a spiritual rehabilitation philosophy and techniques,[1] and covers topics such as morals, ethics, Purification (a type of detoxification), education and management. Auditing was developed by L Ron Hubbard, and is described by the Church of Scientology as "spiritual counseling which is the central practice of Dianetics The Way to Happiness is a 1980 booklet written by Scientology founder L According to the Church of Scientology, " Ethics may be defined as the actions an individual takes on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics The Purification Rundown is a controversial detoxification program developed by Scientology's founder L Detoxification, or detox for short is the removal of Toxic substances from the body Study technology, or study tech, is a methodology for learning developed by L World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE is an Organization affiliated with the Church of Scientology that educates and assists businesses in the use of management

Hubbard also laid the foundations and policies for the establishment and management of Scientology organizations with the first Church of Scientology being established in December 1953. [2] Today organizations affiliated with the Church of Scientology form a complex network geared towards introducing Scientology into society. [3] Religious Technology Center owns the trademarks and service marks of Scientology. The Religious Technology Center (RTC is a Californian 501(c(3 Non-profit corporation. [4] These marks are licensed for use by the Church of Scientology International and its affiliated organizations.

Scientology and the organizations that promote it have remained highly controversial since their inception. Scientologists and the Church of Scientology have been involved in many scandals and controversies Former members, journalists, courts and the governing bodies of several countries have described the Church of Scientology as a cult and an unscrupulous commercial enterprise, accusing it of harassing its critics and abusing the trust of its members. This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice Scientology officials argue that most of the negative press is motivated by interest groups and that most of the controversy is in the past.

Contents

Origin and definition

See also: Timeline of Scientology

Hubbard established Scientology's doctrines during a period from 1952 until his death in January 1986, establishing the basic principles in the 1950s and 1960s. This is a timeline of Scientology, particularly its foundation and development by author L It was originally secular, Hubbard stating in 1952 that "Scientology would be a study of knowledge. "[5] The following year he began to characterize Scientology's beliefs and practices as a religion, and by 1960 he was defining Scientology as "a religion by its basic tenets, practice, historical background and by the definition of the word 'religion' itself. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos "[6] In 1969 he wrote that "It is fundamentally an applied religious philosophy. "[7] Hubbard recorded his doctrine in archived writings, audio tapes and films. [8][9][10]

The Church of Scientology defines scientology as "the study of truth. "[11] The word itself is a pairing of the Latin word scientia ("knowledge," "skill"), which comes from the verb scire ("to know"), and the Greek λογος lógos ("reason" or "inward thought" or "logic" or "an account of"). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

Although today associated almost exclusively with Hubbard, the word "scientology" predates his usage by several decades. An early use of the word was as a neologism in an 1871 book by the American anarchist Stephen Pearl Andrews presenting "the newly discovered Science of the Universe". A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness Stephen [12] Philologist Allen Upward used the word "scientology" in his 1901 book The New Word as a synonym for "pseudoscience,"[13] and this is sometimes cited as the first coining of the word. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Allen Upward (1863 - 1926 was a Poet, Lawyer, Politician and Teacher. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the [2] In 1934, the Argentine-German writer Anastasius Nordenholz published a book using the word positively: Scientologie, Wissenschaft von der Beschaffenheit und der Tauglichkeit des Wissens ("Scientologie, Science of the Constitution and Usefulness of Knowledge"). [14] Nordenholz's book is a study of consciousness, and its usage of the word is not greatly different from Hubbard's definition, "knowing how to know"[15] (from epistemology). Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Whether Hubbard was aware of these earlier uses is unknown.

The term "Scientology" and related terms are trademarks held by the Religious Technology Center which grants the mother church of the Scientology religion, the Church of Scientology International (CSI), the right to use the trademarks and to license their use to all other Scientology churches and entities. A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual The Religious Technology Center (RTC is a Californian 501(c(3 Non-profit corporation. Other organizations that promote the use of related techniques, developed by or based on the works of L. Ron Hubbard, are the World Institute of Scientology Enterprises and the Association for Better Living and Education. World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE is an Organization affiliated with the Church of Scientology that educates and assists businesses in the use of management The Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE is a Non-profit organization headquartered in Los Angeles California. [16][17]

Influences

Hubbard often acknowledges his philosophical forerunners and influences. In Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, the seminal "Book One" of Dianetics and Scientology, he states that:

"There are just so many pieces in any puzzle. Dianetics The Modern Science of Mental Health (often abbreviated as DMSMH is a book by L "

Hubbard credits Francis Bacon and Herbert Spencer, along with "a very few more" for having put together parts of the answer. Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author Herbert Spencer ( April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was an English Philosopher; prominent classical liberal Hubbard also recalls a meeting with Cmdr. Joseph Cressman Thompson,[18] a U. Joseph Cheesman Thompson, M D (1874-1943 was a career medical officer in the United States Navy who attained the rank of commander before retirement in 1929 S. navy officer who studied with Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded [19] Hubbard, himself the son of a navy officer, met Thompson at the age of 12 during a trip from Seattle to Washington D. C. via the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the Thompson introduced him to Freudian analysis,[19] and Hubbard later gave his opinion on Sigmund Freud: “I think that was Freud’s great contribution that something could be done about the mind. . . He was the first man that ever stood up and said: 'there is hope for it'. . . Now there was a great humanitarian. "[19]

Hubbard acknowledged the influence of Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics. Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski (kɔ'ʐɨpski ( July 3, 1879 &ndash March 1, 1950) was a Polish-American Philosopher The term General Semantics refers to a non- Aristotelian Educational Discipline created by Alfred Korzybski (1879–1950 during the years [20] Scientology also reflects the influence of the Hindu concept of karma and dharma as well as the psychological theories of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and William Sargant[21] but according to its founder, it is neither psychology nor psychiatry. Karma ( Sanskrit: कर्म, kárman - "act action performance" Pali: kamma) is the concept of "action" The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded William Walters Sargant ( April 24, 1907 - August 27, 1988) was a British Psychiatrist who is now famous for his work During The Phoenix Lectures Hubbard stated that Scientology depended on his having known something of the Vedas[22] and has called the Vedas Scientology’s earliest ancestor: "And we find Scientology’s earliest, certainly known ancestor in the Veda. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. "Veda" redirects here For other uses see Veda (disambiguation. "[23] Hubbard also gave recognition to the Tao Te Ching, the Dharma and Gautama Buddha as forerunners to Scientology. The Tao Te Ching or Dao De Jing ( originally known as Laozi or Lao tzu ( is a Chinese classic The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder [24] The late Bryan R. Wilson Reader Emeritus in Sociology at the University of Oxford and President of the International Society for the Sociology of Religion, wrote of Scientology: "it is clear to me that Scientology is a bona fide religion and should be considered as such. Bryan Ronald Wilson, (25 June 1926 Leeds – 9 October 2004, Middleton Stoney, Oxfordshire) was Reader Emeritus in Sociology The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the ". [25] David G. Bromley of Virginia Commonwealth University characterizes Scientology as "a 'quasi-religious therapy' that resembles Freudian 'depth psychology' while also drawing upon Buddhism, Hinduism and the ancient, heretical offshoot of Christianity known as Gnosticism. David G Bromley is a professor of Sociology at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA and the University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA Virginia Commonwealth University, or VCU, is a large public American research University with its main campuses located in downtown Richmond, Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems " Dr. Frank K. Flinn, adjunct professor of religious studies at Washington University in St. Louis wrote, "it is abundantly clear that Scientology has both the typical forms of ceremonial and celebratory worship and its own unique form of spiritual life. "[26]

Beliefs

See also: Scientology bibliography
Main article: Scientology beliefs and practices

Scientology's beliefs and related techniques comprise 18 basic books,[27] and 3,000 recorded lectures. This is an incomplete bibliography of Scientology and Scientology-related books produced within the Church of Scientology and its related organizations Scientology is according to its own texts "the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself others and all of life [28] There is no single Scientology book that is the equivalent of the Bible or the Qur'an, but the study of Scientology is achieved through the chronological study of its basic books and lectures. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [29]

Scientology describes itself as "the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself, others and all of life,"[30] and "encompasses all aspects of life from the point of view of the spirit" — including "auditing"[31] and training in morals, ethics, detoxification, education and management. Auditing was developed by L Ron Hubbard, and is described by the Church of Scientology as "spiritual counseling which is the central practice of Dianetics Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings According to the Church of Scientology, " Ethics may be defined as the actions an individual takes on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics Detoxification, or detox for short is the removal of Toxic substances from the body Study technology, or study tech, is a methodology for learning developed by L Management (covering theory practice and scope of management and Manager' (covering the people who manage might help clarify and systematise [32]

Prime among Scientology's beliefs is "that man is a spiritual being whose existence spans more than one life and who is endowed with abilities well beyond those which he normally considers he possesses. "[33] Scientology believes man to be basically good, that his experiences have led him into evil, that he errs because he seeks to solve his problems by considering only his own point of view, and that man can improve to the degree he preserves his spiritual integrity and remains honest and decent. [34] According to the Church, the ultimate goal is: "a civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war, where the able can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights. "[35]

The Church of Scientology declares that the goal of Scientology is to achieve "certainty of one’s spiritual existence and [of] one’s relationship to the Supreme Being,"[36] and says that Scientology's tenets are not a matter of faith but of testable practice: "That which is true for you is what you have observed to be true. "[37]

The exact nature of all of existence is said to be stated in Hubbard's Scientology and Dianetics Axioms.

Other beliefs of Scientology are:[38]

Members study Scientology and receive auditing sessions to advance from a status of preclear to Operating Thetan. Auditing was developed by L Ron Hubbard, and is described by the Church of Scientology as "spiritual counseling which is the central practice of Dianetics Auditing was developed by L Ron Hubbard, and is described by the Church of Scientology as "spiritual counseling which is the central practice of Dianetics In Scientology, the state of Operating Thetan (OT is a spiritual state above Clear. [40][41]

The Bridge to Total Freedom

Scientology practices (called "Technology" or "Tech" in Scientology jargon) are structured in sequential levels, reflecting Hubbard's belief that rehabilitation takes place on a "gradient", that is, easier steps are taken first and only then greater complexities are handled; for example, the negative effects of drugs must be addressed before other issues can be successfully tackled. Scientology terminology consists of a complex assortment of Jargon used by Scientologists in conjunction with the practice of Scientology and in their everyday Scientologists follow a sequence of courses that culminate in esoteric, advanced strata. This is described as a passage along "the Bridge to Total Freedom," or simply "the Bridge," in which each step promises a little more personal freedom in some particular area of life. Hubbard first developed the basic axioms then he went into experimentation and finally, he developed the therapy and proof of application by means of a self described "spiritual Technology". As he says, . . . "One might here use an analogy of bridge engineering". [42] The Bridge is the Classification Gradation and Awareness Chart. [43]

Scientologists believe that man is composed of three distinguishable parts: mind, body and spirit. [44]

The thetan (spirit) is described in Scientology as having no mass, no wavelength, no energy and no time or location in space except by consideration or postulate. The spirit, then, is not a thing. It is the creator of things

—1956, Professional Auditor's Bulletin 85[45]

The spirit, represented with the Greek letter 'theta' (θ),[46] is the true form of man and can exist exterior to and/or independent from a body. [47] The mind in Scientology is described as a bank of mental image pictures[48] that give the spirit experience and knowledge and that store the spirit’s "postulates. " Scientologists subdivide the mind[49] into the analytical or conscious mind, which is "totally accessible to the spirit,"[50] and the reactive or subconscious mind, which "unknowingly affects the spirit" and is said to operate "on an irrational, stimulus-response basis. "[51] Scientology describes the physical body as "a carbon-oxygen machine" of which the spirit is the engineer. Illnesses and injuries to the body are said to be relieved through the use of "assists. "

Dianetics

Main article: Dianetics

Dianetics is a sub study of Scientology that deals with the reactive mind, the "bank" of traumatic experiences known as engrams which are said to inhibit success and happiness. Dianetics is a set of ideas and practices regarding the relationship between the spirit mind and body that were developed by L The reactive mind is a concept in the Dianetics and Scientology systems of L In Dianetics and Scientology, an engram is defined as "a Mental image picture which is a recording of an experience containing pain unconsciousness [52]

ARC and KRC triangles

The Scientology symbol contains two triangles which Hubbard called the "ARC triangle" and the "KRC triangle", respectively. [53] The points of the lower triangle are said to represent Affinity (emotional responses), Reality (an agreement on what is real) and Communication. Scientologists believe that improving one aspect of the triangle increases the level of the other two. [53] The points of the upper triangle represent Knowledge, Responsibility and Control. [53] Many auditing processes and training routines aim at increasing an individual's ability to gain knowledge of, take responsibility for and exert control over external and internal elements. The objective environment is there as an agreement; everyone who is sane enough agrees it is there. The subjective environment is the sole responsibility of the individual himself as he is the only one who is aware that it is there. These two environments may not actually agree. [54] Therefore, a therapy which asks man to adapt his subjective environment to the objective environment, and not the other way around, is like psychiatry enslaving and is unworkable simply because it is not true. Therapy (in Greek: θεραπεία) or treatment, is the attempted Remediation of a health problem usually following a Diagnosis Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric [55]

Tone scale

Main article: Tone scale

The tone scale characterizes human mood and behavior by various positions on a scale from −40 ("Total Failure") to +40 ("Serenity of Being"). In Scientology, the tone scale or emotional tone scale is a characterization of human behavior Positions on the tone scale are usually designated by an emotion, but Hubbard said the tone scale could also indicate health, mating behavior, survival potential or ability to deal with truth. According to Scientology, lower positions on the tone scale indicate more intricate problems and greater difficulties in solving them for lack of communication. According to Hubbard, communication is the universal solvent and a person will climb from the bottom to the top by improving his ability to communicate. The higher the person’s tone is the better the person’s communication is; the lower the tone is the worse the communication is. A hi-tone person would be serene and a low tone would be a failure. [56]

The Scientology cross has eight corners representing the eight dynamics of life
The Scientology cross has eight corners representing the eight dynamics of life

The Dynamics

Scientology and Dianetics state that the basic principle of existence is to survive[57] and that man survives across the eight dynamics of Self, Family and Sex, Group, Humanity, Life, the Universe, Spirituality and the Supreme Being or Infinity. The Scientology cross is one of the principal Symbols of Scientology. [58] Actions are considered "good" if they promote survival across all eight dynamics or realms of action. [59]

Morals and Ethics

Main article: Ethics (Scientology)

Scientologists follow The Way to Happiness, which defines morals as "a code of good conduct laid down out of the experience of the race to serve as a uniform yardstick for the conduct of individuals and groups"[60] but warns that "over time, morals can become outmoded, burdensome, and so invite revolt. According to the Church of Scientology, " Ethics may be defined as the actions an individual takes on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics The Way to Happiness is a 1980 booklet written by Scientology founder L "[61]

Scientology states that there is no absolute right or wrong but that right and wrong are actually a gradient from right to wrong. Deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek grc δέον deon, "obligation duty" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Teleology ( Greek: telos: end purpose is the philosophical study of design and Purpose. An action must contain construction which outweighs the destruction it contains in order to be considered good. "Good is any action which brings the greatest construction to the greatest number of dynamics while bringing the least destruction. "An 'absolute wrongness' would be the extinction of the universe and all energy and the source of energy. . . . An 'absolute "rightness"' would be the immortality of the individual himself, his children, his group, mankind and the universe. "[62]

Scientology defines ethics as "the actions an individual takes on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics. It is a personal thing that an ethical person does by his own choice. "[63] "Ethics actually consists of rationality toward the highest level of survival for the individual, the future race, the group, Mankind and the other dynamics taken up collectively. Ethics are reason. Man's greatest weapon is his reason. "[62] According to Scientology, various ethical states or "conditions" represent one's degree of success and delineate a sequence of steps to improve that condition of existence. [64] From best to worst, these "conditions" are Power, Affluence, Normal, Emergency, Danger, Non-Existence, Liability, Doubt, Enemy, Treason and Confusion. Scientologists are expected to use statistical measurement to assess "measurement of survival potential,"[65] where a downward trend could identify an 'emergency condition' and an upward trend could identify a 'affluence condition'. [66] According to The Scientology Handbook, the Scientology method of statistics can and should be applied to individuals, groups and organizations inside and outside of Scientology. [67]

Prof. Stephen A. Kent quotes Hubbard as pronouncing that "the purpose of ethics is to remove counter-intentions from the environment. Stephen A Kent, is a Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Having accomplished that, the purpose becomes to remove other intentionedness from the environment. " Kent interprets this as "a peculiar brand of morality that uniquely benefited [the Church of Scientology]. . . . In plain English, the purpose of Scientology ethics is to eliminate opponents, then eliminate people's interests in things other than Scientology. "[68]

Past lives, "Secret" Levels and Extraterrestrial beings

See also: Operating Thetan and Space opera in Scientology doctrine

In Dianetics, Hubbard proposed that the cause of "aberrations" in a human mind was an accumulation of pain and unconscious memories of traumatic incidents, some of which predated the life of the human. In Scientology, the state of Operating Thetan (OT is a spiritual state above Clear. In Scientology, founder L Ron Hubbard used the Science fiction term Space opera to describe what he said were actual extraterrestrial Dianetics is a set of ideas and practices regarding the relationship between the spirit mind and body that were developed by L He extended this view further in Scientology, declaring that "thetans" have existed for tens of trillions of years (several orders of magnitude greater than what mainstream science generally estimates the age of the universe to be). An order of magnitude is the class of scale or magnitude of any amount where each class contains values of a fixed ratio to the class preceding it The age of the Universe is the time elapsed between the theory of the Big Bang and the present day During that time, Hubbard says, they have been exposed to a vast number of traumatic incidents, and have made a great many decisions that influence their present state. Hubbard's 1958 book Have You Lived Before This Life contains descriptions of past lives given by individual Scientologists during auditing sessions. Have You Lived Before This Life is a Scientology / Dianetics book published by L According to an early lecture of Hubbard's, it is, as a practical matter, both impossible and undesirable to recall each and every such event from such vast stretches of time. [69] As a result, Hubbard's three-decade development of Scientology focused on addressing only "key factors. "

According to Hubbard, some past traumas may have been deliberately inflicted in the form of "implants" used by extraterrestrial dictatorships such as Helatrobus to brainwash and control the population. According to Church of Scientology doctrine Helatrobus was an "interplanetary nation" now extinct which existed Trillions of Years ago Hubbard's lectures and writings include a wide variety of accounts of complex extraterrestrial civilizations and alien interventions in earthly events, collectively described by Hubbard as "space opera. In Scientology, founder L Ron Hubbard used the Science fiction term Space opera to describe what he said were actual extraterrestrial " There is a huge Church of Spiritual Technology symbol carved into the ground at Scientology's Trementina Base that is visible from the air. The Church of Spiritual Technology, also known as CST, is a Californian 501(c(3 Non-profit corporation, incorporated in 1982 which owns all the Trementina Base is the popular designation for a property of the Church of Spiritual Technology (CST near Trementina New Mexico. [70] Washington Post reporter Richard Leiby wrote, "Former Scientologists familiar with Hubbard’s teachings on reincarnation say the symbol marks a 'return point' so loyal staff members know where they can find the founder’s works when they travel here in the future from other places in the universe. "[71]

Scientologists who have achieved the State of Clear may continue onto the Upper or OT (Operating Thetan) Levels. In Scientology, the state of Operating Thetan (OT is a spiritual state above Clear. These levels are available by invitation only after a review of the candidate's character, ethics and contribution to the aims of Scientology. [72] Individuals who have read these materials may not disclose what they contain without jeopardizing their standing in the Church. [72] Presently, there are eight such levels, OT I to VIII. [73] Church management has promised to release a ninth OT level once certain expansion goals are met. [74] The OT VIII designation is only granted at sea, on the Scientology ship, the Freewinds, which was established to provide a "safe, aesthetic, distraction-free environment" for this purpose. Concept and construction The vessel that eventually became known as the Freewinds was originally ordered by the Sweden -based Lion Ferry as the [75]

The organization says that it enforces confidentiality. Excerpts and descriptions of these materials were published online by a former member in 1995 and then circulated in mainstream media. [72] This occurred after the teachings were submitted as evidence in court cases involving Scientology, thus becoming a matter of public record. [76][77] In the previously confidential OT levels, Hubbard explains how to reverse the effects of past-life trauma patterns that supposedly extend millions of years into the past. [76]

Among these advanced teachings, one episode revealed to those who reach OT level III is the story of Xenu (sometimes Xemu), introduced as an alien ruler of the "Galactic Confederacy. Xenu, also Xemu ( or) was according to Scientology founder (and Science fiction writer L In Scientology doctrine The Galactic Confederacy refers to an extraterrestrial political unit involving our Solar system. " According to this story, 75 million years ago Xenu brought billions of people to Earth in spacecraft resembling Douglas DC-8 airliners, stacked them around volcanoes and blew them up with hydrogen bombs. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Their souls then clustered together, stuck to the bodies of the living and continue to do this today. Hubbard called these clustered spirits "Body Thetans," and advanced-level Scientologists place considerable emphasis on isolating these alien souls and neutralizing their ill effects. In Scientology, a Thetan is the term somewhat corresponding to one's "soul" and a Body Thetan is an alien Thetan who is 'stuck' in on or near [78]

Practices

Main article: Scientology beliefs and practices

Auditing

A Scientologist introduces the E-meter to a potential student. Such introductory demonstrations are typically presented as "free stress tests."
A Scientologist introduces the E-meter to a potential student. Scientology is according to its own texts "the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself others and all of life An E-meter is an electronic device used as an aid in some forms of Dianetics and Scientology auditing. Such introductory demonstrations are typically presented as "free stress tests. "
Main article: Auditing (Scientology)

The central practice of Scientology is "auditing," a one-on-one session with a Scientology counselor or "auditor. Auditing was developed by L Ron Hubbard, and is described by the Church of Scientology as "spiritual counseling which is the central practice of Dianetics Auditing was developed by L Ron Hubbard, and is described by the Church of Scientology as "spiritual counseling which is the central practice of Dianetics " Most auditing requires an E-meter, a device that measures minute changes in electrical resistance through the body when a person holds electrodes (metal "cans"), and a small current is passed through them; Scientology states that it helps locate an area of concern. An E-meter is an electronic device used as an aid in some forms of Dianetics and Scientology auditing. Electrical resistance is a ratio of the degree to which an object opposes an Electric current through it measured in Ohms Its reciprocal quantity is [79]

In the auditing process, the recipient (referred to as a "preclear" or PC) discloses specific traumatic incidents, prior ethical transgressions and bad decisions, which, in Scientology theory, collectively restrict the preclear from achieving his or her goals and lead to the development of a "reactive mind. " In one form of auditing, the auditor asks the preclear to respond to a list of questions in strict order. The preclear is "a willing and interested participant who understands the questions" and what is going on. [80] Auditors are not to suggest, interpret, degrade or invalidate the answers. [81] Scientologists state that benefits from auditing include improved IQ, improved ability to communicate and enhanced memory. An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different Standardized tests attempting to measure Intelligence. [82]

During the auditing process, the auditor may collect personal information from the person being audited. Auditing records are referred to within Scientology as "PC (preclear) folders" and are stored securely when not being added to during auditing sessions. [83] Auditors promise never to use secrets divulged in a session for punishment or personal gain,[80] however reports suggest this is the purpose of maintaining these files. [84]

Training

Training is the supervised process of learning and applying Scientology and auditing, is considered as important as auditing,[85] and follows a checklist that indicates which of Hubbard's writings and lectures are to be studied. The student must demonstrate mastery of each topic in turn to get a pass in the checklist item. [85]

Scientology training consists of Academy Levels 0-IV and New Era Dianetics, also termed Academy Level V. The first five levels take two weeks each on a 40-hours-per-week schedule. [86] Level VI, the Saint Hill Special Briefing Course, is done at special advanced organizations and comprises 16 individual checklists, each requiring an average of three to four weeks of study, and covering in total 12,000 pages of materials and 450 lectures. [87]

Silent birth and infant care

Main article: Silent birth

Stemming from his belief that birth is a trauma that may induce engrams, Hubbard stated that the delivery room should be as silent as possible[88] and that words should be avoided because any words used during birth might be reassociated by adults with their earlier traumatic birth experience. Silent birth, sometimes known as quiet birth, is a birthing procedure advised by L In Dianetics and Scientology, an engram is defined as "a Mental image picture which is a recording of an experience containing pain unconsciousness

Hubbard also wrote that the mother should use "as little anesthetic as possible. "[89] In the 1960s Hubbard gave certain dietary recommendations,[90] writing that breastfeeding should be avoided if the mother is smoking, drinking or is lacking good nutrition herself. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other [91] Hubbard described common replacement formulas as "mixed milk powder, glucose and water, total carbohydrate" and offered as an alternative to commercial products what he called the "Barley Formula" made from barley water, homogenized milk and corn syrup. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Homogenization (or homogenisation) is a term used in many fields such as Chemistry, Agricultural science, Food technology, Sociology Corn syrup is a Syrup, made using Cornstarch as a feedstock and composed mainly of Glucose. [92] Hubbard said that he "picked it up in Roman days,"[93] referring to the use of barley. [94] Hubbard crafted the barley formula to, in his words, provide "a heavy percentage of protein"[93] and called it "the nearest approach to human milk that can be assembled easily. "[95] Although the formula is still popular with many Scientologists, health practitioners advise that it is an inappropriate replacement due to the absence of important nutrients like Vitamin C,[96] the lack of which causes scurvy. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans

Ceremonies

The Church of Scientology provides Sunday services and social ceremonies for marriage, birth and death that are performed by an ordained Scientology minister. [97][98] Most, if not all, of the actual ceremonies used were written by L. Ron Hubbard and are collected in the book, Ceremonies of the Church of Scientology. [99]

At a funeral service, the minister speaks directly to the departing spirit and grants forgiveness for anything the deceased has done so he can begin life anew. [97]

We do not contest your right to go away. Your debts are paid. This chapter of thy life is shut. Go now, dear [deceased], and live once more in happier time and place. [98]

Membership

The Church has an official membership system, the International Association of Scientologists, but IAS membership is not what the Church means by 'member. The International Association of Scientologists (IAS is an English non profit organization which was formed in October 1984 by a group of Scientologists who assembled ' Estimates of Scientology adherents worldwide vary considerably. [100] In 2005 Scientology stated its worldwide membership at 8 million people, and that number included people who took only the introductory course and didn't continue on. [101] In 2007 the Church claimed 3. 5 million members in the United States,[102] but according to a 2001 survey published by the City University of New York, 55,000 people in the United States would, if asked to identify their religion, have stated Scientology[103] Scientologists tend to disparage such surveys on the grounds that many members maintaining cultural and social ties to other religious groups will, when asked their religion, answer with their traditional and more socially acceptable affiliation. The City University of New York (CUNY Acronym ˈkjuːni is the public University system of New York City. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [100] Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton has said that the church's estimates of its membership numbers are exaggerated. John Gordon Melton (b September 19, 1942) is an American religious scholar who was the founding director of the Institute for the Study of American [104]

Organizations

Main article: Church of Scientology

Scientology is composed of a complex network of corporations, churches and organizations all geared towards promoting the use and dissemination of Scientology and related techniques. The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system.

The incomplete Super Power Building of the FLAG Scientology complex in Clearwater, Florida
The incomplete Super Power Building of the FLAG Scientology complex in Clearwater, Florida
Church of Scientology of Tampa, Florida
Church of Scientology of Tampa, Florida
The Scientology cruise ship Freewinds
The Scientology cruise ship Freewinds

The Church of Spiritual Technology is a non-profit organization that owns the copyrights to Scientology books. The Super Power Building is an Edifice in Clearwater Florida that will be the Church of Scientology 's largest property in the city when completed Clearwater is a City located in Pinellas County Florida, USA, nearly due west of Tampa and northwest of St Concept and construction The vessel that eventually became known as the Freewinds was originally ordered by the Sweden -based Lion Ferry as the The Church of Spiritual Technology, also known as CST, is a Californian 501(c(3 Non-profit corporation, incorporated in 1982 which owns all the The Religious Technology Center (RTC) holds trademarks over the words Dianetics and Scientology. The Religious Technology Center (RTC is a Californian 501(c(3 Non-profit corporation. [105] Scientology organizations must license the right to use Scientology and related techniques from this organization. Its stated purpose is to maintain Scientology pure per the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13 1911 &ndash January 24 1986 was a fiction writer who devised a self-help technique called Dianetics and philosophy known as Scientology [106] The RTC's Chairman is David Miscavige, who, while not the titular head of the Church of Scientology, is believed to be the most powerful person in the Scientology movement. David Miscavige (born April 30 1960 is Chairman of the board of Religious Technology Center (RTC a corporation that controls the trademarked names [107] The Church of Scientology International is the mother church of Scientology and manages all affiliated Scientology organizations worldwide. The Church of Scientology International (CSI is a Californian 501(c(3 Non-profit corporation. [108]

The first Church of Scientology was incorporated in Camden, New Jersey as a non-profit organization in 1953. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business The City of Camden is the County seat of Camden County, New Jersey, in the United States. A non-profit organization ( abbreviated "NPO" also "not-for-profit" is a legally constituted Organization whose objective is to support or engage The Scientology missions directory reports over 300 missions,[109] delivering basic Dianetics and Scientology services in 50 countries worldwide. [110] A Scientology Mission is considered a church when it has reached the size required to administer all courses and auditing required for delivering the state of "clear. "[111] Overall there are 142 churches in 28 countries established worldwide. [112] Scientology's "Advanced Organizations" are churches specialized in the delivering of higher training levels. [113] Those organizations are located in Los Angeles; Clearwater, Florida;[114] Great Britain; Sydney, Australia; Copenhagen; and the cruise ship Freewinds. Concept and construction The vessel that eventually became known as the Freewinds was originally ordered by the Sweden -based Lion Ferry as the [115]

The World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE) licenses Hubbard's management techniques for use in businesses. World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE is an Organization affiliated with the Church of Scientology that educates and assists businesses in the use of management

The Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE), a non-profit organization with the stated purpose of reversing social decay, has four subdivisions:[116]

Scientologists take part in a number of social reform and charitable activities:

Scientology splinter groups

Main article: Free Zone (Scientology)

Although "Scientology" is most often used as shorthand for the Church of Scientology, a number of groups practice Scientology and Dianetics outside of the official Church. The Free Zone (or independent Scientologists or Scientology Freezone) comprises a variety of groups and individuals who practice Scientology -like beliefs The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. Some groups are breakaways from the original Church while others have started up independently. The largest such group -- an informal "network" rather than an organization -- is known as the Free Zone, founded by Bill Robertson in 1982. The Free Zone (or independent Scientologists or Scientology Freezone) comprises a variety of groups and individuals who practice Scientology -like beliefs [122]

The Church labels these groups as "squirrels" in Scientology jargon, and often subjects them to considerable legal and social pressure. Scientology is according to its own texts "the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself others and all of life Scientology terminology consists of a complex assortment of Jargon used by Scientologists in conjunction with the practice of Scientology and in their everyday

Non Affiliated

Two organizations that are sometimes confused with Scientology (due to a similarity in names) are Christian Science and Religious Science/Science of Mind. Christian Science is believed by its supporters to be a system of spiritually scientific truths which are summed up in the two commandments having one God one Mind one Life Truth Religious Science, also known as Science of Mind, was founded in 1927 by Ernest Holmes (1887-1960 and is a spiritual/philosophical/metaphysical religious movement Religious Science, also known as Science of Mind, was founded in 1927 by Ernest Holmes (1887-1960 and is a spiritual/philosophical/metaphysical religious movement While Christian Science and Religious Science share some common roots (see New Thought) to each other, Scientology has no connection to them. The New Thought Movement or New Thought is a New religious movement developed in the United States during the late 19th century which emphasizes metaphysical . [123][124]

Outreach

Scientologists believe they are obliged to work towards making the benefits of Scientology available to all people without haranguing[125] anyone, with the first and second pledges of "The Code of a Scientologist" being, respectively:

  1. "To keep Scientologists, the public and the press accurately informed concerning Scientology, the world of mental health and society. "
  2. "To use the best I know of Scientology to the best of my ability to help my family, friends, groups and the world. "

They believe that this is done with, "no effort. . . to be authoritarian," but critics argue that Scientology insists it be approached in only one way:[125]

Celebrities

See also: Scientology and celebrities and List of Scientologists
A Scientology Center on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.
A Scientology Center on Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Recruitment and endorsements by Scientologist celebrities have always been very important to the Church of Scientology. A Scientologist is a follower of the doctrines and beliefs of Scientology. Hollywood Boulevard is a boulevard in Hollywood Los Angeles California, United States, beginning at Sunset Boulevard in the east and running northwest Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean.

Scientology has attracted several artists and entertainers, particularly Hollywood celebrities. Hubbard saw to the formation of a special church which would cater to artists, politicians, leaders of industry, sports figures and anyone with the power and vision "to create a better world. "[126] There are eight so-called Celebrity Centres, although Hollywood is the largest. Celebrity Centres are Church of Scientology facilities that are open to the public but serve mostly artists and celebrities and other "professionals leaders and promising Entertainers — including John Travolta, Kirstie Alley, Lisa Marie Presley, Jason Lee, Isaac Hayes, Tom Cruise, and Katie Holmes — have generated considerable publicity for Scientology. Kirsten Louise "Kirstie" Alley (born January 12 1951 is an American Actress known for her role in the TV show Cheers, in which Lisa Marie Presley (born February 1 1968 is an American Singer-songwriter. Jason Michael Lee (born April 25, 1970) is an American Actor and former professional skateboarder. Isaac Lee Hayes Jr (August 20 1942 – August 10 2008 was an American Academy Award winning soul and Funk singer-songwriter Musician Thomas Cruise Mapother IV ( born July 3 1962 better known by his screen name Tom Cruise, is an American Actor and Film producer Kate "Katie" Noelle Holmes (born December 18 1978 is an American actress who first achieved fame for her role as Joey Potter on The WB television Former Scientologists say that celebrity practitioners get more attention than non-celebrity practitioners. For example, former Scientologist Maureen Bolstad noted that a couple of dozen Scientologists including herself were put to work on a rainy night through dawn planting grass in order "to help Tom impress Nicole (Kidman). "[127]

Andre Tabayoyon, a former Scientologist and Sea Org staffer, testified in a 1994 affidavit that money from non-profit Scientology organizations and labor from those organizations (including the Rehabilitation Project Force) had gone to provide special facilities for Scientology celebrities, which were not available to other Scientologists. Andre Tabayoyon is a former member of the Church of Scientology who is primarily known for an affidavit in which he describes the inner workings of the Church The Sea Organization or Sea Org is an association of Scientologists established in 1968 by L The Rehabilitation Project Force, or RPF, is a controversial program set up by the Church of Scientology Sea Organization, intended to "rehabilitate" [128] "A Sea Org staffer was taken along to do personal cooking for Tom Cruise and Miscavige at the expense of Scientology non-profit religious organizations. David Miscavige (born April 30 1960 is Chairman of the board of Religious Technology Center (RTC a corporation that controls the trademarked names This left only 3 cooks at [Gold Base] to cook for 800 people three times a day. The Gold Base is the informal name of the international headquarters of the Church of Scientology, located on a parcel of land just outside of San Jacinto, California . . . Apartment cottages were built for the use of John Travolta, Kirstie Alley, Edgar Winter, Priscilla Presley and other Scientology celebrities who are carefully prevented from finding out the real truth about the Scientology organization. Edgar Holland Winter (born December 28, 1946 in Beaumont Texas) is an American musician who had significant success in the 1970s and 1980s Priscilla Beaulieu Presley, (born Priscilla Ann Wagner; May 24, 1945) is an American Actress and Businesswoman. . . . Miscavige decided to redo the meadow in beautiful flowers; tens of thousands of dollars were spent on the project so that Cruise and Kidman could romp there. However, Miscavige inspected the project and didn't like it. So the whole meadow was plowed up, destroyed, replowed and sown with plain grass. "[129] Diana Canova, who experienced Scientology both before and during her period of TV stardom, expressed it in a September 1993 interview: "When I started, I wasn't in television yet. Diana Canova (born Diana Rivero on June 1, 1953 in West Palm Beach Florida) is an American actress. I was a nobody—I'd done some TV, but I was not one of the elite, not by a long shot—until I did Soap. Soap is an American Sitcom that originally ran on ABC from 1977 to 1981 Then it became…I mean, you really are treated like royalty. "[130]

Controversies

Main article: Scientology controversies
Official German information leaflets (PDF:) from the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution on (from left to right) Islamic extremism, Scientology, and organized crime.
Official German information leaflets (PDF:[131]) from the Bavarian Office for the Protection of the Constitution on (from left to right) Islamic extremism, Scientology, and organized crime. Scientologists and the Church of Scientology have been involved in many scandals and controversies [132]

Of the many new religious movements to appear during the 20th century, the Church of Scientology has, from its inception, been one of the most controversial, coming into conflict with the governments and police forces of several countries (including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada[133] and Germany) numerous times over the years. A new religious movement or NRM is a term used to refer to a religious faith or an ethical spiritual or philosophical movement of recent origin that is not part The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. [134][135][136][137][138][136][139][140][141][142][143][144]

Reports and allegations have been made, by journalists, courts, and governmental bodies of several countries, that the Church of Scientology is an unscrupulous commercial enterprise that harasses its critics and brutally exploits its members. [134][135] Some critics of Scientology have recanted under duress. [145] In some cases of US litigation against the Church, former Scientologists appearing as expert witnesses have since stated that they submitted false and inflammatory declarations intended to incite prejudice against Scientology, and harassed key Scientology executives, by advancing unfounded opinions to get a case dropped or to obtain a settlement. [146]

The German government takes the view that Scientology is a commercial, rather than religious organization, and has even gone so far as to consider a ban on Scientology. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [147] Belgium, France, Ireland, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom have not recognized Scientology as a religion. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [148] Scientology has also not been recognized as a religion in Israel or Mexico. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Belgian State Prosecution Service has recommended that various individuals and organizations associated with Scientology should be prosecuted. [149][150] An administrative court is to decide if charges will be pressed. [149][150]

Main article: Scientology and the legal system

The controversies involving the Church and its critics, some of them ongoing, include:

Due to these allegations, a considerable amount of investigation has been aimed at the Church, by groups ranging from the media to governmental agencies. [134][135]

Although Scientologists are usually free to practice their beliefs, the organized church has often encountered opposition due to their strong-arm tactics directed against critics and members wishing to leave the organization. While a number of governments now view the Church as a religious organization entitled to protections and tax relief, others view it as a pseudoreligion or a cult. Pseudoreligion (or pseudotheology is a generally Pejorative term applied to a non-mainstream Belief system or Philosophy which is functionally This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice [155][156] The differences between these classifications has become a major problem when discussing religions in general and Scientology specifically. [101]

While acknowledging that a number of his colleagues accept Scientology as a religion, sociologist Stephen A. Kent wrote: "Rather than struggling over whether or not to label Scientology as a religion, I find it far more helpful to view it as a multifaceted transnational corporation, only one[sic] element of which is religious. Stephen A Kent, is a Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers "[157][158]

Scientology social programs such as drug and criminal rehabilitation have likewise drawn both support and criticism. [159][160][161][162]

Auditing confidentiality

In some instances, former members have claimed the Church used information obtained in auditing sessions against them. [163][164][165] The Church maintains that its auditing records are kept confidential. On 16 December 1969 the organization authorized the use of auditing records for purposes of "internal security. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "[166]

Supporters of Scientology assert that no actual violation based solely upon use or revelation of auditing records has been documented[167] and such a violation of their Auditing Code is a high crime per Scientology justice codes. [168] "The Court refers to GO 121669 for justification for abolishing the clergyman-penitent privilege. Yet nowhere does the program call for a) external dissemination of the preclear folder or b) use of information against anyone. To cause preclear folders or preclear folder information to be released from the care and control of authorized Church ministers is to cause the destruction of its parishioners' religious freedom and would be a severe violation of Church ecclesiastical policies. " (Declaration of Reverend Ken Hoden)[167]

However, a California court ruling recorded that "The practice of culling supposedly confidential [counseling folders or files] to obtain information for purposes of intimidation and/or harassment is repugnant and outrageous. " The court found that former members of the church knew that their confidential data might be used by "the Church or its minions" for "intimidation or other physical or psychological abuse" and noted: "The record is replete with evidence of such abuse. "[169]

Supporters of Scientology responded by stating: "Guardian's Office policy letter written by Mary Sue Hubbard had allegedly authorized the practice of culling information from counseling folders. Any such directive is not part of the Scientology scriptures and was long ago canceled. The Guardian's Office was disbanded by current Church management when it was found to have veered wildly off Church policies as laid down by Mr. Hubbard. "[170]

Scientology as a religion

Main article: Scientology and other religions
Main article: Scientology as a state-recognized religion

Scientology states that it is fully compatible with all existing major world religions and that it does not conflict with those religions or their religious practices. Scientology claims that it is fully compatible with all existing major world religions and that it does not conflict with those religions or their religious practices The Church of Scientology pursues an extensive Public relations campaign for the recognition of Scientology as a bona fide religion and cites However, due to major differences in the beliefs and practices between Scientology and especially the major monotheistic religions a simultaneous membership in Scientology is seen as not compatible with the major world religions. For the Celtic Frost album see Monotheist (album In Theology, monotheism (from Greek grc [[wiktμόνος μόνος]] For its part, Scientology only allows a passive formal membership in a second religion. Parishioners are not allowed to engage in other religious activities or ceremonies. [171]

The Church pursues an extensive public relations campaign for the recognition of Scientology as a bona fide religion. Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred [172] Scientology does have "beliefs in something transcendental or ultimate, practices (rites and codes of behavior) that re-inforce those beliefs and, a community that is sustained by both the beliefs and practices" which are elements that a religion must contain. [101] Scientology is considered a legitimate religion in such countries as Australia, Italy,[173] Kyrgyzstan,[174] New Zealand,[175] Portugal,[176] South Africa,[177] Spain,[178][179] Sweden,[180] Taiwan,[181] Tanzania and Zimbabwe and thus enjoys and regularly cites the legal protections afforded in these nations to religious practice. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Other countries, mostly in Europe, have regarded Scientology as a potentially dangerous cult, or at least have not considered local branches to meet the legal criteria for being considered religion-supporting organizations. This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice Religious activities generally need some infrastructure to be conducted [182]

Although its religious status is often controversial, the Church of Scientology itself, on the other hand, holds that many of these issues were laid to rest by the recognition in 1993 by the United States Internal Revenue Service of being "operated exclusively for religious and charitable purposes. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The "[183][184]

Scientology as a cult and hypnosis

The Anderson Report, an inquiry conducted in 1965 for the state of Victoria, Australia, found that the auditing process involved "command" hypnosis, in which the hypnotist assumes "positive authoritative control" over the patient. This article refers to a Report on Scientology For the Anderson Report into UK Higher Education see Anderson Report. Hypnosis is often thought to be a wakeful state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility with diminished peripheral awareness "It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetics techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous. . . . The scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute … which was virtually unchallenged—leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology. Many scientology techniques are in fact hypnotic techniques, and Hubbard has not changed their nature by changing their names. "[185] Hubbard was an accomplished hypnotist, and close acquaintances such as Forrest Ackerman (Hubbard's literary agent) and A. E. van Vogt (an important early supporter of Dianetics) witnessed repeated demonstrations of his hypnotic skills. Forrest J Ackerman (born November 24, 1916) is an American collector of Science fiction books and movie memorabilia and a science fiction Alfred Elton van Vogt (April 26 1912 – January 26 2000 was a Canadian -born Science fiction author who was one of the most prolific [186] (See Scientology and hypnosis). The Church of Scientology officially denies that it uses Hypnosis as part of its beliefs and practices. Licensed psychotherapists alleged that auditing sessions amount to mental health treatment without a license. The Church disputes these statements and said that its practice leads to spiritual relief. According to the Church, the psychotherapist treats mental health and the Church treats the spiritual being. Using the synonym of alternative religions, Barrett (1998:237) and Hunt (2003:195) place Scientology in the sociological grouping of personal development movements together with the Neurolinguistic Programming, Emin, and Insight. Self-help or self-improvement refers to self-guided improvement—economically intellectually or emotionally—most frequently with a substantial psychological or spiritual Neuro-linguistic programming (or NLP) is an Interpersonal communication model applied in Psychotherapy and other contexts of communication and change (for other uses see Insight (disambiguation Insight can be used with several related meanings *a piece of information *the

In France, the Church of Scientology was categorized as a sect (or cult) in the report of the National Assembly of France in 1995. The French National Assembly. The other is the Senate ( “Sénat”) [187] A more recent government report in 2000 categorized the church as an "absolute sect" and recommended that all its activities be prohibited. [188] The United States has no such classification in its legal system. [101]

The Cult Awareness Network famously received more complaints concerning Scientology than any other group. The Cult Awareness Network (CAN was founded in the wake of the November 18, 1978 deaths of members of the group Peoples Temple and Assassination They therefore listed the Church of Scientology at the top of their cult list, until they went into bankruptcy from suits initiated by Scientology (1996). Ultimately, they were bought in Bankruptcy Court by the Church of Scientology (1997), which now operates the new Cult Awareness Network as a promotional arm of the church. [189][190][191][192][193]

The federal government of Germany, as well as its states, have to a greater or lesser degree and for varying periods since 1997 placed Scientology and Scientologists under surveillance by its intelligence agency based on anti-democratic tendencies. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") is the Federal Republic of Germany 's domestic [194] No criminal or civil charges have been brought as a result of this surveillance. On a Federal level, Scientology lost a complaint against continued surveillance by the federal Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz because the court gave its opinion that there are indications that Scientology is pursuing anti-constitutional activities. As of April 2007 the case was pending in appeal. [195][196] In Berlin, the court prohibited the use of paid undercover agents. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. [197] In Saarland, surveillance was stopped by the court as inappropriate because there is no local branch of Scientology and few members. Saarland (ˈzaːɐ̯lant in German; French: Sarre) is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. [198]

Allegations of Scientology's cult status may be attributed to its unconventional creation by a single authoritative and charismatic leader. [199]

On May 12, 2007 Journalist John Sweeney of BBC Panorama made highly critical comments regarding Scientology and its teachings, and further reported that since beginning an extensive investigation he had been harassed, surveilled, and investigated by strangers. John Sweeney is an award-winning Journalist and Author, currently working as an Investigative journalist for the BBC 's Panorama Panorama is the longest-running current affairs documentary series in the world Sweeney wrote, "I have been shouted at, spied on, had my hotel invaded at midnight, denounced as a "bigot" by star Scientologists and chased round the streets of Los Angeles by sinister strangers. Back in Britain strangers have called on my neighbors, my mother-in-law's house and someone spied on my wedding and fled the moment he was challenged. " In another passage, "He [Scientology representative Tommy Davis] harangued me for talking to […] heretics. I told him that Scientology had been spying on the BBC and that was creepy. " And in another passage, "In LA, the moment our hire car left the airport we realized we were being followed by two cars. In our hotel a weird stranger spent every breakfast listening to us. "[200][201]

The Church of Scientology called John Sweeney's documentary (first aired May 14, 2007) into question and produced its own documentary in which it claimed to have documented 154 violations in the BBC's and OfCom's guidelines. [202]

The Church documentary also claimed that the BBC had organized a demonstration outside a Church building in London in order to film it, following which e-mailed anonymous death threats had been made against the Church. The BBC described these allegations as "clearly laughable and utter nonsense" whilst representatives of the picket group stated that the BBC had simply turned up to a scheduled picket date that was part of an ongoing protest since 1996. [203] Sandy Smith, the BBC program's producer, commented that the Church of Scientology has "no way of dealing with any kind of criticism at all. "[204]

Scientology as a commercial venture

Main article: Scientology as a business

The Church of Scientology and its many related organizations have amassed considerable real estate holdings worldwide, likely in the hundreds of millions of dollars, as well as a large amount of other funds from the practice of auditing. Though the Church of Scientology describes itself as a religion various governments have at some time denied the organisation charitable status for tax purposes and some still [153] Hubbard was accused in his lifetime of adopting a religious façade for Scientology to allow the organization to maintain tax-exempt status and to avoid prosecution for false medical claims. A tax exemption is an exemption from all or certain Taxes of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization [205] There have been numerous accounts from Hubbard's fellow science-fiction authors and researchers, notably Harlan Ellison, Neison Himmel, Sam Merwin, Sam Moskowitz, Theodore Sturgeon, Lloyd Arthur Eshbach, and Lyle Stuart,[186] of Hubbard stating on various occasions that the way to get rich was to start a religion. Harlan Jay Ellison (born May 27, 1934) is a prolific American Writer of Short stories, Novellas, Teleplays Sam Moskowitz ( June 30, 1920 - April 15, 1997) was an early fan and organizer of interest in Science fiction and later a writer critic Theodore Sturgeon (born Edward Hamilton Waldo on February 26, 1918; died May 8, 1985) was an American Science fiction Lloyd Arthur Eshbach ( June 20, 1910 - October 29, 2003) was an American Science fiction fan and writer secular Lyle Stuart ( August 11 1922 &ndash June 24, 2006) was an American independent publisher of controversial books [206] This is referenced, among other places, in a May 1980 Reader's Digest article, which quotes Hubbard, "If a man really wants to make a million dollars, the best way would be to start his own religion. Reader's Digest is a monthly general-interest family Magazine co-founded in 1922 by Lila Bell Wallace and DeWitt Wallace. "[207]

The Church says that "One individual once claimed L. Ron Hubbard made such a comment during a lecture in 1948. The only two people who could be found who attended that very lecture in 1948 denied that Mr. Hubbard ever made this statement" and that therefore it is an "unfounded rumor. " The Church's statement does not address any of the other individuals who have stated that they personally heard Hubbard make such a statement, some saying that he said it on multiple occasions. The Church also suggests that the origin of the "rumor" was a quote by George Orwell which had been "misattributed" to Hubbard. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer However, Robert Vaughn Young, who left the Church in 1989 after twenty years, said that he had discovered the Orwell quote, and suggested that reports of Hubbard making such a statement could be explained as a misattribution of Orwell, despite having encountered three of Hubbard's associates from his science fiction days who remembered Hubbard making statements of that sort in person. Robert Vaughn Young ( April 23, 1938 - June 15, 2003) commonly known by his initials RVY, was a Whistleblower against the [134]

Scientology pays members commissions on new recruits they bring in, encouraging Scientology members to "sell" Scientology to others. [153] In addition, Scientology franchises, or missions, pay the church roughly 10% of their gross income. [208] On that basis, it is often likened to a pyramid selling scheme. A pyramid scheme is a Non-sustainable Business model that involves the exchange of Money primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme without [209] Charges for auditing and other Church-related courses run to tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars. [210][211] Scientology maintains strict control over the use of its symbols, icons, and names. It claims copyright and trademark over its "Scientology cross", and its lawyers have threatened lawsuits against individuals and organizations who have published the image in books and on Web sites. Because of this, it is very difficult for individual groups to attempt to publicly practice Scientology on their own, without any affiliation or connection to the Church of Scientology. Scientology has sued a number of individuals who attempted to set up their own "auditing" practices, using copyright and trademark law to shut these groups down.

In conjunction with the Church of Scientology's request to be officially recognized as a religion in Germany, around 1996 the German state Baden-Württemberg conducted a thorough investigation regarding the group's activities within Germany. Baden-Württemberg is one of the 16 states ( Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany. [212] The results of this investigation indicated that, at the time of publication, Scientology's main sources of revenue ("Haupteinnahmequellen der SO") were from course offerings and sales of their various publications. Course offerings—e. g. "The Ups and Downs of Life", "Hubbard's Key to Life", "Intensive Auditing", etc. —ranged from (German Marks) DM 182. 50 to about DM 30,000—the equivalent today of approximately $119 to $19,560 US dollars. Revenue from monthly, bi-monthly, and other membership offerings could not be estimated in the report, but was nevertheless placed in the millions.

In June of 2006, it was announced at the Book Expo America a Dianetics Racing Team joined NASCAR. Dianetics is a set of ideas and practices regarding the relationship between the spirit mind and body that were developed by L The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States. The Number 27 Ford Taurus driven by Kenton Gray displays a large Dianetics logo. Ford Motor Company is an American Multinational corporation and the world's fourth largest automaker based on Worldwide vehicle sales, following Kenton Gray is a NASCAR racer from La Verne California, best known for founding the Dianetics Racing Team sponsored by the Church of Scientology to promote Dianetics is a set of ideas and practices regarding the relationship between the spirit mind and body that were developed by L [213][214]

Scientology and psychiatry

Main articles: Scientology and psychiatry, CCHR, and Psychiatry: An Industry of Death
Scientologists regularly hold anti-psychiatry demonstrations called "Psychbusts"
Scientologists regularly hold anti-psychiatry demonstrations called "Psychbusts"

The Church of Scientology is one of a number of groups involved in the anti-psychiatry movement, and one of the few organizations that publicly oppose the study and application of psychology in addition to psychiatry, claiming that psychiatry was responsible for World War I,[215] the rise of Hitler and Stalin,[216] the decline in education standards in the United States,[217] the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo,[218] and the September 11 attacks. Scientology has come into conflict with Psychiatry since the foundation of Scientology in 1952 See also Scientology and psychiatry The Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR also sometimes known as the Citizens Psychiatry An Industry of Death is a Museum in Hollywood California, USA, as well as several touring exhibitions Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric See also Psychiatry See also Biopsychiatry controversy Anti-psychiatry refers to a post-1960s configuration of groups and theoretical constructs Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and The War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, commonly known as the Bosnian War, was an international armed conflict that took place between March 1992 and November 1995 The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 [219] The Church's point of view on these issues is documented mainly by Church groups and magazines such as those published by the Citizens Commission on Human Rights and Freedom Magazine. See also Scientology and psychiatry The Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR also sometimes known as the Citizens

Scientology and the Internet

Main articles: Scientology and the Internet and Project Chanology

In the 1990s Scientology representatives began extensive operations to deal with growing allegations against Scientology on the Internet. Scientology has been involved in a number of disputes on the Internet related to suppressing material critical of Scientology through the use of lawsuits Project Chanology, also called Operation Chanology, In the video music from Cruise's Mission Impossible films plays in the background and Cruise makes The organization states that it is taking actions to prevent distribution of copyrighted Scientology documents and publications online by people whom it has called "copyright terrorists. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for "[220] Critics say that the organization’s true motive is to attempt to suppress the free speech of its critics.

An Internet-based group that only referred to itself as 'Anonymous' held protests outside Scientology centers in cities around the world in February 2008 as part of Project Chanology. Issues they protested ranged from alleged abuse of followers to the validity of its claims to qualify as a state-sponsored religion.
An Internet-based group that only referred to itself as 'Anonymous' held protests outside Scientology centers in cities around the world in February 2008 as part of Project Chanology. The self-styled Anonymous (used as a Mass noun) is a label and Internet meme adopted within Internet culture to represent the actions of many online community Project Chanology, also called Operation Chanology, In the video music from Cruise's Mission Impossible films plays in the background and Cruise makes Issues they protested ranged from alleged abuse of followers to the validity of its claims to qualify as a state-sponsored religion. [221]

In January 1995, Church lawyer Helena Kobrin attempted to shut down the newsgroup alt.religion.scientology by sending a control message instructing Usenet servers to delete the group on the grounds that:

(1) It was started with a forged message; (2) not discussed on alt.config; (3) it has the name "scientology" in its title which is a trademark and is misleading, as a. Helena Kempner Kobrin (born April 27 1948 is an American Scientologist and Lawyer at the firm Moxon & Kobrin, working for the Religious A newsgroup is a Repository usually within the Usenet system for messages posted from many users in different locations The newsgroup altreligionscientology (often abbreviated ars or ARS) is a Usenet newsgroup started in 1991 to discuss the controversial beliefs of Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system altconfig is a Newsgroup used to discuss the creation of as well as create new groups in the Alt hierarchy of Usenet. r. s. is mainly used for flamers to attack the Scientology religion; (4) it has been and continues to be heavily abused with copyright and trade secret violations and serves no purpose other than condoning these illegal practices. [222]

In practice, this rmgroup message had little effect, since most Usenet servers are configured to disregard such messages when applied to groups that receive substantial traffic, and newgroup messages were quickly issued to recreate the group on those servers that did not do so. Types of control messages cancel A cancel message requests the deletion of a specific article Types of control messages cancel A cancel message requests the deletion of a specific article However, the issuance of the message led to a great deal of public criticism by free-speech advocates.

The Church also began filing lawsuits against those who posted copyrighted texts on the newsgroup and the World Wide Web, and pressed for tighter restrictions on copyrights in general. The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. The Church supported the controversial Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. The Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA of 1998 &ndash alternatively known as the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Sonny Bono Act, or Pejoratively The even more controversial Digital Millennium Copyright Act was also strongly promoted by the Church and some of its provisions (notably the Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act) were heavily influenced by Church litigation against US Internet service providers over copyrighted Scientology materials that had been posted or uploaded through their servers. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA is a United States Copyright Law which implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property An Internet service provider ( ISP, also called Internet access provider or IAP) is a company which primarily offers their customers access to the Internet

Beginning in the middle of 1996 and for several years after, the newsgroup was attacked by anonymous parties using a tactic dubbed "sporgery" by some, in the form of hundreds of thousands of forged spam messages posted on the group. Sporgery is the disruptive act of posting a flood of articles to a Usenet Newsgroup, with the article headers falsified so that they appear to have been posted by Although the Church neither confirmed nor denied its involvement with the spam, some investigators said that some spam had been traced to Church members. Former Scientologist Tory Christman, after she left the Church, confessed to having been part of the sporgery project, taking money supplied by the Office of Special Affairs to open up Internet accounts at various ISPs under false names, accounts from which she later saw forged and garbled communications going out. Tory Christman (formerly Tory Bezazian) is a former member of the Church of Scientology. The Office of Special Affairs or OSA (formerly the Guardian's Office) is a department of the Church of Scientology. [223]

In early 2008, another protest against the Church of Scientology was organised by the Internet-based group Anonymous, which originally consisted of users of the English speaking imageboards 4chan and 711chan. The self-styled Anonymous (used as a Mass noun) is a label and Internet meme adopted within Internet culture to represent the actions of many online community An imageboard (also chan, which itself is short for channel is a type of Internet forum that revolves around the posting of images. 4chan is an English-language Imageboard Website based on the Japanese Futaba Channel. org, the associated partyvan. info wiki, and several Internet Relay Chat channels. A wiki is a page or collection of Web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content using a simplified Markup language.

Protest by Anonymous against the practices and tax status of the Church of Scientology.
Protest by Anonymous against the practices and tax status of the Church of Scientology. The self-styled Anonymous (used as a Mass noun) is a label and Internet meme adopted within Internet culture to represent the actions of many online community The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system.

On January 14, 2008, a video produced by the Church of Scientology featuring an interview with Tom Cruise was leaked to the Internet and uploaded to YouTube. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. Thomas Cruise Mapother IV ( born July 3 1962 better known by his screen name Tom Cruise, is an American Actor and Film producer YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees [224][225][226] The Church of Scientology issued a copyright violation claim against YouTube requesting the removal of the video. [227] In response to this, Anonymous formulated Project Chanology. Project Chanology, also called Operation Chanology, In the video music from Cruise's Mission Impossible films plays in the background and Cruise makes [228][229][230][231] Calling the action by the Church of Scientology a form of Internet censorship, members of Project Chanology organized a series of denial-of-service attacks against Scientology websites, prank calls, and black faxes to Scientology centers. Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet. A prank call also known as a hoax call, phone scam or phony phone call, is a form of Practical joke committed over the Telephone The term black fax refers to a prank Fax transmission consisting of one or more pages entirely filled with a uniform black tone and often made into a loop the sending machine [232] On January 21, 2008, Anonymous announced its goals and intentions via a video posted to YouTube entitled "Message to Scientology", and a press release declaring a "War on Scientology" against both the Church of Scientology and the Religious Technology Center. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News The Religious Technology Center (RTC is a Californian 501(c(3 Non-profit corporation. [231][233][234] In the press release, the group states that the attacks against the Church of Scientology will continue in order to protect the right to freedom of speech, and end what they believe to be the financial exploitation of church members. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. [235] A new video "Call to Action" appeared on YouTube on January 28, 2008, calling for protests outside Church of Scientology centers on February 10, 2008. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [236][237]

On February 2, 2008, 150 people gathered outside of a Church of Scientology center in Orlando, Florida to protest the organization's practices. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Orlando is a major City in central Florida, USA and is the County seat of Orange County Florida. [238][239][240][241] Small protests were also held in Santa Barbara, California,[242] and Manchester, England. Santa Barbara is a city in Santa Barbara County California, United States. [243][239] On February 10, 2008, about 7,000 people protested in more than 93 cities worldwide. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [244][245] Many protesters wore masks based on the character V from V for Vendetta (who in turn was influenced by Guy Fawkes), or otherwise disguised their identities, in part to protect themselves from reprisals from the Church of Scientology. V is a Fictional character from the Comic book series V for Vendetta, created by Alan Moore and David Lloyd. V for Vendetta is a ten-issue Comic book Guy Fawkes ( 13 April 1570 – 31 January 1606) sometimes known as Guido Fawkes, was a member of a group of English [246][247] Anonymous held a second wave of protests on March 15, 2008 in cities all over the world, including New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, London, Paris, Vancouver, Toronto, Berlin, and Dublin. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The global turnout was estimated to be between 7000 and 8000. [248] Anonymous held its third protest against Scientology on April 12, 2008. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [249][250] Named "Operation Reconnect", it aimed to increase awareness of the Church of Scientology's disconnection policy. Disconnection is a practice in Scientology in which Scientologists sever all ties between themselves and friends colleagues or family members that are deemed to be antagonistic [224]

Scientific criticism

A 1971 ruling of the United States District Court, District of Columbia (333 F. Supp. 357), specifically stated, "the E-meter has no proven usefulness in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of any disease, nor is it medically or scientifically capable of improving any bodily function. An E-meter is an electronic device used as an aid in some forms of Dianetics and Scientology auditing. "[251] Scientology now publishes the following disclaimer in its books and publications: "By itself, the E-meter does nothing. It is an electronic instrument that measures mental state and change of state in individuals and assists the precision and speed of auditing. The E-Meter is not intended or effective for any diagnosis, treatment or prevention of any disease"[252] and that it is used specifically for spiritual purposes.

Professor Richard Dawkins, author of The God Delusion, has described Scientology as "gullibiligy" and its statements as "purely made-up. Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science The God Delusion is a 2006 bestselling non-fiction book by British biologist Richard Dawkins, holder of the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding "[253]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Paper, The Church of Scientology: In Pursuit of Legal Recognition, Section: Scientology: A Brief History of Belief and Practice, by Derek H. Davis, June 20, 2004, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
  2. ^ a b Atack, Jon (1990). Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13 1911 &ndash January 24 1986 was a fiction writer who devised a self-help technique called Dianetics and philosophy known as Scientology The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. The worldwide network of Scientology Organizations consists of numerous Entities and Corporations, located in the United States as well as in Scientology is according to its own texts "the study and handling of the spirit in relationship to itself others and all of life This is an incomplete bibliography of Scientology and Scientology-related books produced within the Church of Scientology and its related organizations Scientology and Me is the name of a Television documentary conducted by reporter John Sweeney, which aired on the BBC programme Werner Erhard studied many disciplines and practices in the 1960s among them scientology Scientologists and the Church of Scientology have been involved in many scandals and controversies Dianetics is a set of ideas and practices regarding the relationship between the spirit mind and body that were developed by L " Destructive cult " is a term used to refer to religions and other groups which have caused harm to their own members or to others This is an incomplete list of the symbols of Scientology, the Church of Scientology, and related organizations This is an incomplete filmography of Scientology and Scientology-related films videos and audiovisual materials produced within the Church of Scientology Scientology has been referenced in Popular culture in many different forms of media including Fiction, Film, Music, Television and Scientology has been in Australia since the mid 1950s Their numbers vary depending upon the source according to the last census it has a growing population 2507 members up from 1489 ten years Scientology has been involved in a number of disputes on the Internet related to suppressing material critical of Scientology through the use of lawsuits Project Chanology, also called Operation Chanology, In the video music from Cruise's Mission Impossible films plays in the background and Cruise makes Jonathan Caven-Atack (born 5 June, 1955) known as Jon Atack, is a British artist published author and widely recognized as one of the most A Piece of Blue Sky. New York, NY: Carol Publishing Group, 128. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X.  
  3. ^ Web Site: What is Scientology, Churches of Scientology and Their Activities
  4. ^ Web Page: www.scientology.org Trademark notice
  5. ^ Scientology: Milestone One an audio lecture in Wichita, Kansas on 3 March 1952 with transcript, 1952 Published by Golden Era Productions, Hollywood CA
  6. ^ HCOB 18 April 67 (HCOB of 21 June 1960 Revised) "Religious Philosophy and Religious Practice"
  7. ^ LRH ED 4 Int, 22 February 69 "Attachment (letter to doctor)"
  8. ^ Welkos, Robert W. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne ; Sappell, Joel (1990-06-24). Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Church Scriptures Get High-Tech Protection. Los Angeles Times. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  9. ^ L. Ron Hubbard: Master Storyteller. Author Services, Inc. . Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.
  10. ^ 'Church of American Science' (incorporation papers); 'Church of Scientology' (incorporation papers); 'Church of Spiritual Engineering,' (incorporation papers); 18 December 1953. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
  11. ^ Church of Scientology (website accessed 4/12/06)
  12. ^ Andrews, Stephen Pearl (1871). The Primary Synopsis of Universology and Alwato: The New Scientific Universal Language. New York: Dion Thomas. OCLC 3591669. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose   At p. xiii, "Scientology" is defined as "the Science of the Scientismus, or of that Secondary Department of Being, or Stage of Evolution, in which Scientism, the Spirit or Principle of Science (or of that which is analogous with Science) preponderates". (Google Books link)
  13. ^ Allen Upward: The New Word, pp 139, 149 & 156
  14. ^ Dr. A. Nordenholz. Welcome to the Scientologie Home Page
  15. ^ 'Hubbard, 'Scientology Fundamentals 1956 (website accessed 04/13/06)
  16. ^ Guarantor of Scientology's Future, Religious Technology Center, accessed 2008-01-08
  17. ^ Organizations of the Scientology Religion. Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  18. ^ LRH early studies
  19. ^ a b c [Hubbard, Scientology classic lecture: The Story of Dianetics and Scientology]
  20. ^ Hubbard, "Terra Incognita: The Mind," The Explorers Journal, winter 1949 / spring 1950 (on the bridge between cybernetics and general semantics)
  21. ^ William Sargant Battle for the Mind: a physiology of conversion and brainwashing, pp. William Walters Sargant ( April 24, 1907 - August 27, 1988) was a British Psychiatrist who is now famous for his work 81-191, Malor Books, 1997 ISBN-10: 1883536065
  22. ^ Lecture: Scientology: Its General Background part 1, track 7 by L. Ron Hubbard "For to say. . . that a Westerner such as myself should suddenly develop all you need to know. . . is an incredible and an unbelievable and an untrue statement, had the information of the Veda not been available to me"
  23. ^ Hubbard, Lecture: Scientology: Its General Background part 1, track 7
  24. ^ Hubbard, Lecture: Scientology: Its General Background part 1, 2 and 3
  25. ^ Bryan R. Wilson. Scientology An Analysis and Comparison of its Religious Systems and Doctrines. Church of Scientology.
  26. ^ Frank K. Flinn PHd. Scientology: The Marks of Religion. Church of Scientology.
  27. ^ Bridge Publications: The Basics
  28. ^ ReligiousTolerance.org: About Scientology
  29. ^ Bridge Publications: The Basics: Introduction
  30. ^ Introduction to Scientology. Retrieved on 2006-05-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
  31. ^ The practice of Scientology
  32. ^ web site: What is Scientology: foreword
  33. ^ Doctrine of the Scientology Religion
  34. ^ Scientology: Its background and origins
  35. ^ Introduction to the Scientology Religion p. 2
  36. ^ Doctrine of the Scientology Religion p. 2
  37. ^ Introduction to Scientology
  38. ^ Online Book: What is Scientology?
  39. ^ "psychiatrists and psychologists . . . can cure nothing and cannot change anyone for better or worse and, as a result, have to kill 'difficult patients. ' . . . Anyone who disagrees with their planned totalitarian rule is pronounced 'insane. ' He is seized quietly, conveyed to a prison, tortured and usually permanently injured or killed. " Hubbard, "How To Win An Argument" (1969). Retrieved May 9, 2006
  40. ^ [1] Study, 1980
  41. ^ [2] Forbes Magazine 1986
  42. ^ Hubbard, L. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Ron Dianetics: the Modern Science of Mental Health, p. 495, Bridge Publications Inc. , 2000 -50th anniversary edition- ISBN 0-88404-416-5
  43. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron Dianetics and Scientology Technical Dictionary, p. 72, Publications Organization, 1975 ISBN 0-88404-037-2
  44. ^ The Parts of Man
  45. ^ [Professional Auditor's Bulletin 85, 22 May 1956, The Parts of Man]
  46. ^ The Parts of Man
  47. ^ The thetan
  48. ^ How the mind works.
  49. ^ The Parts of the mind
  50. ^ Glossary of Scientology and Dianetics Terms
  51. ^ The Reactive Mind
  52. ^ What is Dianetics?. Retrieved on 2006-05-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
  53. ^ a b c Scientology Symbol
  54. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron Dianetics and Scientology Technical Dictionary, p. 144, Publications Organization, 1975 ISBN 0-88404-037-2
  55. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron Handbook for Preclears, p. 10, Bridge Publications Inc. , 1989 ISBN 0-88404-420-3
  56. ^ Dianetics and Scientology Technical Dictionary, tone scale
  57. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2000). John Gordon Melton (b September 19, 1942) is an American religious scholar who was the founding director of the Institute for the Study of American The Church of Scientology. Salt Lake City: Signature Press, 25. ISBN 1-56085-139-2.  
  58. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2000). John Gordon Melton (b September 19, 1942) is an American religious scholar who was the founding director of the Institute for the Study of American The Church of Scientology. Salt Lake City: Signature Press, 31. ISBN 1-56085-139-2.  
  59. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2000). John Gordon Melton (b September 19, 1942) is an American religious scholar who was the founding director of the Institute for the Study of American The Church of Scientology. Salt Lake City: Signature Press, 33–34. ISBN 1-56085-139-2.  
  60. ^ Introduction to Scientology Ethics, 2007 ed. , p. 25
  61. ^ ScientologyEthics.org
  62. ^ a b Hubbard, Introduction to Scientology Ethics, 2007 ed,; Gradient Scale of Right and Wrong, 15-21
  63. ^ Scientology ethics and judicial matters
  64. ^ ScientologyEthics.org, The Conditions of Existence
  65. ^ The antisocial personality
  66. ^ Hubbard, Introduction to Scientology Ethics, 2007 ed. , Statistics Trends and Stats Interpretation, p. 85
  67. ^ ScientologyEthics.org Statistics: The Measurement of Survival
  68. ^ Stephen A. Kent (September 2003). Stephen A Kent, is a Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. "Scientology and the European Human Rights Debate: A Reply to Leisa Goodman, J. Gordon Melton, and the European Rehabilitation Project Force Study". Marburg Journal of Religion 8 (1).  
  69. ^ 20th ACC, 7 August 1958, Lecture #19 "The most basic rock of all"
  70. ^ Coordinates of Trementina Base 35°30′42″N 104°34′48″W / 35.511549, -104.579887 (Trementina Base)
  71. ^ Leiby, Richard Scientology church’s mark inscribed in N.M. desert scrub, published November 29, 2005 in the Free New Mexican (website accessed 04/15/06)
  72. ^ a b c Reitman, Janet. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Inside Scientology: Unlocking the complex code of America's most mysterious religion", Rolling Stone, 2006-02-23, p. Rolling Stone is a United States -based Magazine devoted to Music, Politics, and Popular culture that is published Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable  4. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of  
  73. ^ Scientology Large Classification Gradation and Awareness Chart (image). Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
  74. ^ OT Levels (HTML). Xenu. net. Operation Clambake. Retrieved on 2007-05-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
  75. ^ Description of purpose of the freewinds
  76. ^ a b Ortega, Tony (1999-12-23). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Double Crossed. Phoenix New Times. The Phoenix New Times is a free weekly Phoenix Arizona newspaper put out every Thursday Village Voice Media. Retrieved on 2007-09-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers
  77. ^ Hines, Matt (2003-09-08). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Scientology loss keeps hyperlinks legal. CNET. CNET Networks Inc is a media company based in San Francisco California, United States, and is part of CBS Interactive, owned Retrieved on 2007-09-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers
  78. ^ Sappell, Joel; Robert W. Welkos (24 June 1990). Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) "The Scientology Story". Los Angeles Times: page A36:1.   Another link: Carnegie-Mellon University
  79. ^ US Patent and Trademark Office Device for Measuring and Indicating Changes in the Resistance of a Human Body; Inventor: Lafayette R. Hubbard; expired patent issued 6 December 1966
  80. ^ a b The Auditors' Code, Rule 19. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. What is Scientology Auditing?. Church of Scientology International. Retrieved on 2007-02-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed
  81. ^ Scientology Auditing and Earlier Practices
  82. ^ Scientology "Success Stories"
  83. ^ . "Agreement Regarding Confidential Religious Files". . Church of Scientology / Flag Service Organization Retrieved on 2006-07-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.
  84. ^ Behar, Richard. "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", Time Magazine, 1991-05-06, p. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.  C1. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and  
  85. ^ a b A description of Scientology training
  86. ^ Academy Auditors Training
  87. ^ The Saint Hill Special Briefing Course
  88. ^ Church of Scientology (2006). Scientology Newsroom. Retrieved on 2006-08-07. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great.
  89. ^ Hubbard, Dianetics, quoted in SilentBirth.org. Accessed 2007-06-15
  90. ^ University of Miami: statement on Hubbard's infant diet
  91. ^ "The Auditor", No. The University of Miami (also known as Miami of Florida, UM, or just The U) is a private non-sectarian University founded in 1925 6, 1965, article "Healthy Babies"
  92. ^ Hubbard, "Barley Formula For Babies," HCO Bulletin, 28 April 1991R Issue I
  93. ^ a b Hubbard, Processing a New Mother, HCO Bulletin, 20 December 1958
  94. ^ The Auditor Nr. 6, 1965, "Healthy Babies". Quote: "Roman troops marched on barley. Barley is the highest protein content cereal"
  95. ^ in 'LRH Book Compilations staff of the Church of Scientology International,' based on the works of Hubbard: The Scientology Handbook, 1994, Los Angeles, California: Bridge Publications. ISBN 0-88404-899-3.  
  96. ^ Pub Med
  97. ^ a b Paper, Are the Ceremonies of the Church of Scientology really important?, By Professor Regis Dericquebourg, Group of sociology of religion and laïcité, France
  98. ^ a b Scientology: Religious practice
  99. ^ Scientology: True religion
  100. ^ a b Breakdown of Worldwide Religions By Adherents
  101. ^ a b c d Flinn, Frank K. (2005-07-05). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Scientology. Live discussion. Washington Post. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons
  102. ^ Kansas City Star March 17, 2007; article reprinted at rickross.com
  103. ^ Kosmin, Barry A. et al American Religious Identification Survey
  104. ^ Jarvik, Elaine (2004-09-18). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Scientology: Church now claims more than 8 million members. Deseret News. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman  “If the church indeed had 4 million members in the United States, he says, "they would be like the Lutherans and would show up on a national survey" such as the Harris poll”
  105. ^ Religious Technology Center Web Site
  106. ^ What is Scientology: Religious Technology Center
  107. ^ The Man Behind Scientology by Thomas C. Tobin, St. Petersburg Times, October 25, 1998
  108. ^ Official Scientology web site: The Church of Scientology International
  109. ^ List of Scientology Missions
  110. ^ Scientology Missions
  111. ^ Churches, Missions and Groups
  112. ^ Directory of Church of Scientology
  113. ^ Advanced Organizations
  114. ^ Scientology's town, St Petersburg Times, July 18, 2004
  115. ^ Church of Scientology Flag Ship Service Organization
  116. ^ Able Web Site
  117. ^ Origins of the Narconon Program
  118. ^ Description of the Narconon program
  119. ^ Youth for Human Rights
  120. ^ Drug-Free Marshals. Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-07-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off
  121. ^ Foundation for a Drug-Free World. Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-07-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off
  122. ^ Introduction
  123. ^ Riess, Jana (2002). Spiritual Traveler: A Guide to Sacred Sites and Peaceful Places. Boston, Massachusetts: Hidden Spring, 15. ISBN 1587680084.  
  124. ^ + Cunningham, Bill (2008-02-22). Bill Cunningham is an American talk radio host His full-time job is hosting The Big Show with Bill Cunningham, a local show on 700 WLW in Cincinnati 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne The power of prayer, in good times and bad. The Orange County Register. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
  125. ^ a b (1988). Scientology: The Fundamentals of Thought, p. 5, 17, and 110. ISBN 0-88404-341-X.
  126. ^ CC International in Hollywood
  127. ^ "We were told that we needed to plant a field and that it was to help Tom impress Nicole … but for some mysterious reason it wasn't considered acceptable by Mr. Miscavige. So the project was rejected and they redid it. "Hoffman, Claire; Christensen, Kim. "Tom Cruise and Scientology", Los Angeles Times, 2005-12-18. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Retrieved on 2006-11-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca  
  128. ^ Affidavit of Andre Tabayoyon, 5 March 1994, in Church of Scientology International vs. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Steven Fishman and Uwe Geertz
  129. ^ Affidavit of Andre Tabayoyon, 5 March 1994, in Church of Scientology International vs. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Steven Fishman and Uwe Geertz, contradicted in sworn declaration of staffer James Hall, 11 April 1994
  130. ^ John H. Richardson. Catch a Rising Star. Premiere Magazine/September 1993
  131. ^ Verfassungsschutz Bayern (Constitution Protection Bavaria: Publications (German)
  132. ^ US State department Report 2006: "Several states published pamphlets about Scientology (and other religious groups) that detailed the Church's ideology and practices. States defended the practice by noting their responsibility to respond to citizens' requests for information about Scientology as well as other subjects. While many of the pamphlets were factual and relatively unbiased, some warned of alleged dangers posed by Scientology to the political order, to the free market economic system, and to the mental and financial well being of individuals. Beyond the Government's actions, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church have been public opponents of Scientology. Evangelical "Commissioners for Religious and Ideological Issues" have been particularly active in this regard. "
  133. ^ Morgan, Lucy. "Abroad: Critics public and private keep pressure on Scientology", St. Petersburg Times, 1999-03-29. The St Petersburg Times is a daily Newspaper based in St Petersburg Florida, that serves the larger Tampa Bay area Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Retrieved on 2007-09-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.  "Canada's highest court in 1997 upheld the criminal conviction of the Church of Scientology of Toronto and one of its officers for a breach of trust stemming from covert operations in Canadian government offices during the 1970s and 1980s. " 
  134. ^ a b c d Leiby, Richard. "Scientology Fiction: The Church's War Against Its Critics — and Truth", The Washington Post, 1994-12-25, p. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian  C1. Retrieved on 2006-06-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce.  
  135. ^ a b c Goodin, Dan (1999-06-03). Scientology subpoenas Worldnet. CNET News. com. Retrieved on 2006-05-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
  136. ^ a b Why do some people oppose Scientology?. Frequently Asked Questions. Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  137. ^ "Remember Venus?", Time Magazine, 1952-12-22. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Retrieved on 2007-07-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold  
  138. ^ Behar, Richard. "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power", Time Magazine, 1991-05-06, p. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.  C1. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and  
  139. ^ What was the Guardian’s Office and does it still exist?. Frequently Asked Questions. Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  140. ^ Why has the German government tried to portray Scientology as controversial?. Frequently Asked Questions. Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  141. ^ The story behind the controversy. Freedom Magazine. Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  142. ^ Marburg Journal of Religion: Framing Effects in the Coverage of Scientology versus Germany: Some Thoughts on the Role of Press and Scholars
  143. ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (2007-09-14). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. International Religious Freedom Report 2007. Germany. U. S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-11-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca  “The Basic Law (Constitution) provides for religious freedom, and the Government generally respected this right in practice with some exceptions. ”
  144. ^ German Embassy, Washington D. C. (2008-01-21). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. Understanding the German view of Scientology. German Embassy, Washington D. C. . Retrieved on 2008-01-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.  “. . . it is simply outrageous to compare the current German leadership to the Nazi-era leadership. . . ”
  145. ^ Corydon, Bent, L. Ron Hubbard: Messiah or Madman? (Barricade Books, 1992), p. 423.
  146. ^ Stacy Brooks affidavit recanting earlier affidavits
  147. ^ "Germany moves to ban Scientology", CNN.com. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways (English) 
  148. ^ Understanding the German View of Scientology German Embassy, Washington, D.C.
  149. ^ a b FOXNews.com - Church of Scientology Faces Criminal Charges in Belgium - International News
  150. ^ a b Planchar, Roland (2007-09-04). The German Embassy in Washington DC is Germany 's diplomatic mission to the United States. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself La Scientologie plus près de son procès. La Libre Belgique. Retrieved on 2008-05-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. (French)
  151. ^ Scientology web site: What is "disconnection"?
  152. ^ Robert Farley. "The unperson", St. Petersburg Times, 2006-06-24, pp. The St Petersburg Times is a daily Newspaper based in St Petersburg Florida, that serves the larger Tampa Bay area Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place  1A, 14A. Retrieved on 2007-06-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place  
  153. ^ a b c d Behar, Richard Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power, Ruined lives. Lost fortunes. Federal crimes. Scientology poses as a religion but really is a ruthless global scam—and aiming for the mainstream Time Magazine, May 6, 1991 courtesy link, (accessed 04/20/06)
  154. ^ Matt Loney; Evan Hansen. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. "Google pulls anti-Scientology links", CNet, 2002-03-21. CNET Networks Inc is a media company based in San Francisco California, United States, and is part of CBS Interactive, owned See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Retrieved on 2007-05-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.  
  155. ^ Scientology is a Bona Fide Religion Serving Exclusively Religious and Charitable Purposes
  156. ^ Hexham, Irving (1978, rev. 1997). "The Religious Status of Scientology: Is Scientology a Religion?". . University of Calgary Retrieved on 2006-06-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
  157. ^ Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (September 2003). "Scientology: Religion or racket?" (PDF). . Marburg Journal of Religion Retrieved on 2006-06-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the
  158. ^ Kent, Stephen (July 1999). "Scientology—Is this a Religion?". . Marburg Journal of Religion Retrieved on 2006-08-26. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert.
  159. ^ Gianni, Luke. "Scientology does detox—David E. Root, M.D", local stories > 15 minutes, Sacramento News & Review, 2007-02-22. Sacramento News & Review is an Alternative weekly newspaper in Sacramento California. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Retrieved on 2007-05-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance.  
  160. ^ Seifman, David (2007-04-21). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Local Pols Cruised in Free to Tom Gala. New York Post. The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  161. ^ Monserrate Defends Detox Program. The Politicker. New York Observer (2007-04-20). The New York Observer is a weekly newspaper first published in New York City on September 22, 1987, by Arthur L Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  162. ^ Etter, Lauren (2007-01-19). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Program for prisoners draws fire over Scientology. Wall Street Journal. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the "PG" is the largest daily Newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh, Retrieved on 2007-11-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont
  163. ^ Atack, Jon (1990). "Chapter Four—The Clearwater Hearings", A Piece of Blue Sky. Lyle Stuart, 448. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X.  
  164. ^ Steven Girardi (9 May 1982). Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) "Witnesses Tell of Break-ins, Conspiracy". Clearwater Sun: p. 1A.  
  165. ^ Prince, Jesse (1999). Affidavit of Jesse Prince. Estate of Lisa McPherson v. Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc. , case no. 97-01235. Retrieved on 2006-06-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
  166. ^ Memorandum of Intended Decision in Church of Scientology of California vs. Gerald ArmstrongPDF (3. 05 MiB) format)
  167. ^ a b Gerry Armstrong-Declaration of Ken Hoden 07-29-1985
  168. ^ Hubbard, Introduction to Scientology Ethics
  169. ^ PDF document of court findings, pp. A mebibyte (a contraction of me ga bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, abbreviated MiB. 7-8
  170. ^ Scientology statement about the court ruling
  171. ^ Steve Bruce: Cathedrals to cults: the evolving forms of the religious life. In: Paul Heelas (Hrsg. ): Religion, Modernity, and Postmodernity, Blackwell, Oxford 1998, pp. 19-35, 23
  172. ^ The Bonafides of the Scientology Religion. Church of Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
  173. ^ Davis, Derek H. (2004). "The Church of Scientology: In Pursuit of Legal Recognition". Zeitdiagnosen: Religion and Conformity, Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag. Retrieved on 2008-05-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England.  
  174. ^ U.S. State Department – 2005 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kyrgyzstan
  175. ^ Scientology gets tax-exempt status. New Zealand Herald (2002-12-27). The New Zealand Herald is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman  “the IRD said the church was a charitable organisation dedicated to the advancement of religion”
  176. ^ 2007 U.S. State Department – 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Portugal
  177. ^ Scientology Marriage Officers Approved in South Africa. CESNUR (2000-04-11). CESNUR (Italian Centro Studi sulle Nuove Religioni) is a Center for Studies on New Religions, based in Turin, Italy. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
  178. ^ Spanish court rules Scientology can be listed as a religion
  179. ^ Cienciología entre las «entidades religiosas»
  180. ^ Decision of March 13, 2000 registering Scientology as a "religious community" in Sweden. CESNUR (2000-03-13). CESNUR (Italian Centro Studi sulle Nuove Religioni) is a Center for Studies on New Religions, based in Turin, Italy. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Retrieved on 2007-07-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
  181. ^ Taiwan Yearbook 2006. Taiwan Government Information Office (2006). Retrieved on 2007-08-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne
  182. ^ Scientology and Germany. Understanding the German View of Scientology
  183. ^ "Recognition was based upon voluminous information provided by the Church regarding its financial and other operations to the Internal Revenue Service. " IRS press release Dec. 31, 1997 Church of Scientology & IRS Confidentiality. Retrieved Aug 13th 2007
  184. ^ Dahl, David; Vick, Karl (1993-10-24). Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat IRS examined Scientology dollars, not dogma. St. Petersburg Times. The St Petersburg Times is a daily Newspaper based in St Petersburg Florida, that serves the larger Tampa Bay area Retrieved on 2007-08-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne
  185. ^ Report of the Board of Enquiry into Scientology (PDF format) by Kevin Victor Anderson, Q. C. Published 1965 by the State of Victoria, Australia, p. 155
  186. ^ a b Miller, Russell (1987). Bare-faced Messiah, The True Story of L. Bare-faced Messiah The True Story of L Ron Hubbard ( London, Michael Joseph books, 1987, ISBN 0-7181-2764-1 is a posthumous biography Ron Hubbard, First American Edition, New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-0654-0 pages = 140–142.  
  187. ^ National Assembly of France report No. 2468
  188. ^ France recommends dissolving Scientologists 8 February, 2000
  189. ^ Keller, Rod. "CAN", alt. religion. scientology, Week In Review, Operation Clambake, August 2 1998, pp.  Volume 3, Issue 17. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine  
  190. ^ Ross, Rick. Rick Alan Ross (born 1952 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States named Ricky Alan Ross is a consultant lecturer and "intervention specialist" Cult Awareness Network. Rick A. Ross Institute. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine "The so-called "reformed Cult Awareness Network" is "operated by the Foundation for Religious Freedom. " According to the IRS/Scientology agreement this foundation is a "Scientology-related" entity"
  191. ^ Staff. "From the Editor", New CAN: Cult Awareness Network, 2001, pp.  Volume I, Issue 2. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine  
  192. ^ Goodman, Leisa, Human Rights Director, Church of Scientology International. The Church of Scientology is the largest organization devoted to the practice and the promotion of the Scientology belief system. "A Letter from the Church of Scientology", Marburg Journal of Religion: Responses From Religions, 2001, pp.  Volume 6, No. 2, 4 pages. Retrieved on 2007-10-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine  
  193. ^ Knapp, Dan. "Group that once criticized Scientologists now owned by one", CNN, Time Warner, December 19, 1996. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Time Warner Inc ( is the world's largest media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered in New York City. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-10-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II  
  194. ^ Report of the German federal Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz intelligence agency
  195. ^ Administrative court of Cologne, finding on 11 November 2004, file number: 20 K 1882/03
  196. ^ Upper administrative court of Saarland, finding on 29. The Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV "Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution") is the Federal Republic of Germany 's domestic Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " March 2001, file number: 6 K 149/00 (overruled in revision by same court in 2005)
  197. ^ Administrative court of Berlin, finding on 13. December 2001, file number: 27 A 260. 98
  198. ^ Upper administrative court of Saarland, finding on 27. April 2005, file number: 2 R 14/03
  199. ^ Douglas E. Cowan, University of Missouri-Kansas City (July 2004). "Researching Scientology: Academic Premises, Promises, and Problematic". . CESNUR 2004 International Conference Retrieved on 2006-06-23. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish
  200. ^ John Sweeney. Row over Scientology video. BBC News. May 14, 2007
  201. ^ BBC Panorama
  202. ^ BBC Panorama Exposed (Church-owned site)
  203. ^ BBC Panorama - "Scientology and me"
  204. ^ Panorama backs Sweeney episode May 14 2007
  205. ^ Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (September 2003). "Scientology: Religion or racket?". Marburg Journal of Religion 8 (1). Philipps-Universität Marburg.  
  206. ^ The way to make a million dollars is to start a religion 14 January 1999
  207. ^ Reader's Digest, May, 1980
  208. ^ Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert W. . "The Man In Control", Los Angeles Times, 1990-06-24, p. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place  A41:4. Retrieved on 2006-06-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year  
  209. ^ West, L. J. , M. D. (July 1990). Psychiatry and Scientology. Retrieved on 2007-05-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
  210. ^ Cooper, Paulette Scandal of Scientology, Chapter 19, Tower Publications, NYC, 1971
  211. ^ (2006). "ASHO Foundation Services Price Sheet". Retrieved on 2006-06-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce.
  212. ^ Zur Frage der Beobachtung der Scientology-Organisation durch die Verfassungsschutzbehörden (in German) (PDF format)
  213. ^ Jeff Elder (June 7, 2006). Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "Scientology is newest NASCAR sponsor". The Charlotte Observer.  
  214. ^ DIANETICS RACING TEAM TO JOIN NASCAR CIRCUIT, Bridge Publications, 2006
  215. ^ Criminals & psychiatry. July 29, 1980
  216. ^ Book review of Psychiatrists: The Men Behind Hitler
  217. ^ Publications and Information
  218. ^ An Anatomy of Today's Terrorism; PsychAssault.com CCHR's Latest Website
  219. ^ Thomas G. Whittle and Linda Amato. The continuing search for answers: Behind the Terror - A proble into masterminds of death and violence
  220. ^ Grossman, Wendy [October 1997]. "Copyright Terrorists", Net.Wars. New York: New York University Press, 77–78. ISBN 0-8147-3103-1. Retrieved on 2006-06-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes.  
  221. ^ L.A. takes part in Scientology protests, Los Angeles Times, February 11, 2008.
  222. ^ cmsg rmgroup alt.religion.scientology
  223. ^ "The Secret Project to Spam the Internet"
  224. ^ a b John Cook. "Scientology - Cult Friction", Radar Online, Radar Magazine, March 17, 2008. Radar is an American online and print publication first printed in 2003 as a test-issue and re-launched twice since that date in 2005 and 2006 Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-03-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  225. ^ Warne, Dan. "Anonymous threatens to "dismantle" Church of Scientology via internet", APC Magazine, National Nine News, January 24, 2008. National Nine News, or Nine News, is the news service of the Australian Nine Network. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  226. ^ KNBC Staff. "Hacker Group Declares War On Scientology: Group Upset Over Church's Handling Of Tom Cruise Video", KNBC, January 24, 2008. KNBC, channel 4 is an owned-and-operated television station of the NBC Television Network and the westcoast flagship station of NBC licensed to Los Angeles Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  227. ^ Vamosi, Robert. "Anonymous hackers take on the Church of Scientology", CNET News, CNET Networks, Inc. CNET Networks Inc is a media company based in San Francisco California, United States, and is part of CBS Interactive, owned , January 24, 2008. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  228. ^ George-Cosh, David. "Online group declares war on Scientology", National Post, Canwest Publishing Inc., January 25, 2008. The National Post is a Canadian English-language national Newspaper based in Don Mills, Ontario, a district of Canwest Global Communications Corp () operating under the corporate brand Canwest, is one of Canada 's largest International media companies Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  229. ^ Singel, Ryan. "War Breaks Out Between Hackers and Scientology -- There Can Be Only One", Wired, CondéNet, Inc., January 23, 2008. Wired is a full-color monthly American Magazine and on-line periodical published in San Francisco, California since March 1993 Condé Nast Publications Inc is a worldwide Magazine Publishing company Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  230. ^ Feran, Tom. "Where to find the Tom Cruise Scientology videos online, if they're still posted", The Plain Dealer, Newhouse Newspapers, January 24, 2008. The Plain Dealer is the major daily Newspaper of Cleveland Ohio. Advance Publications Inc, is an American media company owned by the descendants of S Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  231. ^ a b Chan Enterprises. "Internet Group Declares "War on Scientology": Anonymous are fighting the Church of Scientology and the Religious Technology Center", Press Release, PRLog. Org, January 21, 2008. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  232. ^ Matthew A. Schroettnig, Stefanie Herrington, Lauren E. Trent. "Anonymous Versus Scientology: Cyber Criminals or Vigilante Justice?", The Legality, 2008-02-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  233. ^ Thomas, Nicki. "Scientology and the internet: Internet hackers attack the church", Edmonton Sun, Sun Media, January 25, 2008. The Edmonton Sun is a daily Newspaper published in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  234. ^ Dodd, Gareth (Editor); Agencies. "Anonymous hackers vow to "dismantle" Scientology", Xinhua News Agency, January 25, 2008. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate  
  235. ^ Brandon, Mikhail. "Scientology in the Crosshairs", The Emory Wheel, Emory University, January 28, 2008. The Emory Wheel is the student-run newspaper of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Emory University is a Private university located in the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta and in western unincorporated DeKalb County, Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes  
  236. ^ Feran, Tom. "The group Anonymous calls for protests outside Scientology centers - New on the Net", The Plain Dealer, Newhouse Newspapers, January 31, 2008. The Plain Dealer is the major daily Newspaper of Cleveland Ohio. Advance Publications Inc, is an American media company owned by the descendants of S Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons  
  237. ^ Vamosi, Robert. "Anonymous names February 10 as its day of action against Scientology", CNET News, CNET Networks, Inc. CNET Networks Inc is a media company based in San Francisco California, United States, and is part of CBS Interactive, owned , January 28, 2008. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted  
  238. ^ Braiker, Brian. "The Passion of ‘Anonymous’: A shadowy, loose-knit consortium of activists and hackers called 'Anonymous' is just the latest thorn in Scientology's side", Newsweek, Newsweek, Inc. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. , February 8, 2008, pp. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common  Technology: Newsweek Web Exclusive. Retrieved on 2008-02-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.  
  239. ^ a b Barkham, Patrick. "Hackers declare war on Scientologists amid claims of heavy-handed Cruise control", The Guardian, Guardian News and Media Limited, February 4, 2008. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  240. ^ Staff. "Group Lines Road To Protest Church Of Scientology", WKMG-TV, Internet Broadcasting Systems and Local6. WKMG-TV, channel 6 is the CBS network affiliate for Central Florida (the Orlando - Daytona Beach - Melbourne Florida market com, February 3, 2008. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  241. ^ Eckinger, Helen; Gabrielle Finley, Katherine Norris. "Anti-Scientology group has protest rally", Orlando Sentinel, February 3, 2008. The Orlando Sentinel is the primary Newspaper of the Orlando Florida region Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-02-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  242. ^ Standifer, Tom. "Masked Demonstrators Protest Against Church of Scientology", Daily Nexus, University of California, Santa Barbara, February 4, 2008, pp. The Daily Nexus is the university Newspaper for the campus of the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB The University of California Santa Barbara ( UCSB) is a selective research-oriented public university located on the Pacific Ocean in Santa Barbara County California Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common  Issue 69, Volume 88. Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons  
  243. ^ Eber, Hailey. "Anti-Scientologists Warm Up for February 10", Radar Online, Radar Magazine, February 4, 2008. Radar is an American online and print publication first printed in 2003 as a test-issue and re-launched twice since that date in 2005 and 2006 Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons  
  244. ^ Carlos Moncada. "Organizers Tout Scientology Protest, Plan Another", TBO.com, 2008-02-12. The Tampa Tribune published in Tampa Florida is one of two major Newspapers published in the Tampa Bay area second in circulation and readership 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed  
  245. ^ Andrew Ramadge. "Scientology protest surge crashes websites", News.com.au, News Limited, 2008-02-14. News Limited was the principal holding for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch until the formation of News Corporation in 1979 News Limited was the principal holding for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch until the formation of News Corporation in 1979 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German  
  246. ^ Harrison, James (The State News). The State News is the student Newspaper of Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. "Scientology protestors take action around world", February 12, 2008. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-02-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German  
  247. ^ Forrester, John. "Dozens of masked protesters blast Scientology church", The Boston Globe, 2008-02-11. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 660 BC - Traditional founding date of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. Retrieved on 2008-02-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor  
  248. ^ Andrew Ramadge. "Second round of Anonymous v Scientology", News.com.au, News Limited, 2008-03-17. News Limited was the principal holding for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch until the formation of News Corporation in 1979 News Limited was the principal holding for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch until the formation of News Corporation in 1979 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Retrieved on 2008-03-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  249. ^ Davies, Shaun. "Scientology strikes back in information war", National Nine News, March 20, 2008. National Nine News, or Nine News, is the news service of the Australian Nine Network. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.  
  250. ^ Andrew Ramadge. "Scientology site gets a facelift after protests", News.com.au, News Limited, 2008-03-20. News Limited was the principal holding for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch until the formation of News Corporation in 1979 News Limited was the principal holding for the business interests of Rupert Murdoch until the formation of News Corporation in 1979 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Retrieved on 2008-03-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.  
  251. ^ (July 30, 1971). Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. "United States of America, Libelant, v. An Article or Device "Hubbard Electrometer" or "Hubbard E-Meter", etc., Founding Church of Scientology et al., Claimants". No. D. C. 1–63. Retrieved on 2006-08-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
  252. ^ Scientology's official description of the E-meter
  253. ^ Millar, Peter (2007-08-05). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. The gullible age. The Sunday Times. The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Retrieved on 2008-01-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva.

References

External links

Primary sources
Critical resources
Official Church of Scientology sites
Freezone
Broadcast Media

Dictionary

Scientology

-noun

  1. The name of an applied religious philosophy, developed in 1952, supposed to encourage development of the human spirit.
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