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 I m p l e m e n t a t i o n Schengen zone
Set to implement later
Police and judicial cooperation only
Expressed interest
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The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded between European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic border controls between the participating countries. Border controls are measures used by a Country to monitor or regulate its Borders The control of the flow of people animals and goods across a border may be controlled By the Treaty of Amsterdam, the two agreements themselves and all decisions that have been enacted on their basis have been incorporated into the law of the European Union. The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU This body of legal provisions is referred to as the Schengen Acquis. The term acquis communautaire, or (EU acquis (aˈki is used in European Union law to refer to the total body of EU law accumulated thus far [1] Subsequent amendments to that acquis, including the Schengen Agreements themselves, have been made in the form of European Union regulations. A regulation is a Legislative act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously The main purpose of the establishment of the Schengen rules is the abolition of physical borders among European countries. [2]
The Schengen rules apply among most European countries, covering a population of over 400 million and a total area of 4,268,633 km² (1,648,128 sq mi). Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. They include provisions on common policy on the temporary entry of persons (including the Schengen Visa), the harmonisation of external border controls, which are coordinated by the Frontex agency of the European Union, and cross-border police and judicial co-operation. An immigration policy is any policy of a State that deals with the transit of persons across its borders but especially those that intend to work and to remain in the country Borders define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions such as Governments States or subnational administrative Frontex (from French: Frontières extérieures for ‘external borders’ legally European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External
A total of 29 states, including 25 European Union states and four non-EU members (Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland), are bound to the full set of rules in the Schengen Agreement (as amended), and 24 have fully implemented its provisions so far. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Ireland and the United Kingdom were, at the time of the implementation of the Schengen acquis into EU law, the only EU members that did not sign up to the original Schengen Convention of 1990 and retained a right to opt out of the application of the rules after their conversion into European Union law. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Thus, they have not ended border controls with other EU Member States, this being the core purpose of the Schengen Agreement, but apply the provisions relating to police and judicial co-operation which form part of the Schengen acquis.
Border posts and checks have been removed between the states which form the Schengen area. [3] A common Schengen visa allows tourists or other visitors access to the area. Holders of residence permits to a Schengen state enjoy the freedom of travel to other Schengen states for a period of up to three months.
Legal basis of the Schengen rules
Provisions in the treaties of the European Union
The legal basis for Schengen in the treaties of the European Union has been inserted in the Treaty establishing the European Community through Article 2, point 15 of the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the counstitutional basis of the The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty This inserted a new title named "Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons" into the treaty, currently numbered as Title IV, and comprising articles 61 to 69. [4][5] The Treaty of Lisbon substantially amends the provisions of the articles in the title, renames the title to "Area of freedom, security and justice" and divides it into five chapters, called "General provisions", "Policies on border checks, asylum and immigration", "Judicial cooperation in civil matters", "Judicial cooperation in criminal matters", and "Police cooperation". The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the [6]
Two Schengen agreements
The two agreements which are commonly referred to as Schengen Agreement are:
- The 1985 Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders,[7] also known as Schengen I, which provided for simple visual surveillance of private vehicles crossing the common border at reduced speed, without requiring such vehicles to stop. Persons who did not have to meet specific requirements at internal borders, as, for example, visa requirements, could use this fast lane procedure by affixing to the windscreen a green disc measuring at least eight centimetres in diameter.
- The 1990 Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders,[8] also known as Schengen II or CIS.
These two agreements have been republished in the Official Journal of the European Communities through the Council decision concerning the definition of the Schengen acquis[1] and form the most important part of the secondary legislation regarding Schengen of the EU. The Official Journal (OJ of the European Union is the Gazette of record for the European Union. Delegated legislation (also referred to as secondary legislation or subordinate legislation) is Law made by an executive authority under powers given to
European Union Regulations
Other relevant legal texts which form part of the Schengen laws include:
- The Schengen Borders Code,[9] repealing the parts of the Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement, dealing in detail with border controls and the prerequisites for entry by third-country nationals;
- The Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001,[10] dealing with the visa requirement for short stays in the Schengen area according to nationality;
- The Council Regulation (EC) No 693/2003,[11] which deals with the transit from the main part of Russia to the Kaliningrad area;
- The Common Consular Instructions on Visas for the Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts,[12] which contains rules of procedure for the issuance of visa;
- The Council Regulation (EC) No 1683/95 of 29 May 1995 laying down a uniform format for visas;[13]
- The Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II), governing the introduction of the second generation of the Schengen Information System. [14]
- The Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003, dealing with the question which member state is responsible to handle an asylum request lodged by a third-country national,[15] also referred to as Dublin II;
- The Commission Regulation (EC) No 1560/2003,[16] setting out detailed procedures for the application of the Dublin II regulation.
Rules concerning border controls
Travel without internal border controls
Before the implementation of the Schengen II Agreement, citizens of western Europe could travel to neighbouring countries by showing their national ID card or passport at the border. Nationals of some countries were required to have separate visas for every country in Europe; thus, a vast network of border posts existed around the continent which disrupted traffic and trade—causing delays and costs to both businesses and visitors.
Since the implementation of the Schengen rules, border posts have been closed (and often demolished) between participating countries. The Schengen Borders Code requires participating states to remove all obstacles to free traffic flow at internal borders. [17] Thus, road traffic is no longer delayed; road, rail and air passengers no longer have their identity checked by border guards when crossing borders (however, security controls by carriers are still permissible). [18] Citizens of non-EU, non-EEA countries who wish to visit Europe, and who require a visa to enter the Schengen area, receive a common Schengen Visa from the Embassy or Consulate of the Schengen country of their main destination, or, if such main destination cannot be identified, the state they intend to visit first; they may then visit any of the Schengen countries without hindrance. However, in some exceptional cases, visas can be restricted to just certain member states.
 A typical Schengen internal border (here near Kufstein between Germany and Austria): the traffic island marks the spot where a control post once stood; it was removed in 2000. Kufstein is a city in Tyrol, Austria, located along the river Inn, in the lower Inn valley near the border with Bavaria, Germany, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich |
 Some Schengen internal borders can be found within closely built-up areas – here near Aachen between Germany and the Netherlands: Take the left lane in the Netherlands to actually turn left in Germany. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands |
 The internal Schengen border between the Netherlands and Belgium is clearly marked between Baarle-Nassau and Baarle-Hertog. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Baarle-Nassau ( is a Municipality and a town in the southern Netherlands. Baarle-Hertog is a Municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. |
 The border between the Netherlands and Germany crosses through this building of the Eurode Business Centre in Kerkrade and Herzogenrath. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Kerkrade ( is a Town and a Municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. Herzogenrath is a municipality in the district of Aachen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The facility also contains a jointly operated Dutch-German police station. |
Regulation of external border controls
Not only does the Schengen Agreement remove border checks between participating countries, but the external controls which are exercised by the participating nations are also co-ordinated by the European Union's Frontex agency, and subject to common rules. The Ceuta border fence is a Separation barrier between Morocco and Spain by Ceuta, a city in the North African coast Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Frontex (from French: Frontières extérieures for ‘external borders’ legally European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External The details of border controls, surveillance, and the conditions under which permission to enter into the Schengen area may be granted are exhaustively detailed in a European Union regulation called Schengen Borders Code. A regulation is a Legislative act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously [19] In particular, Article 7 of the Schengen Borders Code provides that all persons crossing external borders — inbound or outbound — have to be subject to a minimum check, this including the establishment of identities on the basis of the production or presentation of their travel documents, while third-country nationals must be subjected to thorough checks, which also concern all entry requirements (documentation, visa, employment status, means of subsistence, absence of security concerns). The exit controls allow, inter alia, to determine if a person leaving the area is in possession of a document valid for crossing the border, whether that person had extended his or her stay beyond the permitted period, and to check against alerts on persons and objects included in the Schengen Information System and reports in national data files, e. g. if an arrest warrant had been issued by a Schengen State. [20]
The borders against non-Schengen countries are to be carefully controlled, and every person crossing those external borders must carry an accepted means of identification, such as a passport, other travel document, or – in case of EU and Swiss citizens – national identity card. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder [21] All persons who are third-country nationals have to be checked against the Schengen Information System, a database containing information about undesired or wanted people, stolen passports, and other items of interest to border officials;[22] while checks on EU citizens and other persons enjoying the right of free movement in the EU may only be conducted on a "non-systematic" basis. The Schengen Information System, also called “ SIS ” is a secure Governmental database system used by several European countries for the purpose of maintaining [23]
The border controls are located at roads crossing a border, at airports, at seaports, and onboard trains. [24] Usually there is no fence along borders in the terrain, but there are exceptions like the Ceuta border fence. The Ceuta border fence is a Separation barrier between Morocco and Spain by Ceuta, a city in the North African coast However, surveillance camera systems, also equipped infrared technology, are located at some more critical spots, for example at the border between Slovakia and Ukraine. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. [25] Along the southern coast of the Schengen countries, coast guards are making a substantial effort to prevent private boats from entering without permission.
The Schengen law stipulates that all transporters of passengers across the Schengen external border must check, before boarding, if the passenger has the travel document and visa required for entry. [26] This is to prevent persons from applying for asylum at the passport control, after already having landed within the Schengen area. Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient Judicial notion under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his Since all asylum applications filed on EU territory must be investigated, and since it often proves to be difficult to deport persons who already have landed, the Schengen states want to prevent third-country nationals who do not have the papers required for entry into the area from even reaching a passport control point on their territory. Deportation, not to be confused with Extradition, generally means the expulsion of someone from a place or Country. Because this system proves to be effective, unsafe boats, containers, or other unconventional and life-endangering means of transport are used for people smuggling. People smuggling is a term which is used to describe transportation of people across international borders to a non-official entry point of a destination country for a variety of reasons
Entry conditions for third-country nationals
The Schengen rules include uniform rules as to the type of visas which may be issued for a short-term stay, not exceeding 90 days, on the territory of one, several or all of those States. A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit "a document that has been seen" is a document issued by a Country giving an individual The rules also include common requirements for entry into the Schengen area, and common procedures for refusal of entry.
According to the Schengen Borders Code, the conditions applying to third-country nationals for entry are as follows:[27]
- The third-country national is in possession of a valid travel document or documents authorising them to cross the border; the acceptance of travel documents for this purpose remains within the domain of the member states;[28]
- He or she either possesses a valid visa (if required) or a valid residence permit;
- He or she can justify the purpose and conditions of the intended stay, and they have sufficient means of subsistence, both for the duration of the intended stay and for the return to their country of origin or transit to a third country into which they are certain to be admitted, or are in a position to acquire such means lawfully;
- There has not been issued an alert in the Schengen Information System for refusal of entry, and
- he or she is not considered to be a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of any of the Schengen states. The Schengen Information System, also called “ SIS ” is a secure Governmental database system used by several European countries for the purpose of maintaining
In other words, mere possession of a Schengen visa does not confer automatic right of entry. It will only be granted if the other transit or entry conditions laid down by EU legislation have been met, notably the means of subsistence that aliens must have at their disposal, as well as the purpose and the conditions of the stay. Subsistence is the food necessary to sustain life The following is a list of subsistence techniques: Hunting and Gathering
Right of stay
A third-country national who has been granted entry may stay in the Schengen area and travel between Schengen states as long as the conditions for entry are still fulfilled. [29] For stays which exceed three months, so-called national visa (category D) are issued by the relevant Schengen state where the third-country national intends to reside. Any third-country national who is a holder of a residence permit of a Schengen state, which is granted for a stay which exceeds three months, is allowed to travel to any other member state for a period of up to three months. [30]
Schengen visa
The requirement of a visa for short-term stays in the Schengen area which do not involve employment or any self-employed activity are set out in an EU regulation. The European Union has unified visa policy as part of the Schengen acquis. A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto As of 2007 the European Union has 27 member states, most of which participate in all EU policy areas and programs or have signed up to do so [31] The list of the nationals which require a visa for a short-term stay (so-called Annex I list) and the visa-free nationals (so-called Annex II list) refers to the nationality of the third-country national and not to the passport or travel document he or she is holding (with an exception to holders of Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR passport holders, and another exception vis a vis holders of refugee travel documents, where the country which issued the travel document is relevant). The " Hong Kong Special Administrative Region People's Republic of China Passport " ( The Macau Special Administrative Region Passport ( Traditional Chinese: 澳門特別行政區護照 is a type of Chinese passport issued to permanent residents According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Third-country nationals who intend to take up employment or self-employed activity may be required by member states to obtain a visa even if they are listed on the Schengen visa-free list; usual business trips are normally not considered employment in this sense. [32]
The uniform visa is granted in the form of a sticker affixed by a Member State onto a passport, travel document or another valid document which entitles the holder to cross the border, provided that the entry conditions are met at the time of entry. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls
It is granted in the following categories:[33]
- Category A refers to an airport transit visa. It is required for some few nationals for passing through the international transit area of airports during a stop-over or transfer between two sections of an international flight. The requirement to have this visa is an exception to the general right to transit without a visa through an international transit area of an airport.
- Category B refers to a transit visa. It is required by nationals who are not visa-free for travelling from one non-Schengen state to another non-Schengen state, in order to pass through the Schengen area. Each transit may not exceed five days.
- Category C refers to a short-term stay visa. They are issued for reasons other than to immigrate. They entitle holders to carry out a continuous visit or several visits whose duration does not exceed three months in any half-year from the date of first entry.
- Category D refers to national visa. They are issued by a Schengen state in accordance with its national legislation as with respect to the conditions (however, a uniform sticker is used). The national visa allows the holder to transit from a non-Schengen country to the Schengen state which issued the national visa within five days. Only after the holder has obtained a residence title after arrival in the destination country (or a different visa), he may again travel to other Schengen countries.
- Category D+C visa combine the functions of the visa of both categories: They are intended to allow the holder to enter the issuing Schengen state for long-term stay in that state, but also to travel in the Schengen area like a holder of a Category C visa.
- FTD and FRTD are special visa issued for road (FTD) or rail (FRTD) transit only between mainland Russian Federation and its western exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Kaliningrad Oblast (Калинингра́дская о́бласть Kaliningradskaya oblast; informally called Yantarny kray (ru Янта́рный край meaning
Under specific circumstances, the territorial validitiy of a Schengen visa of the categories B, C, or D+C is issued with territorial validity to not all of the Schengen states. Such visa may, for example, be issued for humanitarian or other specific reasons. Territorial validity may also be restricted in case that the travel document in which it is affixed is not accepted by all of the Schengen states. In such cases, the visa authorises a foreigner entry, stay, and exit exclusively in the territory of one or more Schengen member states for which the visa is valid.
Under certain conditions, seamen are issued visa at the border in order to board a ship or travel home from a ship in a Schengen harbor. Furthermore, visa may also be issued at the border in exceptional cases, e. g. emergencies. [34]
To obtain a Schengen visa, a traveller must take the following steps:
- He or she must first identify which Schengen country is the main destination. This determines the State responsible for deciding on the Schengen visa application and therefore the embassy or the consulate where the traveller will have to lodge the application. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in [35] If the main destination cannot be determined, the traveller should file the visa application at the embassy or consultate of the Schengen country of first entry. [36][37] If the Schengen State of the main destination or first entry does not have a diplomatic mission or consular post in his country, the traveller must contact the embassy or the consulate of another Schengen country, normally located in the traveller's country, which represents, for the purpose of issuing Schengen visas, the country of the principal destination or first entry. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in
- The traveller must then present the Schengen visa application to the responsible embassy or consulate. A harmonised form is to be submitted, together with a valid passport and, if necessary, the documents supporting the purpose and conditions of the stay in the Schengen area (aim of the visit, duration of the stay, lodging). The traveller will also have to prove his or her means of subsistence, i. e. , the funds available to cover, on the one hand, the expenses of the stay, taking into account its duration and the destination, and, on the other hand, the cost of the return to the home country. Certain embassies or consulates sometimes call the applicant to appear in person in order to explain verbally the reasons for the visa application.
- Finally, the traveller must have travel insurance that covers, for a minimum of €30,000, any expenses incurred as a result of emergency medical treatment or repatriation for health reasons. Repatriation (from late Latin repatriare - to restore someone to his homeland is the process of return of Refugees or Soldiers to their homes The proof of the travel insurance must in principle be provided at the end of the procedure, i. e. when the decision to grant the Schengen visa has already been made. This type of insurance can be easily found on the web from well-known insurers.
Requirements for family members of an EU citizen differ from those indicated above. In general for family members of an EU citizen, there is no requirement to provide information about one's employment, or to prove one's means of subsistence. In addition, no fee is required for the visa to be issued.
Internal movement of holders of a residence title
Third-country nationals who are holders of a residence title of a Schengen state may freely enter into and stay in any other Schengen state for a period of up to three months. [38] For a longer stay, they require a residence title of the target member state. Third-country long-term residents of a member state enjoy, under certain circumstances, the right to settle in other member states. [39]
Local border traffic at external borders
Schengen States which share an external land border with a non-Schengen country are authorized by virtue of an EU regulation to conclude or maintain bilateral Agreements with neighbouring third countries for the purpose of implementing a local border traffic regime. [40] The regulation stipulates the conditions which have to be met by such agreements. The agreements have to provide for the introduction of a local border traffic permit under the relevant scheme. Such permits must contain the name and a picture of the holder, as well as a statement that its holder is not authorised to move outside the border area and that any abuse shall be subject to penalties. The border area may include any administrative district within 30 kilometres from the external border (and, if any district extends beyond that limit, the whole district up to 50 kilometres from the border).
Holders of such permit may cross the external borders, once there has not been issued an alert in the Schengen Information System for refusal of entry, and they do not form a threat to public policy, internal security, public health or the international relations of any of the Member States. The Schengen Information System, also called “ SIS ” is a secure Governmental database system used by several European countries for the purpose of maintaining The question whether an additional identity document is required for crossing the border (and which type may be used), and for how long the permit holder may stay in the border area, may be regulated bilaterally. The maximum permitted period of stay may not exceed three months. The features of the form of the permit have to comply with the uniform format for residence permits for third-country nationals. Permits are valid from one up to five years.
Permits may only be issued to persons having been lawful residents in the border area of a country neighbouring a Schengen State for a period specified in the relevant bilateral agreement, which generally has to be at least one year. The applicant for the permit has to show legitimate reasons frequently to cross an external land border under the local border traffic regime, and must meet the specific entry requirements as described above. Schengen states must keep a central register of the permits issued and have to provide immediate access to the relevant data to other Schengen states.
Before the conclusion of an agreement with a neighboring country, the Schengen state must receive approval from the European Commission, which has to confirm the legality of its draft. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The agreement may only be concluded if the neighbouring country grants at least reciprocal rights to the relevant Schengen state, and readmission of illegally staying persons from the neighbouring country is ensured. For local border traffic, fast lanes or special border crossings may be introduced.
Special arrangement on entry of Croatians
There is an exception to these rules in the case of citizens of Croatia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Based on the Pre-Schengen bilateral agreements between Croatia and its neighboring EU countries (Italy, Hungary and Slovenia), Croatian citizens are allowed to cross the border with ID card only (passport not obligatory). Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west [41] There were many disputes about whether Croatian citizens would lose this right on 21 December 2007 when Schengen control was established on the Croatian land borders with Hungary and Slovenia, as well as on the Croatian sea border with Italy. Many people living near the border cross it several times a day (some work across the border, or have land on the other side of the border), especially on the border with Slovenia, which was unmarked for more than 40 years when Croatia and Slovenia were both part of Yugoslavia. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: As Croatia is about to join EU in a matter of years, an interim solution, which received permission from the European Commission, was found: every Croatian citizen is allowed to cross the Schengen border into Hungary, Italy or Slovenia with an ID card and an evidention card that is issued by Croatian police at border exit control. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. Police authorities of Hungary, Italy or Slovenia will then stamp the evidention card both on entry and on exit. Croatian citizens, however, are not allowed to enter any other Schengen agreement countries without a valid passport and entry stamp, though they are allowed to travel between Hungary, Italy and Slovenia. This practice will be abandoned once Croatia becomes an EU member state, which will allow its citizens to enter any member country with an ID card only.
The Western Balkan states
Visa free regime negotiations between the EU and the Western Balkans were launched in the first half of 2008, and are currently underway. [42][43][44] The Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia) already enjoy a facilitated visa regime with the Schengen states (UK and Ireland excluded), including shorter waiting periods, free or low visa fees, and fewer documentation requirements when compared to other countries whose citizens require C, D, or C+D visas. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The visa free negotiations are being conducted on an individual basis, and roadmaps with a list of conditions to be fulfilled have been customized for each Western Balkan state. These negotiations can be concluded as early as the first half of 2009, and soon after that Western Balkan citizens will be able to enter the Schengen area without a visa. [45]
Temporary reintroduction of internal border controls
A Schengen state is permitted by articles 23-31 of the Schengen Borders Code to reinstate border controls for a short period if deemed in the interest of national security, but has to follow a consultation procedure before such action. This occurred in Portugal during the 2004 European Football Championship and in France for the ceremonies marking the 60th anniversary of D-Day. The 2004 UEFA European Football Championship (or just Euro 2004) was the twelfth edition of the UEFA European Football Championship, a quadrennial football D-Day may also refer to Decimal Day in the United Kingdom. D-Day is a term often used in Military parlance to denote It was used again by France shortly after the London bombings in July of 2005. The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called the 7/7 bombings) were a series of coordinated bomb blasts that hit London's public transport system during Finland briefly reinstated border controls during the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in August 2005. The 10th World Championships in Athletics, under the auspices of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF were held in the Olympic Stadium Germany used it for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and again in 2007 for the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm. The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th instance of the FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament The 33rd G8 summit took place at Kempinski Grand Hotel in Heiligendamm in the old Duchy of Mecklenburg in the Northern German state of The seaside resort Heiligendamm, situated on the Baltic Sea coast was founded in 1793. Austria is using it for the UEFA Euro2008 in June 2008. The Union of European Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football is the administrative and controlling body for European football. The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2008, was the 13th UEFA European Football Championship, a quadrennial football
Internal controls still permissible
Air security
When travelling by air between Schengen countries, identification (usually passport or national ID card) is requested at the departure gate to allow airlines to board the correct passenger, in relation to the boarding card. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder An identity document, also called a piece of identification ( ID) is a document used to verify aspects of a person's Identity. Immigration control is not applied at point of departure or arrival (essentially, the flight is classed as 'domestic'). This means that visas are not checked in a formal way, but it is likely that a person without a valid visa will be stopped anyway. For non EU citizens this rule means that travelling with only a domestic ID card is not recommended and is likely to cause trouble, making the Schengen Agreement less useful.
ID checks at hotels and other places
According to the Schengen rules, hotels and other types of commercial accommodation must register all foreign citizens, including citizens of other Schengen states, by requiring the filling of a registration form with their own hand. This does not apply to accompanying spouses and minor children or members of travel groups. In addition, a valid identification document has to be produced to the hotel manager or staff. [46] The Schengen rules do not provide further standards, thus, the Schengen states are free to regulate further details on the content of the registration forms, and the identity documents which are acceptable for identification, and may also require the persons exempted from registration by Schengen laws to be registered. Enforcement of these rules varies by country.
Customs control
While border controls serve the purpose of checking whether a person meets the entry and exit requirements, a customs border control relates to the goods that are transported across a border. While the EU (and preceding Communities) always enjoyed the exclusive competence of regulating customs procedures, the Schengen II Convention was originally drafted as an international treaty outside the scope of the EU. Thus, the contracting states had to find a solution for the abolishment of customs controls without being competent for regulating this matter. To this end, Article 120 of the Schengen II Convention provided (and still provides) that the contracting parties had to ensure that controls of goods "do not unjustifiably impede the movement of goods at internal borders". The parties had to facilitate the movement of goods across internal borders by providing for clearance of goods when goods were cleared through customs for home use. Although the clearance could, according to the Convention, be conducted either within the country or at the internal borders, the Schengen states had to encourage customs clearance within their respective territories. As far as such simplifications could not be achieved, the Schengen states bound themselves to agree on an alteration of existing rules either amongst themselves or within the framework of the European Community. [47]
Nowadays, the European Union has abolished not only customs controls, but also other procedures for the administrative processing of goods at internal borders, e. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in g. for internal taxation, leaving no checks at the borders between EU states.
At borders between the European Union Value Added Tax Area and those zones of the EU that lie outside it, the presence of customs authorities is permitted. The European Union Value Added Tax Area is an area consisting of all the European Union member states and certain non-member states which follow the Value added tax Customs are also present in connection with travel within one single member state, if a part of that state is located outside the EU common customs area; this e. g. between Heligoland and mainland Germany. Heligoland (Helgoland Heligolandic: deät Lun) is a small German Archipelago in the North Sea. However, the presence of customs authorities at such borders would not mean that persons and goods passing the borders may be checked beyond the scope of spot checks, or on the basis of available intelligence, and such checks have to be non-systematic in order to comply with the Schengen Borders Code.
With respect to travel between EU members where one is non-Schengen, there are identity (passport) checks, but no customs checks; this applies, for instance, between Ireland or the U. K. and the European Continent.
Since the customs forces form the financial police of a state, some countries allow their customs authorities to conduct routine inland checks on persons, vehicles, and goods, e. g. , to detect untaxed goods, illegal workers, or persons abusing social benefits.
Norway and Iceland
There are two states that have fully implemented the Schengen agreements but are not EU states, namely Norway and Iceland. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Even though they belong to the European Economic Area, some administrative handling of goods imported from the EU may still be required at their borders. The European Economic Area ( EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between member states of European Free Trade Association (EFTAthe Private persons are only allowed to bring small amounts of goods and alcohol over the border tax-free. (Within the EU, any amount of goods and alcohol meant for personal use may be taken across borders tax-free. )
Thus, the original provisions of the Schengen II Convention which regulate controls of goods originally could not be — and were not — set into force with relation to Norway and Iceland. [48]
However, the Schengen Borders Code, which became law after the association of Norway and Iceland, now provides that any police measures at the border may not "have an effect equivalent to border checks". Checks are, inter alia, permitted when they do not have border control as an objective, are based on general police information and experience regarding possible threats, are devised and executed in a manner clearly distinct from systematic checks on persons at the external borders, or if they are carried out on the basis of spot-checks. [49] Since a border check is defined as any check carried out at border crossing point, to ensure that persons, including their means of transport and the objects in their possession, may be authorised to enter or leave the territory,[50] routine custom controls are not permissible at internal Schengen borders. The Schengen Borders Code does not provide for any exemption of its scope of application in relation to Norway and Iceland, and is expressly applicable to those two countries. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland (
Notwithstanding this, the authorities of Iceland are of the opinion that they may enforce the same level of customs procedures towards all travellers entering and leaving the country, as the country is not a part of the EU customs union. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( A customs union is a Free trade area with a Common external tariff. [51]
Sweden and Finland
Sweden and Finland, members of the EU and of the Schengen area, still maintain some customs checks in order to control the smuggling of drugs and alcohol. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon In accordance with the Schengen Borders Code, this is permissible, as long as cars are only stopped when a suspicion of smuggling has been established. [52]
Switzerland and Liechtenstein
Switzerland, which belongs neither to the EU nor to the European Economic Area, has been associated to the Schengen area and is set to implement the Schengen rules, together with Liechtenstein, by 1 November 2008. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The European Economic Area ( EEA) came into being on 1 January 1994 following an agreement between member states of European Free Trade Association (EFTAthe The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [53] Similarly to the arrangements made between the EU, Norway, and Iceland, the accession agreement concluded between the EU and Switzerland provides for an exemption of the application of the rules concerning controls of goods at borders. [54] However, the much stricter provisions in the Schengen Borders Code providing for the abolition of internal border checks do not contain any exemption with respect to Switzerland. The Swiss authorities are of the opinion that they will not be entitled to perform systematic customs or other checks on persons for the mere reason that they cross the border, once the Schengen rules will have been implemented in Switzerland; they are planning to continue to perform spot-checks, which are based on risk analysis of the authorities. [55]
Liechtenstein signed a Schengen-related association with the European Union on February 28, 2008 [56] [57]. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Contrary to Switzerland, Liechtenstein belongs to the European Economic Area. The country also has an open border with Switzerland, but for the time being still conducts border checks on its border with Austria, an EU member, which are staffed by Swiss authorities. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich
For Switzerland the issue of its open border with Liechtenstein had been an important issue. If it would not have been possible for Liechtenstein to implement the Schengen rules at the same time as Switzerland (as some EU states want to use the Schengen enlargement to pressure Liechtenstein over fraud issues), an interim solution would have had to be found, in order to avoid Switzerland introducing border checks with Liechtenstein, even for a short time. [58]
Rules concerning police co-operation
The Schengen rules also include provisions for sharing intelligence, such as information about people, lost and stolen documents, vehicles, via the Schengen Information System. The Schengen Information System, also called “ SIS ” is a secure Governmental database system used by several European countries for the purpose of maintaining This means that potentially problematic persons cannot 'disappear' simply by moving from one Schengen country to another.
Administrative Assistance
According to Article 39 of the Schengen II Convention, police administrations of the Schengen States are required to grant each other administrative assistance in the course of the prevention and detection of criminal offences according to the relevant national laws and within the scope of their relevant powers. They may cooperate through central bodies or, in case of urgency, also directly with each other. The Schengen provisions entitle the competent ministries of the Schengen States to agree on other forms of cooperation in border regions.
With respect to actions which imply constraint or the presence of police officers of a Schengen State in another Schengen State, specific rules apply.
Cross-border observation
Under Article 40 of the Schengen II Convention, police observation may be continued across a border if the person observed is presumed to have participated in an extraditable criminal offence. Prior authorization of the second state is required, except if the offence is a felony as defined in Article 40 (7) of the Schengen II Convention, and if urgency requires the continuation of the observation without prior consent of the second state. In the latter case, the authorities of the second state must be informed before the end of the observation in its territory, the request for consent has to be handed over as soon as possible, and the observation has to be terminated on request of the second state, or if consent has not been granted after five hours. The police officers of the first state are bound to the police laws of the second state, must carry identification which shows that they are police officers, and are entitled to carry their service weapons. They may not stop or arrest the observed persons, and must report to the second state after the operation has been finished. On the other hand, the second state is obliged to assist the enquiry subsequent to the operation, including judicial proceedings.
Hot pursuit
Under Article 41 of the Schengen II Convention, police from one Schengen state may cross national borders to chase their target, if it is not possible to notify the police of the second state prior to entry into that territory, or if the authorities of the second state are unable to reach the scene in time to take over the pursuit. The Schengen States may declare if they restrict the right to hot pursuit into their territory in time or in distance, and if they allow the neighboring states to arrest persons on their territory. However, the second state is obliged to challenge the pursued person in order to establish the person's identity or to make an arrest if so requested by the pursuing state. The right to hot pursuit is limited to land borders. The pursuing officers either have to be in uniform, or their vehicles have to be marked. They are permitted to carry service weapons, which may be used only in self-defence. After the operation, the first state has to report to the second state about its outcome.
Responsibility and rights
Under Article 42 of the Schengen II Convention, police officers of a state which became victims of a criminal offence in another Schengen state while on duty there, enjoy the same right of compensation as an officer of the second state. According to Article 43 of the Schengen II Convention, the state which employs a police officer is liable towards that state for damages for illegal actions performed in another state by such police officer.
Liaison officers
Article 47 of the Schengen II agreement provides for the permanent deployment of liaison officers to other Schengen states.
Further bilateral measures
Many neighboring Schengen states have introduced further bilateral measures for police cooperation in border regions, which are expressly permitted under Article 39 subsection 5 of the Schengen Agreement. Such cooperation may include joint police radio frequencies, police control centres, and tracing units in border regions. [59] Furthermore, police laws of some Schengen States allow for the ad hoc conferment of police powers to police officers of other EU states. [60]
Prüm Convention and Schengen III Regulation
An agreement was signed on 27 May 2005 by Germany, Spain, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Austria, and Belgium at Prüm, Germany. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Prüm (ˈpʁʏm is a medium sized city in the Westeifel ( Rhineland-Palatinate) Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This agreement, based on the principle of availability which began to be discussed after the Madrid bomb attack on 11 March 2004, could enable them to exchange all data regarding DNA and fingerprint data of concerned persons and to cooperate against terrorism. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all or any part of the finger Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Furthermore, it contains provisions for the deployment of armed sky marshals on intra-Schengen flights, joint police patrols, entry of (armed) police forces into the territory of another state for the prevention of immediate danger, cooperation in case of mass events or disasters. A sky marshal (also known as air marshal or flight marshal) is an undercover law enforcement or security officer on board a commercial Aircraft to Furthermore, the police officer responsible for an operation in a state may, in principle, decide inhowfar the police forces of the other states which take part in the operation may use their weapons or exercise other police powers. Sometimes known as the Prüm Convention, this treaty is becoming known as the Schengen III Agreement. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls It was adopted into EU regulation for Schengen states in June 2007, as far as its provisions fall under the third pillar of the EU. A regulation is a Legislative act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJC formally Justice and Home Affairs (JHA is the third of the three pillars of the European Union The Treaty of Maastricht, which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas called pillars. [61] With respect to subject matters which are to be regulated within the first pillar of the EU, the implementation would require an initiative from the European Commission, which enjoys the monopoly on legislative initiative in that pillar. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The Treaty of Maastricht, which established the European Union, divided EU policies into three main areas called pillars. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. Legislative initiative is the Constitutionally defined power to propose law proposals ( bills. The Commission has not made use of its right to initiative with regard to such content of the Prüm Convention.
Judicial cooperation
Direct Legal Assistance
The Schengen states are obliged to grant each other legal assistance in criminal justice with respect to all types of offences and misdemeanors (Article 49 of the Schengen II Convention), this including tax and other fiscal offences (Article 50 of the Schengen II Convention), except for certain small crimes, as defined in Article 50 of the Schengen II Convention. All Schengen states may serve court documents by mail to another Schengen State, but must attach a translation, if there is reason to believe that the addressee would not understand the original language of the document served (Article 52 of the Schengen II Convention). Requests for legal assistance may be exchanged directly between the judicial authorities of the Schengen states, without having to use diplomatic channels (Article 53 of the Schengen II Convention).
In Articles 54 to 58 of the Schengen II Convention, detailed rules concerning the application of the principle that no person may be sentenced twice for the same criminal offence in the Schengen States are laid down. Articles 59 to 69 of the Schengen II Convention contain rules concerning extradition between Schengen States and the enforcement of prison sentences which were handed down in one state in a different state.
Controlled substances
In Articles 67 to 76 of the Schengen II Convention, rules are laid down with respect to the traffic of controlled substances. The Schengen states are obliged to prosecute illegal trade in narcotics. They have to provide for the forfeiture of profits which derive from illegal trade of controlled substances. The control of cross-border legal trade in such substances has to be exercised in the territory, not at the borders. Persons are permitted to transport controlled substances into the territory of other Schengen states if they carry proper official documentation of an according authorization from a Schengen state, e. g. a medical prescription for narcotics.
Weapons and ammunition
In Articles 77 to 91 of the Schengen II Convention, the control of weapons and ammunition are set out in detail. Regulations which weapons may only be possessed with a valid licence, and which weapons are free, are either contained in the convention itself or may be subject to further legislation on EU (Schengen) level. Accordingly, the Schengen rules also harmonize the prerequisites for granting permits to produce, purchase, and trade in weapons and ammunition. The according Schengen rules are supplemented by the Council Directive 91/477/EEC of 18 June 1991 on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons,[62] which introduced a European Firearms Pass which entitles the holder to carry a firearm into the territory of other Member States.
Status of membership and implementation
As of 21 December 2007, 24 states and Monaco (treated as part of France) had abolished border controls on persons among themselves, an increase from 15 on 20 December 2007. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. The nine new countries which entered the Schengen travel area in 2007 were: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west [63] Any non-Schengen traveller having a valid Schengen visa has been allowed to travel throughout these 25 countries from their accession. These states all entered the EU three years previously. They were required to upgrade their border checks with non-Schengen states before border controls would be dropped with them. Cyprus, which entered the EU alongside these other states, did not meet the criteria and thus has requested a delay for a year, while Romania and Bulgaria, who only joined the EU in 2007, are still bringing their border controls up to the required standard.
Prior to the 2007 expansion, the existing fifteen Schengen states were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. All but Iceland and Norway are EU members while the United Kingdom and Ireland have opted out from the core Schengen provisions, preferring to keep control over cross-border flows as a matter of joint responsibility. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone that comprises the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey (See the section on the Status of the United Kingdom and Ireland. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls )
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small}
a States outside the EU that are associated with the Schengen activities of the EU,[64] and where the Schengen rules apply. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom
b For overland borders and seaports; since 30 March 2008 also for airports. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land [65]
c East Germany became part of West Germany, joining Schengen, on 3 October 1990. Prior to this it remained outside the agreement.
d Greenland and the Faroe Islands are indirectly included.
e Despite some media reports, Heligoland is not outside Schengen; it is only outside the European Union Value Added Tax Area. The European Union Value Added Tax Area is an area consisting of all the European Union member states and certain non-member states which follow the Value added tax
f Mount Athos, an important Orthodox religious site and autonomous region of Greece, has a special exemption from Schengen allowing women to be barred from entry; this is in line with ancient tradition. Mount Athos (Όρος Άθως is a mountain on the Peninsula of the same name in Macedonia, of northern Greece, called in Greek Άγιον Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία See article The EU respects the 1,000-year old Mount Athos' prohibition of women visitors. greekembassy. org. Hellenic Republic, Embassy of Greece, Washington DC (2001-07-13). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus ; see also Monks see Schengen as Devil's work. BBC News (1997-10-26). Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
g Livigno maintains customs checks and random passport control. Livigno (Livigno Livign is a town in the Alps It belongs to the Province of Sondrio, in the region of Lombardy, Italy.
h However, Jan Mayen is in Schengen. Jan Mayen Island is a 55 km (34 miles long (southwest-northeast and 373 km² (144 mi²) in area Arctic Volcanic island in the
| Defacto members (open border) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flag | State | Since | Notes | ||
 |
Monaco | 1995-03-26 | Schengen laws are administered as if Monaco were a part of France, with French authorities carrying out checks at Monaco's sea port. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. | ||
 |
San Marino | 1997-10-26 | Although not formally part of the Schengen area, has an open border with Italy (although some random checks are made by Carabinieri, Polizia di San Marino and Guardia di Finanza). The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death | ||
 |
Vatican City | 1997-10-26 | Has an open border with Italy and has shown an interest in joining the agreement formally for closer cooperation in information sharing and similar activities covered by the Schengen Information System. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death The Schengen Information System, also called “ SIS ” is a secure Governmental database system used by several European countries for the purpose of maintaining [66] | ||
Enlargement
| Prospective date | State |
|---|---|
| 5 December 2008/29 March 2009 (proposed)[67] |  Switzerland and  Liechtenstein |
| 2009 (estimated) |  Cyprus[68] |
| March 2011 (estimated)[69] |  Bulgaria[70] and  Romania[71] |
The Schengen I agreement was originally signed on 14 June 1985, by five European Community states: France, West Germany and the Benelux countries of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands [72] The Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement, signed on 19 June 1990, put the agreement into practice. The signing of each of those agreements took place near the small town of Schengen in Luxembourg, where the borders of Luxembourg, France, and Germany meet. This article deals with the village of Schengen in Luxembourg The second agreement had been signed aboard the ship Princesse Marie-Astrid on the Moselle River, near Schengen. The Moselle (Moselle Mosel Musel is a River flowing through France, Luxembourg and Germany. The place of signing gave the treaties their names. [73] However, it took until 26 March 1995 for the agreement to be implemented, by then Portugal and Spain had also signed. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy and Greece had signed but they did not implement until 1997 and 2000 respectively.
Like these states, all others had delays in their implementation. Austria signed in 1995 and implemented two years later and the Nordic states signed in 1996 and implemented in 2001. The Nordic countries had a previous passport free zone separate from the Community, which is why non-EU members Norway and Iceland are party to Schengen – as well as the undesirable cost of heavy policing on the long border which Norway shares with the EU states Sweden and Finland. Before fully implementing the Schengen laws, each new state will need to have its preparedness assessed in four areas: air borders, visas, police cooperation, and personal data protection. A visa (short for the Latin carta visa, lit "a document that has been seen" is a document issued by a Country giving an individual This evaluation process involves a questionnaire and visits of EU experts to selected institutions and workplaces of the country under assessment. The Council of the European Union has reviewed the results between April and September of 2007. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU [74]
On 2008-05-30, the European Union issued a list of requirements for allowing visa-free travel into Schengen for citizens of Montenegro. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The nation hopes for this to be allowed by the end of 2009. This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. [75]
Notable non-members
Andorra
Andorra is not integrated into the Schengen area, and border controls remain between it and both France and Spain. Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Citizens of EU countries require their national identity card to enter Andorra, while anyone else requires a passport or equivalent. [76]Those travellers who need a visa to enter the Schengen area need a multiple-entry visa to visit Andorra, because entering Andorra means leaving the Schengen area. [77]
Status of the United Kingdom and Ireland
The United Kingdom and Ireland are the only two EU members prior to the 2004 enlargement that did not sign the 1990 Schengen Convention (Schengen II) and which reserved themselves an opt-out in the Treaty of Amsterdam: Although that treaty transferred the existing Schengen rules into the law of the European Union, which is also applicable in the United Kingdom and in Ireland, not all provisions which were made under the Schengen treaties became applicable in the UK and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. In general the Law of the European Union is valid in all of the twenty-seven European Union member states. The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty Furthermore, the new EU competence to pass new laws in the areas which were governed by the Schengen rules did not automatically extend to the UK and Ireland. However, the United Kingdom and Ireland may apply for an opt-in to partial or complete application of the Schengen laws.
The UK and Ireland maintain a Common Travel Area with no border controls; thus Ireland is unable to join Schengen without dissolving this agreement with the UK, and incurring controls at its border with Northern Ireland. The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone that comprises the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The UK remains reluctant to surrender its own border control system. In 1999, the UK made use of the possibility to opt in, and asked to participate in a number of provisions of the Schengen acquis, and this was granted by the EU Council on 29 May 2000, having effect on 2 June 2000, also in Gibraltar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar [78] Following that, Ireland made a similar request, which was granted by the EU Council on 28 February 2002, effective 1 April 2002. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. [79] Therefore, the part of the Schengen rules which cover police and judicial co-operation do apply in both the United Kingdom and Ireland, but not the regulations covering visas and border controls. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world
The reluctance of the UK government to join the agreement has been criticised by the House of Lords[80], which accused the government of hampering the fight against cross-border crime due to the inability of the UK to access the Schengen Information System, which contains data on potentially problematic persons, for immigration control purposes. The Schengen Information System, also called “ SIS ” is a secure Governmental database system used by several European countries for the purpose of maintaining [81]
In October 2007, the UK Government announced plans to introduce an electronic border control system by 2009 and this led to speculation that the Common Travel Area would end. The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone that comprises the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey [82] However, in response to a question on the issue, the Irish Taoiseach stated "On the question of whether this is the end of the common travel area and should we join Schengen, the answer is 'No'. The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the "[83]
Mutuality of visa requirements
It is a political goal of the European Union to achieve freedom from visa requirements for citizens of the European Union at least in such countries the citizens of which may enter the Schengen area without visa. Citizenship of the European Union was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992 To this end, the European Commission negotiates with third-countries, the citizens of which do not require visas to enter the Schengen area for short-term stays, about the abolishment of visa requirements which exist for at least some EU member states. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The European Commission involves the members state concerned into the negotiations, and has to frequently report on the mutuality situation to the European Parliament and the Council. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU [84] The Commission may recommend the temporary restoration of the visa requirement for nationals of the third country in question.
The European Commission has dealt with the question of mutuality of the abolishment of visa requirements towards third countries on the highest political level. With regard to Mexico and New Zealand, it already has achieved complete mutuality. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island With respect to Canada, the Commission has achieved visa-free status for all members but Romania and Bulgaria; with respect to the U.S. it suggests to examine the effects of new legislation enacted there, but reserves itself “the right to propose retaliatory measures”. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [85]
On the other hands, there are countries which do not require a visa for citizens of EU countries, but whose citizens need a visa to the Schengen countries. Examples are Serbia, Thailand, and Ukraine.
Statistics
According to information of the European Commission, which is partly based on partly estimated figures received from the Member States, and which was published in connection with the Commission's plans to introduce a biometric entry and exit registration system in the Schengen zone,[86]
- there are 1,792 designated and controlled border crossing points at the external EU border; of them, 665 are located at air borders, 871 at sea borders, and 246 at land borders;
- 880 million persons crossed the external borders of the EU27 in 2005, and 878 million persons did so in 2006; based on the tourism statistics of overnight stays, the statistics lead to a figure of 300 million external border crossings per annum;
- more than 300,000 persons were refused entry at external EU borders in the year 2006, compared to 280,000 in 2005 and 397,000 in 2004; in most cases, refusal was based on insufficient travel documents or the suspicion of intended illegal immigration;
- up to 8 million illegal immigrants stayed within the EU in 2006, an estimated 80% of them within the Schengen area;
- in 2006, 500,000 illegal immigrants were apprehended in the EU, compared to 429,000 in 2005 and 396,000 in 2004, and 75% of the illegal immigrants that were detected on the territory of Member States in the year 2006 were nationals which require a visa to the EU.
According to information of the SaarLorLux Regional Commission, about 167,000 workers commute daily in the Greater Luxembourg Region, crossing an internal Schengen border to get to their workplace. The member regions Shared history The region of SaarLorLux was settled by the Celtic tribes of the Treveri and Mediomatrici. [87] Cross-border commuting in that region makes out 40% of the overall cross-border commuting in the EU15. [88]
History
Pre-Schengen free-travel zones in Europe
Before World War I, one could travel from Paris to Saint Petersburg without a passport. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River [89] This freedom of movement ended with the war, but several local free-travel zones were later established.
Following Irish independence from the United Kingdom in 1922, no laws were passed requiring a passport for travelling across the newly created international border. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The free-travel zone comprising the two countries (the Common Travel Area or CTA) was not codified, or indeed given an official name, until 1997, and then only at the EU level to distinguish it from the Schengen Treaty. The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone that comprises the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in See Common Travel Area for further details. The Common Travel Area is a passport-free zone that comprises the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey
In 1944, the governments-in-exile of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (Benelux) signed an agreement to eliminate border controls between themselves; this agreement was put into force in 1948. The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe that includes three neighboring monarchies, '''Be'''lgium, the '''Ne'''therlands, and
Similarly, the Nordic Passport Union was created in 1952 to permit free travel amongst the Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and some of their associated territories. The Nordic Passport Union, created in 1954, and implemented on May 1, 1958, allows Citizens of the Nordic countries ( Denmark The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
The Schengen Agreement
The Schengen Agreement was originally created independently of the European Union, in part due to the lack of consensus amongst EU members, and in part because those ready to implement the idea did not wish to wait for others to be ready to join. Especially United Kingdom and Denmark could not join the union (Denmark joined later when Norway and other Nordic countries were allowed).
The Schengen Agreement was signed in Schengen, Luxembourg, on June 15, 1985, by the five countries Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. This article deals with the village of Schengen in Luxembourg Since Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg already had passport-free travel, the border tripoint Luxembourg-Germany-France was considered a suitable place. For other meanings see Tripoint (disambiguation. Tripoint (also known as tri-border area) is a geographical point at The exact place of signing was onboard the boat Princesse Marie-Astrid on the Moselle River, near Schengen. The Moselle (Moselle Mosel Musel is a River flowing through France, Luxembourg and Germany.
The Convention Implementing the Schengen Agreement, signed on 19 June 1990 on the same place by the five countries, put the agreement into practice.
Inclusion of the Schengen Laws into the European Union
All states which belong to the Schengen area are European Union members, except Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, which are members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The European Free Trade Association ( EFTA) is a European Trade bloc which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either Two EU members (the United Kingdom and Ireland) have opted not to fully participate in the Schengen system (their reasons are outlined above). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The term Schengen Agreement is used for two agreements concluded among European states in 1985 and 1990 which deal with the abolition of systematic Border controls The main reason that the non-EU states of Iceland and Norway joined was to preserve the Nordic Passport Union (see section Pre-Schengen free-travel zones in Europe). The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The Nordic Passport Union, created in 1954, and implemented on May 1, 1958, allows Citizens of the Nordic countries ( Denmark
However, the Treaty of Amsterdam incorporated the legal framework brought about meanwhile, the so-called Schengen-Acquis,[90]by the agreement into the European Union framework, effectively making the agreement part of the EU and its modes of legislature. The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Amongst other things, at first the Council of the European Union, later the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in the codecision procedure, took the place of the Executive Committee which had been created under the agreement,[91] leading to the result that legal acts setting out the conditions for entry into the Schengen Area can now be enacted by majority vote in the legislative bodies of the European Union. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU The codecision procedure is the main legislative procedure by which law can be adopted in the European Community, the first of the Three pillars of the European The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This also concerns the original Schengen Agreement itself, which may be altered or repealed by means of European Union legislation, without such amendments having to be ratified by the signatory states. [92] Thus, the Schengen States which are not EU members have few options to participate in shaping the evolution of the Schengen rules; their options are effectively reduced to agreeing with whatever is presented before them, or withdrawing from the agreement. Future applicants to the European Union must fulfil the agreement criteria regarding their external border policies in order to be accepted into the EU. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
See also
- European Commission
- Maastricht Treaty
- Kaliningrad Oblast an exclave of Russia surrounded by Lithuania and Poland
References and notes
- ^ a b The Schengen Acquis had been legally defined by the Council Decision of 20 May 1999 concerning the definition of the Schengen acquis for the purpose of determining, in conformity with the relevant provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Treaty on European Union, the legal basis for each of the provisions or decisions which constitute the acquis (1999/435/EC). The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final Kaliningrad Oblast (Калинингра́дская о́бласть Kaliningradskaya oblast; informally called Yantarny kray (ru Янта́рный край meaning Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
- ^ At the Schengen I signing ceremony, the "Belgian secretary of state for European affairs said that the agreement’s ultimate goal was "to abolish completely the physical borders between our countries," while Luxembourg’s minister of foreign affairs called it "a major step forward on the road toward European unity," directly benefiting signatory state citizens and "moving them a step closer to what is sometimes referred to as 'European citizenship'. " cited on p. 48 of Willem Maas, Creating European Citizens, Rowman & Littlefield 2007 ISBN 978-0-7425-5486-3.
- ^ "Schengen area" is the common name for states that have implemented the agreement.
- ^ The Treaty of Amsterdam
- ^ Consolidated versions of the TEU and the TEC
- ^ Treaty of Lisbon, article 2, points 63-68
- ^ Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders.
- ^ Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders.
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code).
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement, original text; this regulation had been amended several times; thus, the lists mentioned in the document linked to is not current.
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 693/2003 of 14 April 2003 establishing a specific Facilitated Transit Document (FTD), a Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD) and amending the Common Consular Instructions and the Common Manual.
- ^ Common Consular Instructions on Visas for the Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 1683/95 of 29 May 1995 laying down a uniform format for visas.
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II).
- ^ Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national
- ^ Commission Regulation (EC) No 1560/2003 of 2 September 2003 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 343/2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national.
- ^ Article 22 of the Schengen Borders Code.
- ^ Article 21 (b) of the Schengen Borders Code.
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2008-01-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign .
- ^ Article 7 (b) and (c) of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2008-01-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign .
- ^ Article 7 subsec. 2 of the Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the ; with respect to identification by identity cards cf. Article 5 subsec. 1 of the Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States (English) (2004-04-40). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Article 7 subsection 3 vi of the Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Article 7 subsection 2 subparagraph 3 of the Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Details are set out in Annex VI to the Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ One camera at every 186 metres of the border: Stories from Schengen: Smuggling cigarettes in Schengen Slovakia (English) (2008-01-09). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. .
- ^ Article 26 sec. 1 lit. b of the Schengen II Agreement.
- ^ Article 5 of the Schengen Borders Code - Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Cf. Article 6 of Consolidated verion of the Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (English) (2007-01-19). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
- ^ Article 19 of the Schengen II Agreement for third-country nationals requiring a visa; Article 20 of the Schengen II Agreement for third-country nationals who do not require such visa.
- ^ Article 21 of the Schengen II Agreement.
- ^ Consolidated verion of the Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (English) (2007-01-19). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Cf. 17.html Section 17 of the German Aufenthaltsverordnung (German) (2004-11-25). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Retrieved on 2007-11-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events in conjunction with 16.html Section 16 of the German Beschäftigungsverordnung (German) (2004-11-22). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Retrieved on 2007-11-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events .
- ^ This is set out in detail in the Common Consular Instructions:Consolidated verion of the Common Consular Instructions on Visas for the Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts (English) (2003-05-01). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Consolidated verion of the Council Regulation (EC) No 415/2003 of 27 February 2003 on the issue of visas at the border, including the issue of such visas to seamen in transit (English) (2003-03-07). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Article 12 sec. 2 sentence 1 of the Schengen II Agreement.
- ^ Article 12 sec. 2 sentence 2 of the Schengen II Agreement.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Embassy of Denmark, New Delhi. Visa requirements for Indians travelling to Denmark.
- ^ Article 21 of the Schengen Agreement.
- ^ Council Directive 2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents (English) (2004-01-23). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
- ^ Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 laying down rules on local border traffic at the external land borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Schengen Convention (English) (2006-12-30). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Retrieved on 2008-03-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good
- ^ See Schengen and Slovenia / Third-country nationals at Republic of Slovenia: Ministry of the Interior: FAQ about Schengen (English). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Retrieved on 2008-03-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good .
- ^ Commission launches dialogue with Albania on visa free travel (English) (2008-04-05). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Retrieved on 2008-03-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of
- ^ Commission launches dialogue with Montenegro on visa free travel (English) (2008-04-05). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Retrieved on 2008-02-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ Commission launches dialogue with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on visa free travel (English) (2008-02-20). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Retrieved on 2008-05-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
- ^ EC: Visa abolition possible by 2009 (English) (2008-04-05). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Retrieved on 2008-05-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
- ^ Article 45 of the Schengen II Convention.
- ^ Article 120 of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders.
- ^ Cf. the excemption of the application of Articles 2 (4) and 120 to 125 according to Annex A of the Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis - Final Act.
- ^ Article 21 of the Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled .
- ^ Article 2 No. 10 of the Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2008-01-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign .
- ^ Information of the airport company of Reykjavik/Iceland: Passport Control & Schengen, section Schengen does not change customs control procedures in the Schengen territory: “Travellers to this country from a European country within the Schengen territory are […] subject to the same regulations as before concerning routine customs inspection in Leifur Eiriksson Terminal or at a harbour in this country. ”
- ^ Cf. Article 21 of the Schengen Borders Code, which allows for such checks “insofar as the exercise of those powers does not have an effect equivalent to border checks”, as further defined in that Article.
- ^ Schengener Informationssystem: Bundesrat legt weiteres Vorgehen fest (German). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. admin. ch (2007-05-16). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1204 - Baldwin IX Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus .
- ^ In particular, the application of Articles 2 (4) and 120 to 125 of the Schengen II Convention is exempted from application in Switzerland according to Annex A Part 1 of the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis (English). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States consilium. europa. eu (2004-10-25). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor .
- ^ Schengen-Abkommen: Auswirkungen auf die Kontrollen an der Schweizer Grenze (German). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. admin. ch. Swiss Federal Department of Finance (2004-06-21). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor .
- ^ Portal des Fürstentums Liechtenstein - - Medien / Presse - Pressemeldungen
- ^ Portal des Fürstentums Liechtenstein - - Medien / Presse - Pressemeldungen
- ^ Schweiz soll ab 1. November 2008 bei Schengen dabei sein (German). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. NZZ. ch (2007-09-19). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Example: Press releases concerning police coopration in the German-Polish border region - Innenminister Schönbohm: Schengen-Erweiterung ein „historisches Glück“ (German) (2007-11-22). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
- ^ Cf. Article 24 of the Prüm Agreement (Schengen III Agreement) (German). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. , and sec. 64 (4) of the German Federal Police Act.
- ^ Controversial data-sharing deal to get the go-ahead. euobserver. com.
- ^ Council Directive 91/477/EEC of 18 June 1991 on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons (English) (1991-09-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. ; CORRIGENDUM to Council Directive 91/477/EEC of 18 June 1991 on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons (English) (1993-03-05). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted
- ^ Council Decision of 6 December 2007 on the full application of the provisions of the Schengen acquis in the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic
- ^ This terminology is, e. g. , used in the Agreement concluded by the Council of the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis - Final Act (Official Journal EC 1999 No. L 176, p. 36). EU Publications Office. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. .
- ^ The final step of Schengen enlargement – controls at internal air borders to be abolished in late March. Slovenia's EU Presidency (2008-03-25). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Retrieved on 2008-03-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6.
- ^ Vatican seeks to join Schengen borderless zone. euobserver. com.
- ^ Schengen-System gestaffelt einführen
- ^ Με το ένα πόδι εκτός Ε.Ε.. Makarios (2006-12-14). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Retrieved on 2007-12-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies
- ^ Romania and Bulgaria prepare to join Schengen List (SETimes.com)
- ^ Yoncheva, Olga (2007-07-19). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Bulgaria Ready to Join Schengen till 2011. News. bg. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Romania tries to join Schengen area by 2011. People's Daily Online. Xinhua (2007-06-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ "Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders" (2000-09-22) L 239: 0013-0018. EUR-Lex.
- ^ Schengen agreement and the Schengen area
- ^ Slovenia to Face Schengen Scrutiny This Year. Slovenia Business Week. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Montenegro receives EU road map for visa-free travel
- ^ Govern d'Andorra Ministeri de Turisme i Medi Ambient. Customs and franchises. Retrieved on 2007-12-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian
- ^ Govern d'Andorra Ministeri de Turisme i Medi Ambient. Frequently asked questions. Retrieved on 2007-12-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian
- ^ 2000/365/EC: Council Decision of 29 May 2000 concerning the request of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis
- ^ 2002/192/EC: Council Decision of 28 February 2002 concerning Ireland's request to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis
- ^ Schengen Information System II (SIS II)-House of Lords European Union Committee 9th Report of Session 2007-07
- ^ Government's reluctance to join Schengen Information System weakens battle against cross border crime. House of Lords (2007-03-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Collins, Stephen (2007-10-24). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Irish will need passports to visit Britain from 2009. ireland. com. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a
- ^ "Parliamentary Debates (Official Report - Unrevised) Dáil Éireann" (2007-10-24). Dáil Debate 640 (2). Leinster House, Dublin 2, Ireland: Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas.
- ^ The details of the procedure are set out in Article 1 sec. 4 and 5 of the Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 (consolidated version).
- ^ Cf. Commission of the European Communities: Third report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on certain third countries' maintenance of visa requirements in breach of the principle of reciprocity, doc. COM(2007) 533 final dated 2007-09-13; cf. p. 10: Involvement of the Canadian Prime Minister; p. 10 to 11: Involvement of the Secretary of the U. S. Department of Homeland Security, and of the President of the United States; p. 11 to 12: Conclusions.
- ^ Press release: New tools for an integrated European Border Management Strategy (English) (2008-02-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Retrieved on 2008-03-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian
- ^ Section Grenzgängerbeschäftigung — Das Anwachsen der Grenzgängerströme hält in der Großregion unvermindert an on Government of Luxembourg in the name of the Greater Region of Luxembourg (2008-02-27). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Die Grossregion: Arbeitsmarkt (German). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
- ^ Section Grenzgängerbeschäftigung on Government of Luxembourg in the name of the Greater Region of Luxembourg (2008-02-27). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Die Grossregion: Arbeitsmarkt (German). The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.
- ^ Hawley, Charles. "Hot topic in Germany: aggression in World War I", The Christian Science Monitor, 2004-08-02. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Retrieved on 2007-12-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city
- ^ The complete acquis had been published here: Official Journal of the European Communities - The Schengen Acquis (English) (2000-09-22). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Council Decision of 22 December 2004 providing for certain areas covered by Title IV of Part Three of the Treaty establishing the European Community to be governed by the procedure laid down in Article 251 of that Treaty (English) (2004-12-31). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
- ^ Example: By article 39 subsection 1 of the Schengen Borders Code, Articles 2 to 8 of the Schengen Agreement had been repealed - Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code) (English) (2006-04-13). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the .
External links
- Schengen — eurotopics
- The Schengen area — European NAvigator
- The Schengen Acquis — EUR-Lex
- Abolition of internal borders and creation of a single EU external frontier European Commission
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