Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Example of scientific modeling. A schematic of chemical and transport processes related to atmospheric composition.
Example of scientific modeling. A schematic of chemical and transport processes related to atmospheric composition.

Scientific modeling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical and or mathematical models. Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, Graphical and or mathematical models. A formal interpretation or model is the assignment of Meanings to the Symbols and Truth-values to the Sentences of a Formal Note The term model has a different meaning in Model theory, a branch of Mathematical logic. Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, Graphical and or mathematical models. Science offers a growing collection of methods, techniques and theory about all kinds of specialized scientific modeling. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion.

Modeling is an essential and inseparable part of all scientific activity, and many scientific disciplines have their own ideas about specific types of modeling. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding There is little general theory about scientific modeling, offered by the philosophy of science, systems theory, and new fields like knowledge visualization. Philosophy of science is the study of assumptions foundations and implications of Science. Systems theory is an Interdisciplinary field of Science and the study of the nature of Complex systems in Nature, Society, and Information graphics or infographics are visual representations of Information, Data or Knowledge.

Contents

Overview

Modeling is a comparatively new area of activity involving the marriage of ideas from various disciplines[1], and is an essential and inseparable part of all scientific activity. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The professional modeler brings special skills and techniques to bear in order to produce results that are insightful, reliable, and useful. Modeling techniques include statistical methods, computer simulation, system identification, and sensitivity analysis. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. A computer simulation, a computer model or a computational model is a Computer program, or network of computers that attempts to simulate an System identification is a general term to describe mathematical Tools and Algorithms that build dynamical models from measured data Sensitivity analysis (SA is the study of how the variation (uncertainty in the output of a Mathematical model can be apportioned qualitatively or quantitatively to different None of these, however, is as important as the ability to understand the underlying dynamics of a complex system. The dynamical system concept is a mathematical Formalization for any fixed "rule" which describes the Time dependence of a point's position This article describes complex system as a type of system For other meanings see Complex systems. These insights are needed to assess whether the assumptions of a model are correct and complete. The modeller must be able to recognize whether a model reflects reality, and to identify and deal with divergences between theory and data. Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" [2]

One of the main aims of scientific modeling is to apply quantitative reasoning to observations about the world, in the hope of seeing aspects that may have escaped the notice of others. A quantitative attribute is one that exists in a range of magnitudes and can therefore be measured. Reasoning is the cognitive process of looking for Reasons for beliefs conclusions actions or feelings Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data Now there are many specific techniques that modelers use, which enable us to discover aspect of reality that may not be obvious to everyone. One of the essentials is the understanding of the role that assumptions play in the development of the model. The usual approach to model development is to characterize the system, make some assumptions about how it works and translate these into equations and a simulation program. System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract Simulation is the imitation of some real thing state of affairs or process After simulation one of the final steps is the validation: whether we can trust the data presented by the model. [2]

Scientific modeling basics

Model
A model in science is a physical, mathematical, or logical representation of a system of entities, phenomena, or processes. The Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL was a rebel group in Liberia that became active in March 2003, launching attacks from Côte d'Ivoire. Attempts to formalize the principles of the empirical sciences in the same way logicians axiomatize the principles of logic use a descriptive interpretation to model reality. In Mathematics, an axiomatic system is any set of Axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive Theorems See also Formal interpretation, Logical interpretation According to Rudolf Carnap, in Logic, a Formal interpretation The aim of these attempts is to construct a formal system for which reality is the only interpretation. In formal logic, a formal system (also called a logical system, a logistic system, or simply a logic Formal systems in mathematics consist Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" A model is a formalized interpretation which deals with empirical entities, phenomena, and physical processes in a mathematical, or logical way. A formal interpretation or model is the assignment of Meanings to the Symbols and Truth-values to the Sentences of a Formal The world is an interpretation (or model) of these sciences, only insofar as these sciences are true. [3]
For the scientist, a model is also a way in which the human thought processes can be amplified. [4] Models that are rendered in software allow scientists to leverage computational power to simulate, visualize, manipulate and gain intuition about the entity, phenomenon or process being represented
Modeling language
A modeling language is any artificial language that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. A modeling language is any Artificial language that can be used to express Information or Knowledge or Systems in a Structure that An artificial language is a Language created by a person or a group of people for a certain purpose usually when this purpose is hard to achieve by using a Natural The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure. Examples of modeling languages are the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for software systems, the Role Activity Diagram and IDEF for processes and the VRML for 3-D computer graphics models designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind. Unified Modeling Language ( UML) is a standardized general-purpose Modeling language in the field of Software engineering. IDEF ( Integration DEFinition) is a family of Modeling languages in the field of Software engineering. VRML ( Virtual Reality Modeling Language, pronounced vermal or by its initials originally — before 1995 — known as the Virtual Reality Markup Language 3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked Hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.
Scientific method
Scientific method refers to the body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena A phenomenon (from Greek φαινόμενoν, pl φαινόμενα - phenomena) is any observable occurrence Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding It is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. In Physics, particularly in Quantum physics, a system observable is a property of the system state that can be determined by some sequence of physical A central concept in Science and the Scientific method is that all Evidence must be empirical, or empirically based that is dependent on evidence Evidence in its broadest sense includes anything that is used to determine or demonstrate the Truth of an assertion Reasoning is the cognitive process of looking for Reasons for beliefs conclusions actions or feelings [5] A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data In scientific inquiry an experiment ( Latin: Ex- periri, "to try out" is a method of investigating particular types of research questions or A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible [6]
Simulation
A simulation is the implementation of a model over time. Simulation is the imitation of some real thing state of affairs or process A simulation brings a model to life and shows how a particular object or phenomenon will behave. It is useful for testing, analysis or training where real-world systems or concepts can be represented by a model. [7]
Structure
Structure is a fundamental and sometimes intangible notion covering the recognition, observation, nature, and stability of patterns and relationships of entities. Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of Recognition (re+ Cognition) is a process that occurs in Thinking when some event, Process, Pattern, or object recurrs Observation is either an activity of a living being (such as a Human) which senses and assimilates the Knowledge of a Phenomenon, or the recording of data Nature is a word used in two major ways in philosophical discussion which are inter-connected in a complex way Stability can refer to Aircraft flight Stability (aircraft In atmospheric fluid dynamics atmospheric stability, a measure of the turbulence A pattern, from the French patron, is a theme of recurring events or objects sometimes referred to as elements of a set An entity is something that has a distinct separate Existence, though it need not be a material existence From a child's verbal description of a snowflake, to the detailed scientific analysis of the properties of magnetic fields, the concept of structure is an essential foundation of nearly every mode of inquiry and discovery in science, philosophy, and art. "Snowfall" redirects here For other uses see Snow (disambiguation or Snowfall (disambiguation. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena In Physics, a magnetic field is a Vector field that permeates space and which can exert a magnetic force on moving Electric charges Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual [8]
Systems
A system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole. System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract An entity is something that has a distinct separate Existence, though it need not be a material existence The concept of an 'integrated whole' can also be stated in terms of a system embodying a set of relationships which are differentiated from relationships of the set to other elements, and from relationships between an element of the set and elements not a part of the relational regime.
The process of generating a model
Modeling refers to the process of generating a model as a conceptual representation of some phenomenon. Typically a model will refer only to some aspects of the phenomenon in question, and two models of the same phenomenon may be essentially different, that is in which the difference is more than just a simple renaming. This may be due to differing requirements of the model's end users or to conceptual or aesthetic differences by the modellers and decisions made during the modeling process. Aesthetic considerations that may influence the structure of a model might be the modeller's preference for a reduced ontology, preferences regarding probabilistic models vis-a-vis deterministic ones, discrete vs continuous time etc. Structure is a fundamental and sometimes Intangible notion covering the Recognition, Observation, nature, and Stability of In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part For this reason users of a model need to understand the model's original purpose and the assumptions of its validity.
The process of evaluating a model
A model is evaluated first and foremost by its consistency to empirical data; any model inconsistent with reproducible observations must be modified or rejected. However, a fit to empirical data alone is not sufficient for a model to be accepted as valid. Other factors important in evaluating a model include:
  • Ability to explain past observations
  • Ability to predict future observations
  • Ability to control events
  • Cost of use, especially in combination with other models
  • Refutability, enabling estimation of the degree of confidence in the model
  • Simplicity, or even aesthetic appeal
People may attempt to quantify the evaluation of a model using a utility function. In Economics, utility is a measure of the relative satisfaction from or desirability of Consumption of various Goods and services.
Visualization
Visualization is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. See also Visualization and Information graphics Visualization is any technique for creating Images Diagrams or An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually A diagram is a 2D geometric symbolic Representation of Information according to some Visualization technique The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of man. Examples from history include cave paintings, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek geometry, and Leonardo da Vinci's revolutionary methods of technical drawing for engineering and scientific purposes. Cave paintings are Paintings on Cave walls and ceilings and the term is used especially for those dating to Prehistoric times Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer

Types of scientific modeling

Business process modeling

Abstraction for Business process modeling
Abstraction for Business process modeling [9]

In business process modeling the enterprise process model is often referred to as the business process model. The term process model is used in different contexts For example in business process modeling the enterprise process model is often referred to as the business process model Process models are core concepts in the discipline of process engineering. Process models are:

The same process model is used repeatedly for the development of many applications and thus, has many instantiations.

One possible use of a process model is to prescribe how things must/should/could be done in contrast to the process itself which is really what happens. A process model is roughly an anticipation of what the process will look like. What the process shall be will be determined during actual system development. [10]

Other types

Applications

Modeling and Simulation

One application of scientific modeling is the field of "Modeling and Simulation", generally referred to as "M&S". Analogical modeling (hereafter AM is a formal theory of Exemplar-based analogical reasoning proposed by Royal Skousen, professor of Linguistics and English language Assembly Modelling is technology and methods used by Computer-aided design and Product visualization computer software systems to handle multiple files that represent This article refers to the use of computers to estimate losses caused by disasters Choice modelling attempts to model the decision process of an individual or segment in a particular context This article is about the theories and mathematics of climate modeling Continuous modelling is the Mathematical practice of applying a model to continuous data (data which has a potentially infinite number and divisibility Data modeling in Computer science is the process of creating a Data model by applying formal data model descriptions using data modelling techniques Document Modelling looks at the inherent structure in documents Discrete modelling is the discrete analogue of Continuous modelling. Ecosystem models, or ecological models, are mathematical representations of Ecosystems Typically they simplify complex foodwebs down to their Empirical modelling refers to any kind of ( computer) Modelling based on Empirical observations rather than on mathematically describable relationsships Enterprise modeling is the process of understanding an enterprise business and improving its performance through creation of enterprise models Futures Studies, Foresight, or Futurology is the science art and practice of postulating possible probable and preferable futures and the worldviews Geologic modelling is the applied science of creating computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crust, especially oil Within requirements engineering (RE the notion of goal has increasingly been used In Protein structure prediction, homology modeling, also known as comparative modeling, is a class of methods for constructing an atomic-resolution model of a Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of Waters and marginal land Hydrology (from Greek Yδωρ hudōr, "water" and λόγος logos, "study" is the study of the movement distribution and quality of Hydrogeology ( hydro- meaning water and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of Geology that deals with the distribution and Informative modelling is an interdisciplinary methodological approach linking Information technologies with architectural analysis and modelling (at various scales Note The term model has a different meaning in Model theory, a branch of Mathematical logic. Metabolic network reconstruction and simulation allows for an in depth insight into comprehending the molecular mechanisms of a particular organism especially correlating the Genome It is possible to mathematically model the progress of most infectious diseases to discover the likely outcome of an Epidemic or to help manage them by Vaccination Molecular modelling is a collective term that refers to theoretical methods and computational techniques to model or mimic the behaviour of Molecules The techniques Predictive modelling is the process by which a model is created or chosen to try to best predict the Probability of an outcome Simulation is the imitation of some real thing state of affairs or process A modeling language is any Artificial language that can be used to express Information or Knowledge or Systems in a Structure that Solid modeling (or modelling) is the unambiguous representation of the solid parts of an object that is models of solid objects suitable for computer processing Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection analysis interpretation or explanation and presentation of Data. System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behaviour of Complex systems over time [11] M&S has a spectrum of applications which range from concept development and analysis, through experimentation, measurement and verification, to disposal analysis. Projects and programs may use hundreds of different simulations, simulators and model analysis tools.

Example of the integrated use of Modelling and Simulation in Defence life cycle management. The modeling and simulation in this image is represented in the center of the image with the three containers.
Example of the integrated use of Modelling and Simulation in Defence life cycle management. The modeling and simulation in this image is represented in the center of the image with the three containers. [7]

The figure shows how Modelling and Simulation is used as a central part of an integrated program in a Defence capability development process. [7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Francis Neelamkavil (1987), Computer Simulation and Modeling, p. This is a list of Computer graphics and Descriptive geometry topics, by article name This is a list of graphical methods with a mathematical basis Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, Graphical and or mathematical models. A modeling language is any Artificial language that can be used to express Information or Knowledge or Systems in a Structure that See also Visualization and Information graphics Visualization is any technique for creating Images Diagrams or The Seven Management and Planning Tools have their roots in Operations Research work done after World War II and the Japanese Total Quality Control Simulation is the imitation of some real thing state of affairs or process Systems engineering is an Interdisciplinary field of Engineering that focuses on how complex engineering projects should be designed and managed 324.
  2. ^ a b William Silvert (2001), Modeling as a Discipline, in: Int. J. General Systems Vol. 30(3), pp. 261.
  3. ^ Leo Apostel (1961). Leo Apostel ( Antwerp, 4 September 1925 - Ghent, 10 August 1995) was a Belgian philosopher and professor "Towards the formal study of models in non-formal sciences". In: The Concept and the Role of the Model in Mathematics and Natural and Social Sciences, Edited by Hans Freudenthal, p. Hans Freudenthal ( September 17, 1905 – October 13, 1990) was a Dutch Mathematician. 8-9
  4. ^ C. West Churchman, The Systems Approach, New York: Dell publishing, 1968, p. Charles West Churchman ( 29 August, 1913 &ndash 21 March, 2004 Bolinas California. 61
  5. ^ Isaac Newton (1687, 1713, 1726). Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (ˈnjuːtən 4 January 1643 31 March 1727) Biography Early years See also Isaac Newton's early life and achievements "[4] Rules for the study of natural philosophy", Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Third edition. For the current in the 19th century German idealism see Naturphilosophie Natural philosophy or the philosophy of nature (from The Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( Latin: "mathematical principles of natural philosophy" often Principia The General Scholium containing the 4 rules follows Book 3, The System of the World. Reprinted on pages 794-796 of I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman's 1999 translation, University of California Press ISBN 0-520-08817-4, 974 pages. I Bernard Cohen ( 1 March 1914 – 20 June 2003) was the Victor S University of California Press, also known as UC Press, is a Publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in Academic
  6. ^ scientific method, Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, which was originally the G & C Merriam Company of Springfield Massachusetts, is an American company that publishes reference books
  7. ^ a b c Systems Engineering Fundamentals. Defense Acquisition University Press, 2001.
  8. ^ Pullan, Wendy (2000). Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521782589.  
  9. ^ C. Rolland, Modeling the Requirements Engineering Process, 3rd European-Japanese Seminar on Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases, Budapest, Hungary, June 1993.
  10. ^ C. Rolland and C. Thanos Pernici, A Comprehensive View of Process Engineering. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference CAiSE'98, B. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1413, Pisa, Italy, Springer, June 1998.
  11. ^ Because "Modeling and Simulation" is frequently taught in male dominated undergraduate environments, this field of application is deliberately named "Modeling and Simulation", rather than "Simulation and Modeling", to avoid distractions which may arise due to any possible association with the negative connotations of S&M.

Further reading

Nowadays there are some 40 magazines about scientific modeling which offer all kinds of international forums. Since the 1960s there is a strong growing amount of books and magazines about specific forms of scientific modeling. There is also a lot of discussion about scientific modeling in the philosophy-of-science literature. A selection:

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic