A scholium, plural scholia (Greek: σχόλιον "comment", "lecture"), is a grammatical, critical, or explanatory comment, either original or extracted from pre-existing commentaries, which is inserted on the margin of the manuscript of an ancient author as a gloss. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. A manuscript is any Document that is Written by hand as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way This article is about the literary term For other uses see Gloss (disambiguation. The earliest attested use of the word dates to the 1st century BCE. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. ^[1] The usage "a scholia" is a solecism. Brewer's ''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'' explains solecism as follows Misapplication of words an expression opposed to the laws of syntax so called from the One who makes scholia is a scholiast.

Contents 1 Contents 2 History 3 Important sets of scholia 4 Other uses 5 References 5.1 Further reading 5.2 Notes

Contents

Ancient scholia are one of our most important sources of information about many aspects of the ancient world, especially ancient literary history. The history of literature is the historical development of Writings in Prose or Poetry which attempt to provide Entertainment, enlightenment They are rarely read, however, for two main reasons:

• no translations of scholia exist (it is not commercially feasible); someone wishing to read scholia must learn Latin and/or ancient Greek
• scholia are often unsuited to modern literary tastes, e. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c g. offering allegorical interpretations of a piece of literature which modern readers may find irrelevant

History

The very earliest scholia date to the 5th or 4th century BCE (the "D" scholia on the Iliad). The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. The practice of compiling scholia continued through to as late as the 8th century in the Byzantine Empire; and some Western commentaries even up to the 15th or 16th century may be referred to loosely as scholia. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.

Scholia were altered by successive copyists and owners of the manuscript, and in some cases increased to such an extent that there was no longer room for them in the margin, and it became necessary to make them into a separate work. At first they were taken from one commentary only, subsequently from several. This is indicated by the repetition of the lemma ("headword"), or by the use of such phrases as "or thus", "alternatively", "according to some", to introduce different explanations, or by the explicit quotation of different sources. In Linguistics a lemma (plural lemmas or lemmata) has two distinct interpretations morphology / Lexicography: the

For the most part, the Greek scholia we possess are anonymous; the commentaries of Eustathius of Thessalonica on Homer and John Tzetzes on Lycophron are prominent exceptions. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Eustathius of Thessalonica (Εὐστάθιος (1110c - 1198 was a native of Constantinople who became archbishop of Thessalonica. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the John (Johannes Tzetzes (Ιωάννης Τζέτζης (c 1110 &ndash 1180 was a Byzantine Poet and Grammarian known to have lived at Constantinople Lycophron was a Greek Poet and Grammarian (although the Oxford Classical Dictionary regards these as two different men

Important sets of scholia

The most important are those on the Homeric Iliad, especially those found in the 10th century manuscripts discovered by Villoison in 1781 in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice (see further Venetus A, Homeric scholarship). Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the The Iliad ( Greek: Ἰλιάς (Ancient Ιλιάδα (Modern is together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient Jean-Baptiste Gaspard d'Ansse (or Dannse) de Villoison ( March 5, 1750 (or 1753 &ndash April 25, 1805) was a Classical Year 1781 ( MDCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, the National Library of St Mark's, is one of the earliest surviving public manuscript depositories in Italy and holds one of Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Venetus A is the more common name for the 10th century manuscript catalogued in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice as Codex Marcianus Graecus Homeric scholarship is the study of Homeric epic, especially the two large surviving epics the Iliad and Odyssey. The scholia on Hesiod, Pindar, Sophocles, Aristophanes and Apollonius Rhodius are also extremely important. Hesiod ( Greek: Hesiodos) was an early Greek Poet and Rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BCE Pindar (ˈpɪndɚ (or Pindarus, Greek:) (probably born 522 BC in Cynoscephalae a village in Boeotia; died 443 BC in Argos) was an Ancient Sophocles (ˈsɒfəkliːz Ancient Greek, sopʰoklɛ̂ːs circa Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca In Latin, the most important are those of Servius on Virgil, of Acro and Porphyrio on Horace, and of Donatus on Terence. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. "Servius" redirects here For the Roman king see Servius Tullius. Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or Pomponius Porphyrion (or Porphyrio) was a Latin Grammarian and commentator on Horace, possibly a native of Africa, who flourished during Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace Aelius Donatus (fl late 4th century AD was a Roman Grammarian and teacher of Rhetoric. Publius Terentius Afer (195/185&ndash159 BC better known as Terence, was a Playwright of the Roman Republic.

Other uses

• In modern mathematics texts, scholia are marginal notes which may amplify a line of reasoning or compare it with proofs given earlier.
• Scholia is an academic journal in the field of classical studies. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. Websites: Scholia; Scholia reviews

References

Further reading

• L. D. Reynolds and N. G. Wilson 1974, Scribes & scholars: a guide to the transmission of Greek & Latin literature, 2nd ed. (Oxford). ISBN 0-19-872146-3

Notes

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

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