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Schweinfurt
Coat of arms Location
Coat of arms of Schweinfurt
Schweinfurt (Germany)
Schweinfurt
Administration
Country Flag of Germany Germany
State Bavaria
Admin. region Lower Franconia
District Urban district
Lord Mayor Gudrun Grieser (CSU)
Basic statistics
Area 35. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 A Regierungsbezirk is a type of government region of Germany, a subdivision of certain federal states ( ''Bundesländer'') Lower Franconia (Unterfranken is one of the three administrative regions of Franconia in Bavaria (seven regions Germany (22 regions in five German districts (de ''Kreise'' or de ''Landkreise'' in the states of Nordrhein-Westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein, singular de ''Kreis'' and de ''Landreis'' This is a list of urban districts in Germany. Germany is divided into 429 districts (not to be confused with the larger Regierungsbezirk) these consist The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 71 km² (13. 8 sq mi)
Elevation 202-343 m
Population 53,970  (31/12/2006)
 - Density 1,511 /km² (3,914 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate SW
Postal codes 97401–97424
Area code 09721
Website www.schweinfurt.de

Coordinates: 50°3′0″N 10°14′0″E / 50.05, 10.23333
Reichsstadt Schweinfurt
Imperial City of Schweinfurt
Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire
← Image missing
 1254 – 1803 →
Capital Schweinfurt
Government Republic
Historical era Middle Ages
 - Founded before 791
 - Gained Reichsfreiheit 1254
 - Joined Swabian League 1386
 - Joined Franconian Circle 1500
 - Mediatised to Bavaria 1803

Schweinfurt (German for Swine ford) is a city in the Lower Franconia region of Bavaria in Germany on the right bank of the canalized Main, which is here spanned by several bridges, 27 km northeast of Würzburg. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time German car number plates ( Kfz-Kennzeichen) show the place where the car carrying them is registered __FORCETOC__ Postal codes in Germany, Postleitzahl (plural Postleitzahlen abbreviated to PLZ consist of five digits which indicate the wider area (first two digits and the see also Telephone numbering in Germany for further codes including service numbers cell phones etc A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a City formally ruled by the Emperor only &mdash The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The March of the Nordgau or the Bavarian Nordgau (Bayerischer Nordgau was a margraviate in the north of the Duchy of Bavaria in the High Middle Ages The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empires Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Events By Place Europe The Avars invade Europe again but are defeated by Charlemagne. Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit or Reichsunmittelbarkeit) was a privileged feudal and political status a form of statehood which a City, religious The Swabian League was an association of German cities principalities and knights principally in the territory which had The Franconian Circle (Fränkischer Reichskreis was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire. The German Mediatisation was the series of mediatisations and secularisations that occurred in Germany in 1795 &ndash 1814, during The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empires The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times A ford is a place in a Watercourse (most commonly a stream or River) that is shallow enough to be crossed by wading on Horseback or in a wheeled Lower Franconia (Unterfranken is one of the three administrative regions of Franconia in Bavaria (seven regions Germany (22 regions in five Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Main (maɪn is a River in Germany, 524 km (329 miles long (including White Main 574 km (357 mi and it is one of the more significant tributaries Würzburg (ˈvʏɐ̯ʦbʊɐ̯k is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany

Contents

History

The city is first documented in the year 792, though as early as 740 a settlement called Villa Suinfurde is mentioned. In the 10th century Schweinfurt was the seat of a margraviate. Margrave (marchio is the English and French form (recorded since 1551 of the German Title Markgraf (from Mark "

In the first half of 13th century Schweinfurt was expanded to a real city with city wall, towers and city gates. At that time the Nikolaus hospital was founded, a mint was established and construction work on the Saint Johannis church began.

Around 1250 Schweinfurt was totally destroyed during a feud between the Earl of Henneberg and the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg. In the following years it was reconstructed. A document from 1282 signed by King Rudolf I of Habsburg states that Schweinfurt was a free city within the Holy Roman Empire. Rudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg ( German: Rudolf von Habsburg, Latin Rudolfus) May 1, 1218 &ndash The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in Since then the coat of arms of Schweinfurt has borne the imperial eagle. In 1309 the city was given to the Count of Henneberg, but in the 1360s the city regained its independence and joined the Swabian–Franconian Confederation. Henneberg may refer to the House of Henneberg, German nobility County of Henneberg, a mediæval state in the Holy Roman Empire In 1397 King Wenzel entitled the town to utilize the river Main, and in 1436–37 Schweinfurt acquired the village of Oberndorf, as well as the Teutonic Order Fort on the Peterstirn and a small piece of land-including the villages of Zell and Weipoltshausen. Some year later there was the first uprising of Schweinfurt's people against the town council, followed by a second one in 1513–14. This time the issuing of a constitution was allowed.

The city joined the Martin Luther's Reformation in 1542. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Schweinfurt was again destroyed in the course of the Margravian War, in 1554. The years up to 1615 were spent by the citizens for its reconstruction.

Schweinfurt joined the Protestant Union in 1609. In the Thirty Years' War it was occupied by Gustavus Adolphus, who erected fortifications, remains of which are still extant. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden In 1652 the four doctors Johann Laurentius Bausch, Johann Michael Fehr, Georg Balthasar Wolfahrt and Balthasar Metzger founded the Academia Curiosorum in Schweinfurt, which is known today as the German Academy of Life Scientists, "Leopoldina".

In 1777 Johann Martin Schmidt commenced with the production of white lead (ceruse). Schweinfurt suffered from heavy casualties during the Napoleonic Wars of 1796-1801. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions

Schweinfurt remained a free imperial city until 1802, when it passed to the Kingdom of Bavaria. The Kingdom of Bavaria (Königreich Bayern was a German state that existed from 1806&ndash1918 Assigned to the grand duke of Würzburg in 1810, it was restored to Bavaria four years later. The Bishopric of Würzburg (Würzburg was a Prince-bishopric in the Holy Roman Empire, located in Lower Franconia, around the city of Würzburg Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The first railway junction was opened in 1852. Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year In the following years Schweinfurt became a world leader centre for the production of ball bearings. A ball bearing is an engineering term referring to a type of Rolling-element bearing which uses Balls to maintain the separation between the moving parts This was to lead to grievous consequences for the city during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

World War II

A USAAF raid on ball-bearing works in Schweinfurt in 1943
A USAAF raid on ball-bearing works in Schweinfurt in 1943

Schweinfurt was the location of most of the ball-bearing production in Nazi Germany at the onset of World War II, and was eventually devastated following a series of Allied strategic bombing raids. The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Strategic bombing is a Military strategy used in a Total war with the goal of defeating an enemy nation-state by destroying its economic ability to wage war rather It was hoped that the destruction of the factories located in the city would cripple the production of new tanks and aircraft. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical

Two of these raids, the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission and the Second Raid on Schweinfurt, were particularly costly for the United States Army Air Forces. The Second raid on Schweinfurt (also called Mission 115 took place during World War II on October 14 1943, when 291 B-17 Flying Fortresses The United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. On August 17 1943, 230 B-17s of the USAAF 8th Air Force, intended as the second wave of bombers behind a force attacking Regensburg, encountered intense anti-aircraft artillery and over 300 defending fighter aircraft, with the result that only 184 aircraft bombed their targets and 36 aircraft did not return to their bases in England. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Eighth Air Force is a Numbered Air Force (NAF of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC Regensburg ( also Ratisbon, Ratisbona Řezno originally Castra Regina) is a City (population 131000 in 2007 in Bavaria, Germany Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed Production suffered an immediate 34% cutback, and all plants but the largest were devastated by fire, but the existing industrial infrastructure had not been conducive to destruction by a single raid. Efforts to disperse the surviving machinery began immediately and the Luftwaffe, recognizing the threat, began redeploying large numbers of interceptors along the corridor to Schweinfurt. [1]

After rebuilding its strength the 8th Air Force mounted a second attack on October 14, 1943, which proved to be more costly than the first and became known as "Black Thursday". The Second raid on Schweinfurt (also called Mission 115 took place during World War II on October 14 1943, when 291 B-17 Flying Fortresses In this raid by 291 B-17s, 229 bombed the target and 60 were lost. Such very heavy losses could not be sustained, and unescorted bomber raids deep into Germany were suspended until 1944. Raids on Schweinfurt resumed in February, 1944 during what came to be known as "Big Week. Between February 20 and February 25 1944, as part of the European strategic bombing campaign, the United States Strategic Air Forces (USSTAF "

US bombers flying through FlaK over Schweinfurt
US bombers flying through FlaK over Schweinfurt

Although losses of production bearings and machinery were high, and much of the industrial and residential areas of the city were destroyed, killing more than a thousand civilians, the factories were restored to production and the industry dispersed. Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces Although German planners initially thought it essential to purchase the entire output of the Swedish ball-bearing industry, losses in production bearings were actually made up from surpluses found within Germany in the aftermath of the first raid.

The Allies, according to Albert Speer, were remiss in not mounting a decisive bombing campaign against the bearing industry while it was still centrally located. Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer, commonly known as Albert Speer ( 19 March 1905 - 1 September 1981 was an Architect, author and for part of World Once de-centralized, the Nazis were able to rebuild output to 85% of its pre-bombing output. Hitler made restoration of ball-bearing production a high priority, and massive efforts were undertaken to repair and rebuild the factories partially in bomb-proof underground facilities Schweinfurt was bombed 22 times by the USAAF and RAF, by a total of 2285 aircraft, until it was captured by the 42nd Infantry Division in house-to-house fighting in April 1945. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The 42nd Infantry Division is an division of the National Guard and United States Army. Urban warfare is modern warfare conducted in Urban areas such as Towns and cities.

Recent years

After the war Schweinfurt quickly recovered from its third period of destruction, and the new suburbs of Bergl, Hochfeld and Steinberg were developed to settle the increasing population. In 1954 the city laid the first stone for the new town hall and commemorated the 700th and 500th anniversaries of the two earlier respective destructions, as well as the ongoing reconstruction following World War II. In 1998 German and American veterans and survivors of the bombing raids came together to erect a war memorial to the fallen. A war memorial is a building monument statue or other edifice to celebrate a War or victory or (predominating in modern times to commemorate those who died or were injured

Currently twinned with Motherwell, Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. [1]

Schweinfurt town hall
Schweinfurt town hall

Main sights

Schweinfurt's main landmarks include:

The Museum Georg Schäfer, founded by Georg Schäfer, shows among others important pieces of Altdeutsche Malerei.

Economy

Schweinfurt is known for its metal industry, especially ball-bearing plants and bicycle manufacturing; see also FAG Kugelfischer, ZF Sachs AG and SKF. The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind Sachs is a German manufacturer of Motorcycles Mopeds motorized bicycles and ATVs On August 1, 1895 the Schweinfurter SKF, Svenska Kullagerfabriken AB, later AB SKF, is a Swedish bearing Company founded in 1907 supplying bearings seals The pigment Schweinfurt Green, which is extremely toxic, was manufactured here. This article is about the chemical called Paris Green or Emerald Green. Due to its heavy concentration in primarily one industry, Schweinfurt has suffered high unemployment rates (over 6%) relative to the Bavarian average, especially since the German reunification. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany Politically, with its heavy concentration of workers and labor unions, Schweinfurt is traditionally the most left-leaning county in the otherwise heavily right-leaning Bavaria. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Only 3. 1% of employees have a university education, significantly less than the German average of 7. 5%. Schweinfurt has about half the average German crime rate (making it the 14th safest county). [2] [3]

Communal facilities

Information

Historical population

Year Population
1939 49,302
1950 46,128
1961 56,923
1970 58,446
1987 51,962
2002 54,670
2004 54,467
2006 53,970

Notable people

References

  1. ^ Scottish Government - CHAPTER THREE: EXISTING ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN SCOTLAND AND GERMANY
  2. ^ Equal-Mainfranken.de
  3. ^ Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft – Das wissenschaftliche INSM-Regionalranking: Das INSM-Profil — Landkreis Schweinfurt

External links

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