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Schleicher's fable (avis akvāsas ka, lat. ovis equusque) is an artificial text composed in the reconstructed language Proto-Indo-European (PIE), published by August Schleicher in 1868. August Schleicher ( February 19, 1821 – December 6, 1868) was a German linguist born in Meiningen ( Duchy Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Schleicher was the first scholar to compose a text in PIE. The fable is entitled Avis akvāsas ka ("The Sheep and the Horses"). At later dates, various scholars have published revised versions of Schleicher's fable, as the idea of what PIE should look like changed over time. The fable may serve as an illustration of the significant changes that the reconstructed language has gone through during the last 140 years of scholarly efforts.

The first revision of Schleicher's fable was made by Hermann Hirt (published by Arntz in 1939). Hermann Hirt (born 1865 in Magdeburg, died 1936 in Gießen) was an Indo-Europeanist. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A second revision was published by Winfred Lehmann and Ladislav Zgusta in 1979 [1]. Winfred P Lehmann (born 23 June, 1916 in Surprise Nebraska &ndash died 1 August, 2007 in Austin Texas) was a historical Ladislav Zgusta (20 March 1924 - 27 April 2007 was an historical linguist and lexicographer of Czech origins Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Another version by Douglas Q. Adams appeared in the EIEC (1997:501). Douglas Q Adams is a professor of English at the University of Idaho and an Indo-European comparativist The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture is an Encyclopedia of Indo-European studies and the Proto-Indo-Europeans. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar In 2007 Frederik Kortlandt published yet another version on his homepage [2]. Frederik Herman Henri (Frits Kortlandt ( June 19 1946, Utrecht, The Netherlands) is a professor of descriptive and comparative Linguistics

Contents

The Sheep and the Horses

Schleicher (1868)

Avis akvāsas ka

Avis, jasmin varnā na ā ast, dadarka akvams, tam, vāgham garum vaghantam, tam, bhāram magham, tam, manum āku bharantam. Avis akvabhjams ā vavakat: kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam. Akvāsas ā vavakant: krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas: manus patis varnām avisāms karnauti svabhjam gharmam vastram avibhjams ka varnā na asti. Tat kukruvants avis agram ā bhugat.

Hirt (1939)

Owis ek’wōses-kʷe

Owis, jesmin wьlənā ne ēst, dedork’e ek’wons, tom, woghom gʷьrum weghontm̥, tom, bhorom megam, tom, gh’ьmonm̥ ōk’u bherontm̥. Owis ek’womos ewьwekʷet: k’ērd aghnutai moi widontei gh’ьmonm̥ ek’wons ag’ontm̥. Ek’wōses ewьwekʷont: kl’udhi, owei!, k’ērd aghnutai vidontmos: gh’ьmo, potis, wьlənām owjôm kʷr̥neuti sebhoi ghʷermom westrom; owimos-kʷe wьlənā ne esti. Tod k’ek’ruwos owis ag’rom ebhuget.

Lehmann and Zgusta (1979)

Owis eḱwōskʷe

Gʷərēi owis, kʷesjo wl̥hnā ne ēst, eḱwōns espeḱet, oinom ghe gʷr̥um woǵhom weǵhontm̥, oinomkʷe meǵam bhorom, oinomkʷe ǵhm̥enm̥ ōḱu bherontm̥. Owis nu eḱwobh(j)os (eḱwomos) ewewkʷet: "Ḱēr aghnutoi moi eḱwōns aǵontm̥ nerm̥ widn̥tei". Eḱwōs tu ewewkʷont: "Ḱludhi, owei, ḱēr ghe aghnutoi n̥smei widn̥tbh(j)os (widn̥tmos): nēr, potis, owiōm r̥ wl̥hnām sebhi gʷhermom westrom kʷrn̥euti. Neǵhi owiōm wl̥hnā esti". Tod ḱeḱluwōs owis aǵrom ebhuget.

Adams (1997)

H2óu̯is h1ék̂u̯ōs-kʷe

[Gʷr̥hxḗi] h2óu̯is, kʷési̯o u̯lh2néh4 ne (h1é) est, h1ék̂u̯ons spék̂et, h1oinom ghe gʷr̥hxúm u̯óĝhom u̯éĝhontm̥ h1oinom-kʷe ĝ méĝham bhórom, h1oinom-kʷe ĝhménm̥ hxṓk̂u bhérontm̥. h2óu̯is tu h1ek̂u̯oibh(i̯)os u̯eukʷét: 'k̂ḗr haeghnutór moi h1ék̂u̯ons haéĝontm̥ hanérm̥ u̯idn̥téi. h1ék̂u̯ōs tu u̯eukʷónt: 'k̂ludhí, h2óu̯ei, k̂ḗr ghe haeghnutór n̥sméi u̯idn̥tbh(i̯)ós. hanḗr, pótis, h2éu̯i̯om r̥ u̯l̥h2néham sebhi kʷr̥néuti nu gʷhérmom u̯éstrom néĝhi h2éu̯i̯om u̯l̥h2néha h1ésti. ' Tód k̂ek̂luu̯ṓs h2óu̯is haéĝrom bhugét.

Kortlandt (2007)

ʕʷeuis ʔkeuskʷe

ʕʷeuis iosmi ʕuelʔn neʔst ʔekuns ʔe 'dērkt, tom 'gʷrʕeum uogom ugentm, tom m'geʕm borom, tom dgmenm ʔoʔku brentm. ʔe uēukʷt ʕʷeuis ʔkumus: kʷntske ʔmoi kērt ʕnerm ui'denti ʔekuns ʕ'gentm. ʔe ueukʷnt ʔkeus: kludi ʕʷuei, kʷntske nsmi kērt ui'dntsu: ʕnēr potis ʕʷuiom ʕulʔenm subi gʷormom uestrom kʷrneuti, ʕʷuimus kʷe ʕuelʔn neʔsti. To'd kekluus ʕʷeuis ʕe'grom ʔe bēu'gd.

English Translation

The Sheep and the Horses

[On a hill,] a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

Notable Differences

Some of the differences between the texts are just varying spelling conventions: w and u̯ e. g. are only different ways to indicate the same sound, a consonantal u. However, many other differences are to be explained by widely diverging views on the phonological and morphological systems of PIE. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words

Schleicher's reconstruction assumed that the o/e vocalism was secondary, and his PIE is much more closely based on Sanskrit than modern reconstructions. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical

Hirt introduced the o/e vocalism, syllabic resonants, labiovelars and palatalized velars. A syllabic consonant is a Consonant which either forms a Syllable of its own or is the nucleus of a syllable The term labiovelar is ambiguous It may mean labial-velar (a Consonant made at two places of articulation, one at the lips and the other at the soft

Lehmann and Zgusta introduced a few alternative lexemes (the relative pronoun kʷesjo; the word nēr 'man'), and made some first steps into the direction of accepting laryngeals. Their text features an h (wl̥hnā) for what they seem to accept as a single laryngeal of PIE.

Adams was the first one to fully reflect the laryngeal theory in his version of the fable. The laryngeal theory is a generally accepted theory of Historical linguistics which proposes the existence of a set of three (or more Consonant sounds that appear Judging from the text, he seems to assume four different laryngeal phonemes. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Consequently, Adam's text does not show long ā anymore.

Kortlandt's version is a radical deviation from the prior texts in a number of ways. First, he followed the glottalic theory, writing glottalic plosives with a prefixed apostrophe ('d) and omitting aspirated voiced plosives. The glottalic theory holds that Proto-Indo-European had ejective stops, p’ t’ k’ but not the murmured ones bʱ dʱ gʱ A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Second, he substitutes the abstract laryngeal signs with their supposed phonetic values: h1 = ʔ (glottal stop), h2 = ʕ (pharyngeal fricative), h3 = ʕʷ (pharyngeal fricative with lip rounding). This article is about the sound in spoken language For the letter see Glottal stop (letter. A pharyngeal consonant is a type of Consonant which is articulated with the root of the Tongue against the Pharynx. Third, he omits palatovelars, reducing the series of plosives to velars and labiovelars. Kortlandt also has a different opinion about ablaut grades in many verbal and nominal forms, compared to the other scholars.

See also

External links

References

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