Scania (Skåne) The provinces of Sweden with Scania highlighted Land Götaland Main corresponding county Skåne County Indigenous dialect(s) Scanian Area 10,939 km² Flower Oxeye daisy Animal Red deer

Scania (Skåne (help·info) in Swedish)^[2] is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province (landskap) in the Kingdom of Sweden, before 1658 a province in the Kingdom of Denmark and part of the historical lands of Denmark. Region Skåne County Skåne County Swedish ( is a North Germanic language spoken by more than nine million people predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the The Scandinavian Peninsula is a geographic region in northern Europe, consisting principally of the Mainland territories of Norway and Sweden The provinces of Sweden, Landskap, are historical geographical and cultural regions "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The three lands of Denmark historically formed the Danish kingdom from its unification and consolidation in the 9th century: Scania ( To the north, it borders the provinces Halland, Småland and Blekinge, to the east and south the Baltic Sea, and to the west the Oresund strait. is one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish on the western coast of Sweden. is a historical province ( landskap) in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne Halland, is a one of the Provinces of Sweden ( landskap) situated in the south of the country The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Øresund or The Sound (Øresund Öresund is the Strait that separates the Danish island Zealand (Danish Sjælland) from the It is part of the transnational Oresund Region and the historical region Skåneland (Terra Scaniae or "Scania land"). The Oresund Region (Øresundsregionen Swedish: Öresundsregionen) is a transnational region in southern Scandinavia This region should not be confused with Skånland in Norway Official status When Skåneland was an official entity in its original Danish Around 130 km long from north to south, Scania covers less than 3% of Sweden's total area. The population of 1,184,500 (2006) represents 13% of Sweden's total population.

Scania's historical connection to Denmark, the vast fertile plains, the deciduous forests and the relatively mild climate make the province culturally and physically distinct from the emblematic Swedish cultural landscape of forests and small hamlets. In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including This article is about symbols of nations Many countries it can be used for is Chantal Cultural Landscapes have been defined by the World Heritage Committee as distinct geographical areas or properties uniquely " A hamlet is (usually&mdashsee below a Rural community — that is a small settlement — which is too small to be considered a Village. ^[3]

Contents 1 Administration 1.1 Modern regional and administrative bodies 2 Heraldry 3 Etymology 4 History 4.1 1658-1680 4.2 1680-1690 4.3 After 1690 5 Regional politics 5.1 Decentralization 6 Geography and environmental factors 6.1 Cities 6.2 Hundreds 7 Transport 8 Culture 8.1 Architecture 8.2 Language, literature and art 9 Dukes 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Official links 13.2 Organisations

Administration

Like the other provinces of Sweden, the province of Scania serves no administrative or political purposes, but is an exclusively historical and cultural entity. The provinces of Sweden, Landskap, are historical geographical and cultural regions ^[4]

An earlier administrative and political function of the province was to serve as a core area for one of the three provincial things that together elected the king of Denmark. See also Medieval Scandinavian laws A thing or ting ( Old Norse, Old English and Icelandic: þing; other modern This is a list of Danish Monarchs, that is the Kings and Queens regnant of Denmark. The first Danish administrative sub-divisioning of Scania occurred as part of the centralization process, when the province became divided into administrative units called hundreds (herreder in Danish). The hundreds were possibly based on older, already existing units,^[5] but the establishment of the new form of hundreds was prompted by an increase in royal power during the High Middle Ages. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 These differed from the provincial thing areas in that they were not local communities joined under a governing assembly but top-down regional divisions established to ensure royal authority. These medieval Danish hundreds were used to implement military obligations and to expedite the collection of renders due to the king in the provinces. They were first established in Jutland, were they replaced previous administrative units called syssel. This article is about the region of Denmark. For the World War I naval battle see Battle of Jutland. According to some scholars, they were introduced in Scania possible as early as the 11th century. ^[6]

In the 13th century, a new fiscal system was introduced and the hundreds were gradually included into larger administrative units called len, with a castle serving as the administrative center. This new administrative development was a result of the increased power of the aristocracy. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations In each len, a noble man was put in charge, with the title lensmand. ^[7]

Under Swedish administration, several different administrative divisions have been in effect in the province. For most of the period between 1658 and 1719, Scania was part of a dominion called Skånska Generalguvernementet in Swedish. The Dominions of Sweden or Svenska besittningar were territories that historically came under control of the Swedish Crown, but never became fully integrated During the era of the dominion, Scania was subdivided into several different versions of early counties, which were subordinated a General-Governor for most of the period. A Governor-General, or generalguvernör, was appointed by the Swedish monarch as his permanent representative with both civil and military jurisdiction over parts In 1719, the Scanian dominion was suspended and the province was divided into two administrative counties, Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County, which had the same function and organization as other Swedish counties. Kristianstad County ( Kristianstads län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Malmöhus County to form Skåne Malmöhus County ( Malmöhus län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Kristianstad County to form Skåne With the exception of a short period 1801-1809 when the dominion was reintroduced, this county division was in effect until 1997, at which point a larger administrative unit, Skåne County, was created. Skåne County ( Skåne län) is the southernmost county or Län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the historical province The new county covers all of the province, with the addition of a small parish in Båstad Municipality, Östra Karup (43. A parish is a Local church; it is an administrative unit typically found in episcopal or presbyterian churches Båstad Municipality ( Båstads kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. 57 km² and 2,000 inhabitants), which is part of the adjacent province Halland. is one of the traditional Provinces of Sweden ( landskap in Swedish on the western coast of Sweden.

Modern regional and administrative bodies

Further information: Skåne County, Region Skåne, and Municipalities of Sweden

The present Skåne County Administrative Board, is a government agency, and the Skåne Governor's seat of residence is the town of Malmö. Skåne County ( Skåne län) is the southernmost county or Län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the historical province Region Skåne County Skåne County The Municipalities of Sweden ( kommun) are the Local government entities of Sweden. Skåne County ( Skåne län) is the southernmost county or Län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the historical province The Government agencies in Sweden are state controlled organizations who act independently to carry out the policies of the Swedish Government. This is a list of Governors for Skåne County in Sweden. The County was recreated in 1997 by a merger of Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County Within the county, there are currently 33 municipalities^[8] (kommuner in Swedish), the largest being Malmö Municipality (280,000 inhabitants), Helsingborg Municipality (124,000), Lund Municipality (103,000 inhabitants) and Kristianstad Municipality (75,000 inhabitants). The Municipalities of Sweden ( kommun) are the Local government entities of Sweden. Malmö Municipality (Malmö kommun is a municipality in Skåne County in Sweden. Helsingborg Municipality ( Helsingborgs kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in Sweden. Lund Municipality ( Lunds kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County, southern Sweden. Kristianstad Municipality ( Kristianstads kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southernmost Sweden. Of the total Scanian population, about 16 percent are foreign-born. ^[9] The municipalities have municipal governments, similar to city commissions, and are further divided into parishes. City Commission government is a form of Municipal government which was once common in the United States, but many cities which were formerly governed by commission The parishes of Scania, once a part of the core area for the ancient Archdiocese of Lund, were later units used by the Church of Denmark, and they are today used by the Church of Sweden, but they also serve as a divisioning measure for the Swedish population registration. 1219 religious leaders - Events of 1220 - 1221 religious leaders - Religious leaders by year See also List of state leaders in 1220 ---- The Danish National Church, Church of Denmark or Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark ( Danish: Den Danske Folkekirke or Folkekirken The Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan Ruoŧa girkui is the largest church in Sweden. Population registration in Sweden (folkbokföring is the Civil registration of vital events (e

In 1999, a region was implemented on a trial basis in Scania, with a regional council, Region Skåne, responsible for the overall political organization and the development of the region. Region Skåne County Skåne County The regional assembly is currently the highest political body in the region and its members are elected by the Scanians themselves^[10], as opposed to the county administrative council that guards the interest of the state in the region under the chairmanship of the county governor (landshövding in Swedish).

Heraldry

Further information: Swedish heraldry

The coat of arms for the province are based on the Danish era arms for the city of Malmö. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people The Malmö coat of arms were granted in 1437 during the Kalmar Union by Eric of Pomerania and contains a Pomeranian griffin. The Kalmar Union ( Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: Kalmarunionen) is a historiographical term meaning a series of Personal Eric of Pomerania or Erik of Pomerania (1381 or 1382 &ndash 3 May 1459) was King of Norway (1389–1442 elected King of The griffin is a Legendary creature with the body of a Lion and the head and often wings of an Eagle. The province coat of arms was created and granted for the funeral of Charles X Gustav of Sweden in 1660. Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav (8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660 was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death ^[11]. It is represented with a ducal coronet, and the formal description (blazon) is: "Or, a Griffin's head erased Gules, crowned Azure and armed Azure, when it should be armed. A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom A coronet is a small crown consisting of ornaments fixed on a metal ring In Heraldry and heraldic Vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of most often a Coat of arms or Flag, which enables a person to "

Coat of arms:

City of Malmö (1437)

Malmö Municipality (revised 1974)

Scania (1660, revised 1939)

Kristianstad County (revised 1939)

Malmöhus County (revised 1939)

Skåne County (1997)

The arms for the new county is based on the coat of arms for Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County, which in turn were based on the province arms. Malmö Municipality (Malmö kommun is a municipality in Skåne County in Sweden. Kristianstad County ( Kristianstads län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Malmöhus County to form Skåne Malmöhus County ( Malmöhus län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Kristianstad County to form Skåne Skåne County ( Skåne län) is the southernmost county or Län, of Sweden, basically corresponding to the historical province Kristianstad County ( Kristianstads län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Malmöhus County to form Skåne Malmöhus County ( Malmöhus län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Kristianstad County to form Skåne The Skåne County coat of arms have the red and yellow colors of the province arms reversed and a crown, beak and tongue in yellow instead of blue. When the county arms is shown with a Swedish royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of (royal) government authority. The griffin's head of the provincial coat of arms is also the region's arms, but with a different tinctures. In Heraldry, tinctures are the colours used to Emblazon a Coat of arms. ^[12] The 33 municipalities within the county also have coat of arms. The Municipalities of Sweden ( kommun) are the Local government entities of Sweden.

Etymology

The names Scania and Scandinavia are considered to have the same etymology. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well ^{[13][14][15][16]} The name is possibly derived from the Germanic root *Skaðin-awjo, which appears in Old Norse as Skáney. Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age ^[17] According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as *Skaðan- meaning "danger" or "damage" (English scathing, German Schaden). ^[18] Skanör in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (skan) combined with -ör, which means "sandbanks". Skanör med Falsterbo is a city in Vellinge Municipality, Skåne County in southernmost Sweden.

In the Alfredian translation of Orosius and Wulfstan's travel accounts, the Old English form Sconeg appears. Alfred the Great (also Ælfred from the Old English Ælfrēd ˈælfreːd (c Paulus Orosius (b circa 375 d 418? was a Christian Historian, theologian and disciple of St Wulfstan of Hedeby (Latin Haithabu) was a late 9th century traveller and trader ^[19][20] Frankish sources mention a place called Sconaowe; Aethelweard, an Anglo-Saxon historian, wrote about Scani;^[21] and in Beowulf's fictional account, the names Scedenige and Scedeland appear as names for what appears to be a Danish land. Æthelweard (also spelled Ethelward) Anglo-Saxon Historian, was the great-great-grandson of Æthelred of Wessex (who was the brother of Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between ^[19]

History

Main articles: History of Scania and Skåneland

Historically the province of Scania was a part of the Eastern Province of Denmark, referred to as Terra Scania in medieval texts, as Skåneland or "Skånelandskapen" in later Swedish texts^[22] and as Skånelandene in Danish. The province of Scania, was once a part of Denmark together with Jutland and Zealand. This region should not be confused with Skånland in Norway Official status When Skåneland was an official entity in its original Danish This region should not be confused with Skånland in Norway Official status When Skåneland was an official entity in its original Danish ^[23]). Together with Jutland and Zealand, the other two Lands of Denmark, this land formed a Danish state in the 9th century. This article is about the region of Denmark. For the World War I naval battle see Battle of Jutland. Zealand (also Sealand Danish: Sjælland;) is the largest Island (7031 km² of Denmark (excluding Greenland The three lands of Denmark historically formed the Danish kingdom from its unification and consolidation in the 9th century: Scania ( Common for the provinces of Skåneland were the Scanian Law and the Scanian Thing (assembly). See also Medieval Scandinavian laws Scanian law ( Danish: Skånske Lov, Swedish: Skånelagen) is the oldest Danish See also Medieval Scandinavian laws A thing or ting ( Old Norse, Old English and Icelandic: þing; other modern

1658-1680

Following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Scania together with all Danish lands east of Oresund became a possession of the Swedish Crown. The Treaty of Roskilde was signed on February 26, 1658 in the Danish city of Roskilde. Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government As a dominion (generalguvernement in Swedish), like other conquered and unintegrated territories within the Dominions of Sweden, this region was ruled by a Governor-General, the highest representatives of the Swedish monarch. The Dominions of Sweden or Svenska besittningar were territories that historically came under control of the Swedish Crown, but never became fully integrated A Governor-General, or generalguvernör, was appointed by the Swedish monarch as his permanent representative with both civil and military jurisdiction over parts After a coup in Bornholm, during which the Swedish Commanding Officer Johan Printzensköld was killed, Bornholm was returned to Denmark following the Treaty of Copenhagenin 1660. Bornholm (b̥ʌnˈhʌlˀm or [bɔʀnˈhɔlˀm]) ( Old Norse: Burgundarholm ' is a Danish Island in the Baltic Sea located The Treaty of Copenhagen was signed on May 27, 1660, and marked the conclusion of the Thirty Years War or the Second Northern War between Sweden ^[24] Scania, together with Halland and Blekinge remained a dominion, ruled by ta common Governor-General, Gustaf Otto Stenbock. Count Gustaf Otto Stenbock (7 September 1614 – 24 September 1685 was a Swedish soldier and politician ^[25]

The Governor-General's seat of residence was in Malmö. Initially, he had four county governors under his command: one in Halland County, one in Kristianstad County (which included the province Blekinge), one in Helsingborg County and one in Landskrona County. In 1666, the University of Lund was established as a means of further integration of the newly acquired provinces. Lund University (Lunds universitet located in Lund in southernmost Sweden is one of Sweden 's most prestigious Universities and one of Scandinavia

The region's status as a dominion was suspended in 1669 but recreated in 1676 before the start of the Scanian War. Scanian War ( Danish: Skånske Krig Swedish: Skånska kriget) was a war fought between the union of Denmark-Norway and Sweden ^[26] During 1676-1679, Scania, with the exception of Malmö, was again under Danish administration, but the peace dictated by France on behalf of Sweden in the Treaty of Lund (1679) returned Scania to Swedish administration. ^[26] The 1676-1679 war between Denmark and Sweden over Scania was devastating for the people of Scania. It ended in a draw, after much destruction of property and suffering for the civilian population.

1680-1690

Section 9 of the Roskilde peace treaty had initially ensured cultural autonomy in Scania and in an additional agreement, signed at the Malmö Recess in 1662, Sweden guaranteed that the old laws and privileges of Scania would continue to apply in the region. The Malmö Recess agreement further ensured that Scanian noblemen, priests and peasants would be allowed to send representatives to the Swedish parliament. The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled ^[27]

However, in 1680 Sweden’s first era of absolute monarchy was ushered in as the Swedish king Charles XI managed to convince the Diet, (the Riksdag of the Estates, an early form of Swedish Parliament) to declare the king "a Christian ruler with absolute power to rule his kingdom at his discretion". Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything Charles XI (Karl XI 24 November 1655old style &ndash 5 April 1697old style was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death in an unruly period in In Politics, a diet is a formal Deliberative assembly. The term is derived from Medieval Latin dietas, and ultimately comes from The Riksdag of the Estates, or Ståndsriksdagen, was the name used for the Estates of the Swedish realm, or Rikets ständer, when they were assembled The Riksdag (officially Sveriges riksdag literally The National Diet of Sweden is the national legislative assembly of Sweden. ^[28] In 1682, the Diet downgraded the Council of State to a King's Council and gave the king unlimited powers to legislate without the need for confirmation from the Diet. Curia regis is a Latin term meaning "royal council" or " king's court. ^[28] A decision not to honor the agreement of the Malmö Recess soon followed and a tougher Swedification program was implemented in Scania, aiming to create uniformity within the Swedish kingdom. ^[29] Scania was allowed to retain its old laws and customs until 1683, at which point the Swedish administration persuaded the Scanian aristocracy to waive the Scanian laws and privileges in favor of the new Swedish law and church ordinance, as a condition for allowing Scanians to have representation in the Swedish parliament. ^[26]

An entire staff of Swedish politicians, artists, poets and scholars were engaged in creating an image of the king as an instrument of God and a personification of the apocalyptic "Lion of the North", a form of symbolic imagery first introduced for Gustav II Adolf. For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden The propaganda was not only aimed at convincing the Swedish population of the king's divinely ordained power, but was also part of a campaign to present Sweden to the world as an imperial power of considerable wealth and military glory. ^[30] The conquest and domination of Scania was an important theme in the art commissioned by the court to glorify the king. Many works of art from the era show Charles XI as a victorious warrior in Scania and on the central panel of Jacques Foucquet’s monumental ceiling painting in the Stockholm Royal Palace, Charles XI is depicted with "the goddess of Scania" at his feet. Jacques Foucquet (1685–1704 was a French artist primarily active in Sweden ^[31]

After 1690

Halland and Blekinge were successively removed from the Skåneland dominion and became fully integrated into the Swedish Kingdom, while the counties of Scania were joined into one county. Helsingborg (between 1912 and 1971 spelled Hälsingborg) is a city in Scania in the southernmost part of Sweden, which has a population Øresund or The Sound (Øresund Öresund is the Strait that separates the Danish island Zealand (Danish Sjælland) from the By 1693, only Scania County was left a dominion, with a special, not fully integrated, status. It retained its autonomy with a parliament known as the Lantdag.

Scania's status was changed on May 9, 1719, when it was divided into two counties, Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County, and became fully integrated, with two county governors and an administration identical to the other Swedish counties. Malmöhus County ( Malmöhus län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Kristianstad County to form Skåne Kristianstad County ( Kristianstads län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Malmöhus County to form Skåne However, the hostilities between Denmark and Sweden during the Napoleonic Wars caused Sweden to revert Scania's status again and a General-Governor was reintroduced. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Between 1801 and 1809, Johan Christopher Toll was appointed General-Governor of Scania, with the county governors of Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County answering to him. Count Johan Christopher Toll (1743 &ndash 1817 Swedish statesman and soldier was born at Mölleröd in Scania. ^[26] On January 1, 1997, the two Scanian counties were joined into the present Skåne County and in 1999, a regional pilot project was introduced.

Swedish — Danish rivalry

Scania's geographical location on the southern end of the Scandinavian peninsula has promoted strong political and economical ties with Denmark throughout the major portion of the provinces's history. The Scandinavian Peninsula is a geographic region in northern Europe, consisting principally of the Mainland territories of Norway and Sweden The strait separating the towns Helsingborg and Helsingør is only 4 km wide, while the forrested terrain to the north through Småland was hard to traverse and acted as a natural barrier before the establishment railways and other modern infrastructure. Helsingborg (between 1912 and 1971 spelled Hälsingborg) is a city in Scania in the southernmost part of Sweden, which has a population Elsinore redirects here For other places and things named Elsinore see Elsinore (disambiguation. is a historical province ( landskap) in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne Halland, Infrastructure typically refers to the technical structures that support a society such as Roads Water supply, Wastewater, Power grids Since the end of the Kalmar Union, Scania has been the focal point of conflict and rivalry between Denmark and Sweden. The Kalmar Union ( Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: Kalmarunionen) is a historiographical term meaning a series of Personal By possessing both sides of the Øresund Strait, Denmark had effective control over the entrance to the Baltic Sea and was able to monopolize trade through the sound. Øresund or The Sound (Øresund Öresund is the Strait that separates the Danish island Zealand (Danish Sjælland) from the The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. From the 15th century, Denmark started to collect a Sound Toll, a transitory due from all foreign ships passing through the strait, whether en route to or from Denmark or not. The Sound Toll constituted a substrantial source of income for the Danish crown, up until the 19th century^[32] and was resented by the Swedish Crown.

In the Treaty of Bromsebro in 1645, Sweden's representatives stipulated toll freedom in Oresund for the country, and after this point, Sweden was exempted from paying the Danish Sound Toll. The Treaty of Brömsebro (or the Peace of Brömsebro) was signed on August 13, 1645, which ended the Torstenson War (a local conflict that ^[33] However, this arrangement came to an end in 1720, when the Treaty of Fredriksborg officially ended Sweden's toll free status. Denmark continued to collect Sound Toll until 1857. ^[33]

The status of Scania and the influence Scania has on the relationship between Denmark and Sweden are still contentious issues in the nationalistic discourse in the two countries. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation One of the state nationalist parties, the Sweden Democrats, is active in Scania and has launched frequent campaigns in the province under the slogan "Keep Sweden Swedish", a slogan which party spokesmen pronounced was their "most important message" during the 2006 election campaign. Sweden Democrats ( Sverigedemokraterna, SD) founded in 1988 by Leif Zeilon, is a Swedish Far right political party Bevara Sverige Svenskt ( BSS; literally "Preserve Sweden Swedish" was a Swedish Nationalist ^[34] A member of the nationalist Danish People's Party created another stir in December 2007 by announcing that he would like to see Scania, Halland and Blekinge reunited with Denmark, if they expressed such a desire through a referendum. The Danish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti is a social conservative, National conservative political party in Denmark. ^[35][36] In response to the debate and the controversy erupting over the statement, several of the major Swedish newspapers conducted informal polls asking its Scanian readership, "Which country do you want to belong to?" and Swedes in general "Do you think we should give away Scania to Denmark?". The results of the polls in the Scanian newspapers Helsingborgs Dagblad, Kristianstad Bladet and Norra Skåne indicated that about half of those participating favored Sweden, half favored Denmark. Helsingborgs Dagblad ( HD) is the largest local (circ 84000 Newspaper in Swedish, published in Helsingborg in Skåne ^[37] In the larger national polls conducted by the Swedish newspapers Expressen, Svenska Dagbladet and Aftonbladet (the latter eliciting more than 182,000 responses), about 50 percent of the votes were cast in favor of the suggestion that Sweden should give Scania to Denmark and 50 percent were against. Expressen is a Swedish centre-right Tabloid newspaper founded in 1944. Svenska Dagbladet (common abbreviation SvD; the title translates as "the Swedish daily paper" is a daily newspaper in Sweden. Aftonbladet ( Swedish for The Evening Sheet) is a Swedish Tabloid founded by Lars Johan Hierta in 1830 during the ^{[38] [39]} The least amount of votes in the Scanian newspapers' polls were cast in favor of the alternative "neither country",^[37] a result which is in line with the conclusions drawn in comparative political science studies in regards to the issue of secession in Scania. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity ^[40]

Regional politics

There are no independence movements organized for electoral contests in Scania,^[40] although some of the small, populist parties with seats in various municipalities have from time to time placed secession in combination with anti-immigration measures on their party platforms. Populism is a discourse which supports "the people" versus "the Elites " Populism may involve either a political philosophy urging social and political Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity Opposition to immigration is present in most nation-states with immigration and has become a significant political issue in many countries A party platform, also known as a Manifesto, is a list of the principles which a Political party supports in order to appeal to the general public for the purpose A coalition of 16 small populist parties (Skånes Väl) held 6 seats of 149 in the regional council during the period 1998-2002, but in Region Skåne's 2002 election, they lost all their seats. In 2006, one of the 16 parties in the coalition, the small populist anti-immigration party Skånepartiet, made an unsuccessful bid for seats in the general election of Sweden, receiving 11 votes nationally. The Skåne Party (Skånepartiet is a Right-wing, Anti-immigration political party in the Swedish province of Skåne, established A general election was held in Sweden on September 17, 2006, to elect members to the Swedish parliament.

As a part of the process of decentralization in Sweden, and as a part of the regionalist efforts in Scania, separatism thus plays a negligible role. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people According to some scholars, separatist driven activities may however run parallel with the top-down driven region-building efforts put in place to promote regional development, as well as the efforts by regional actors to promote and protect Scanian culture, and therefore, separatism may contribute to the mobilization of mutually supporting forces, especially in border areas like Scania where cross-border cooperation is important. ^[41]

Decentralization

During Sweden's financial crisis in the early and mid-1990s, Scania, Västra Götaland and Norrbotten were among the hardest hit in the country, with high unemployment rates as a result. Västra Götaland County or Western Gothland County ( Västra Götalands län) is a county or Län on the western coast of Sweden Norrbotten (English meaning Northbottom) is a Swedish province ( landskap) in northernmost Sweden. ^[42] In response to the crisis, the County Governors were given a task by the government in September of 1996 to co-ordinate various measures in the counties to increase economic growth and employment by bringing in regional actors. ^[42] The first proposal for regional autonomy and a regional parliament had been introduced by the Social Democratic Party's local districts in Scania and Västra Götaland already in 1993. The Swedish Social Democratic Party, (Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti 'Social Democratic Workers' Party of Sweden' contests elections as 'Workers' Party - Social Democrats' Västra Götaland County or Western Gothland County ( Västra Götalands län) is a county or Län on the western coast of Sweden When Sweden joined the European Union two years later, the concept "Regions of Europe" came in focus and a more regionalism-friendly approach was adopted in national politics. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Europe is often divided into regions due to geographical cultural or historical criteria ^[43] These factors contributed to the subsequent transformation of Skåne County into one of the first "trial regions" in Sweden in 1999, established as the country's first "regional experiment". ^[43]

The relatively strong regional identity in Scania is often referred to in order to explain the general support in the province for the decentralization and regionalization efforts introduced by the Swedish government. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people ^[44] On the basis of large scale interview investigations about Region Skåne in the region, scholars have found that the prevailing trend among the inhabitants of Scania is to "[look] upon their region with more positive eyes and a firm reliance that it would deliver the goods in terms of increased democracy and constructive results out of economic planning". Region Skåne County Skåne County ^[45] The regionalist grassroots organizations in Scania generally oppose separatism and nationalism, while embracing multi-culturalism, cross-border activities and Swedish EU membership. In Politics, regionalism is a Political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular Region or group of regions whether traditional or formal For other meanings see Grass roots (disambiguation. A grassroots movement (often referenced in the context of a Political movement The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified ^[46][47][48]

Geography and environmental factors

The geography of Scania was shaped by the last ice age, the Weichsel glaciation, a time when it was totally covered with ice. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period The relief in Scania's south-western landscape is formed by thick Quaternary deposits from sediment accumulation during the glaciations. Terrain, or relief, is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. Overview The term Quaternary ("fourth" was proposed by Giovanni Arduino in 1759 for alluvial deposits in the Po river valley in northern ^[49] Hallandsåsen and Söderåsen are major landmarks but contrary to popular belief, they are not ridges left behind by the retreating ice but horsts formed by inversion tectonic activity along the Tornquist Tectonic zone in the late Cretaceous. Söderåsen is a ridge (more precisely a horst) in the province of Scania in southern Sweden. This article refers to the geological form For other uses see Horst. Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white Chalk cliffs of southern England The Scanian horsts run in a North-West to South-West direction, marking the southwest border of Fennoscandia. Fennoscandia and Fenno-Scandinavia are geographic and geological terms used to describe the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula, Karelia ^[49]

Unlike some of the other regions of Sweden, the Scanian landscape is not mountainous. A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak With the exception of the lake-rich and densely forested northern parts (Göinge), the rolling hills in the north-west (the Bjäre and Kulla peninsulas) and the beech-woods clad areas extending from the slopes of the horsts, a sizeable portion of Scania's terrain consists of plains. Göinge can mean Östra Göinge Municipality - a municipality in Skåne County Göinge Eastern Hundred - a hundred Kullaberg is a Nature reserve situated on a Peninsula of land protruding into the Kattegat in Höganäs Municipality near the town of In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat The low profile and the open landscape distinguish Scania from the other geographical regions of Sweden which consist mainly of waterway-rich, cool mixed, coniferous forests, boreal taiga and alpine tundra. Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial Biome found in temperate regions of the world with warm summers and cool winters and adequate rainfall to sustain a forest Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons ^[50] Stretching from the north-western to the south-eastern parts of Scania is a belt of deciduous forests following the Linderödsåsen ridge, and previously marking the border between Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County. Botany Autumn leaf color. See --> In Botany and Horticulture, deciduous Plants, including The Linderödsåsen is a Ridge in the province Skåne in southernmost Sweden. Malmöhus County ( Malmöhus län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Kristianstad County to form Skåne Kristianstad County ( Kristianstads län) was a county of Sweden until 1997 when it was merged with Malmöhus County to form Skåne Denser fir forests are found in the north-eastern Göinge parts along the border with the forest dominated province of Småland. Firs ( Abies) are a genus of between 45-55 species of Evergreen conifers in the family Pinaceae. Göinge can mean Östra Göinge Municipality - a municipality in Skåne County Göinge Eastern Hundred - a hundred is a historical province ( landskap) in southern Sweden. Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne Halland,

The two major plains, Söderslätt in the south-west och Österlen in the south-east, consist of highly fertile agricultural land - the yield per unit area is higher than in any other region in Sweden. Österlen is the southeastern part of the Swedish province of Scania. The Scanian plains are an important resource for the rest of Sweden since between 25-50% of the total production of various types of cereals come from the region. In addition, close to 90% of Sweden's sugar beets are grown in Scania. Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L a member of the Chenopodiaceae family is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of Sucrose. ^[51] The soil is among the most fertile in the world.

The Kullaberg Nature Preserve in northwest Scania is home to several rare species including Spring vetchling, Lathyrus sphaericus. Kullaberg is a Nature reserve situated on a Peninsula of land protruding into the Kattegat in Höganäs Municipality near the town of A rare species is an Organism which is very uncommon or scarce The Genus Lathyrus consists of the sweet peas and vetchlings, Flowering plants in the Legume family Fabaceae. ^[52]

• Highest mountain: Söderåsen, 212 metres
• Lowest spot: Kristianstad, -2. Söderåsen is a ridge (more precisely a horst) in the province of Scania in southern Sweden. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Kristianstad kri'ɧansta (older spelling Christianstad) is a city in the province of Scania in southernmost Sweden and 7 metres (also the lowest spot in all Sweden)
• Largest lake: Ivösjön
• National parks: Dalby Söderskog, Söderåsen, Stenshuvud

Scania was historically divided into 14 chartered towns and 23 hundreds. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Ivö Lake ( Swedish: Ivösjön) is the largest and deepest Lake of Scania, Sweden, located in the municipalities of Kristianstad Dalby Söderskog is a small National park in the province of Scania in southern Sweden, situated in the municipality of Lund, near Dalby Söderåsen is a ridge (more precisely a horst) in the province of Scania in southern Sweden. Stenshuvud is a hill in the southeastern corner of Sweden, in the province of Scania, close to Kivik in Simrishamn Municipality. A charter is the grant of authority or rights stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified This is a list of towns with former City status in Sweden ( Swedish: stad, plural städer)

Cities

Over 90% of Scania's population live in urban areas. Urban area is a common English translation of the Swedish term tätort. ^[53] In 2000, the Oresund bridge - the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe, linked Malmö and Copenhagen, making Scania's population part of a 3. The Oresund Bridge ( Danish Øresundsbroen, Swedish Öresundsbron, joint hybrid name Øresundsbron) is a combined two-track rail Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city 6 million total population in the Oresund Region. The Oresund Region (Øresundsregionen Swedish: Öresundsregionen) is a transnational region in southern Scandinavia In 2005, the region had 9,200 commuters crossing the bridge daily, the vast majority of them from Malmö to Copenhagen. ^[54]

The below list of towns all held City status in Sweden until the term was abolished in Sweden in 1971 in favour of municipalities. The Swedish term stad, which is the equivalent of both city and town has since 1971 in Sweden no administrative or legal significance and even no official In Danish times, other towns had been granted a royal charter, but the towns remained small. A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company

• Eslöv (1911)
• Falsterbo (approximately 1200, merged with Skanör in 1754)
• Helsingborg (1085)
• Hässleholm (1914)
• Höganäs (1936)
• Kristianstad (1622)
• Landskrona (1413)
• Lund (approximately 990)
• Malmö (approximately 1250)
• Simrishamn (approximately 1300)
• Skanör (approximately 1200, merged with Falsterbo in 1754)
• Trelleborg (approximately 1200)
• Ystad (approximately 1200)
• Ängelholm (1516)

Hundreds

Albo Hundred Bara Hundred Bjäre Hundred Frosta Hundred Färs Hundred Gärd Hundred Göinge Eastern Hundred Göinge Western Hundred Harjager Hundred Herrestad Hundred Ingelstad Hundred Järrestad Hundred

Ljunit Hundred Luggude Hundred Onsjö Hundred Oxie Hundred Rönneberg Hundred Skytt Hundred Torna Hundred Vemmenhög Hundred Villand Hundred Åsbo Northern Hundred Åsbo Southern Hundred

Transport

See also: Skåne commuter rail

The motorway built between between Malmö and Lund in 1953 was the first motorway in Sweden. Eslöv is a city in Scania and the seat of Eslöv Municipality, Skåne County in southern Sweden. Falsterbo is located at the very south-western tip of Sweden. Helsingborg (between 1912 and 1971 spelled Hälsingborg) is a city in Scania in the southernmost part of Sweden, which has a population Hässleholm is a town in Scania, southern Sweden, and the seat of Hässleholm Municipality, Skåne County. Höganäs is a city in Scania and the seat of Höganäs Municipality, Skåne County in Sweden. Kristianstad kri'ɧansta (older spelling Christianstad) is a city in the province of Scania in southernmost Sweden and Landskrona is a city in the province Scania in southernmost Sweden. (lɵnd is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76188 inhabitants out of a muncipal total of 105000 Simrishamn is a town in Scania, southern Sweden and the seat of Simrishamn Municipality, Skåne County. Skanör is a part of Skanör-Falsterbo in Vellinge Municipality, southwestern Skåne, Sweden. Trelleborg is the southernmost city in Sweden and the seat of Trelleborg Municipality in Skåne County. Ystad is a city with a population of 17286 (2005 in the traditional province of Scania in Ängelholm is a city in Scania, southern Sweden, and the seat of Ängelholm Municipality, Skåne County. Oxie is a Suburb, being an urban area or locality within Malmö Municipality in southern Sweden. Pågatågen is the local Commuter rail system in Skåne County, Sweden. Motorway is a term for both a type of Road and a classification or designation Sweden has an extensive system of Motorways ( motorväg in Swedish) in the southern third of the country With the opening of the Oresund bridge between Malmö and Copenhagen (the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe) in 2000, the Swedish motorways were linked with European route E20 in Denmark, and the two countries' railway systems were physically connected. The Oresund Bridge ( Danish Øresundsbroen, Swedish Öresundsbron, joint hybrid name Øresundsbron) is a combined two-track rail Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The European route E20 is part of the United Nations International E-road network. Before the bridge was built there were train ferries operated between Helsingborg and Helsingør. See also Merchant ship A train ferry is a Ship designed to carry railway vehicles There are also train ferries to and from Germany and Poland. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland

Scania has three major public airports, Malmö Airport, Ängelholm-Helsingborg Airport and Kristianstad Airport. Ängelholm-Helsingborg Airport, is located about 34 km from Helsingborg and 7 km from Ängelholm in Sweden. Kristianstad Airport is situated outside Kristianstad in Scania, Sweden. One of the oldest airports in the world still in use is located in Scania, namely Ljungbyhed Airport, in operation since 1910. Starting in 1926, the Swedish Air force used the airport for flight training, and up until the military school was moved to the nearby Ängelholm F10 Wing in 1997, the airport was extremely busy. In the late 1980s, it was Sweden's busiest airport, with a record high of more than 1,400 take-offs and landings per day. ^[55]

The major ports of Scania are Malmö Harbour and Helsingborg Harbour. Helsingborg (between 1912 and 1971 spelled Hälsingborg) is a city in Scania in the southernmost part of Sweden, which has a population Ferry connections across the Baltic Sea operate from several smaller ports as well. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude.

Culture

Scania's long-running and sometimes intense trade relations with other communities along the coast of the European continent through history has made the culture of Scania distinct from other geographical regions of Sweden. Its open landscape, often described as a colorful patchwork quilt of corn and rape fields, and the relatively mild climate at the southern tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, have inspired many Swedish artists and authors to compare it to European regions like Provence in southern France and Zeeland in the Netherlands. Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands ^[56] Among the many authors who have described the "foreign" continental elements of the Scanian landscape, diet and customs are August Strindberg and Carl Linnaeus. ( January 22, 1849  &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In 1893 August Strindberg wrote about Scania: "In beautiful, large wave lines, the fields undulate down toward the lake; a small deciduous forest limits the coastline, which is given the inviting look of the Riviera, where people shall walk in the sun, protected from the north wind. [. . . ] The Swede leaves the plains with a certain sense of comfort, because its beauty is foreign to him. " In another chapter he states: "The Swedes have a history that is not the history of the South Scandinavians. It must be just as foreign as Vasa’s history is to the Scanian. Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson (Colloquial 15th century Upplandic Gösta Jerksson) and later known as Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496 – 29 September "^[57]

In Ystad singer-songwriter Michael Saxell's popular Scanian anthem Om himlen och Österlen (Of Heaven and Österlen), the flat, rolling hill landscape is described as appearing to be a little closer to heaven and the big, unending sky. Ystad is a city with a population of 17286 (2005 in the traditional province of Scania in Michael Saxell (born October 1, 1956) is a singer-songwriter Composer, Lyricist, Multi-instrumentalist and producer.

Architecture

See also: List of castles in Scania

Traditional Scanian architecture is shaped by the limited availability of wood; it incorporates different applications of the building technique called half-timbering. Timber framing (Fachwerk or Half-timbering, is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with pegged Mortise and tenon joints In the cities, the infill of the façades consisted of bricks,^[58] whereas the country-side half-timbered houses had infill made of clay and straw. ^[59] Unlike many other Scanian towns, the town of Ystad has managed to preserve a rather large core of its half-timbered architecture in the city center - over 300 half-timbered houses still exist today. Ystad is a city with a population of 17286 (2005 in the traditional province of Scania in ^[60] Many of the houses in Ystad were built in the renaissance style that was common in the entire Oresund Region, and which has also been preserved in Elsinore (Helsingør). The Oresund Region (Øresundsregionen Swedish: Öresundsregionen) is a transnational region in southern Scandinavia Elsinore redirects here For other places and things named Elsinore see Elsinore (disambiguation. Among Ystad's half-timbered houses is the oldest such building in Scandinavia, Pilgrändshuset from 1480. ^[61]

In Göinge, located in the northern part of Scania, the architecture was not shaped by a scarcity of wood, and the pre-17th century farms consisted of graying, recumbent timber buildings around a small grass and cobblestone courtyard. Göinge can mean Östra Göinge Municipality - a municipality in Skåne County Göinge Eastern Hundred - a hundred Only a small number of the original Göinge farms remain today. During two campaigns, the first in 1612 by Gustav II Adolf and the second by Charles XI in the 1680s, entire districts were leveled by fire. For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden Charles XI (Karl XI 24 November 1655old style &ndash 5 April 1697old style was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death in an unruly period in ^[62] In Örkened Parish, in what is now eastern Osby Municipality, the buildings were destroyed to punish the different villages for their protection of members of the Snapphane movement in the late 17th century. Osby Municipality ( Osby kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in Sweden. The Snapphane Movement was a pro- Danish guerilla organization that fought against the Swedes in the Scanian War of the 17th century ^[63] An original, 17th century Göinge farm, Sporrakulla Farm, has been preserved in a forest called Kullaskogen, a nature reserve close to Glimåkra in Östra Göinge. nature reserve ( natural reserve, nature preserve, natural preserve) is a Protected area of importance for Wildlife, flora Östra Göinge Municipality ( Östra Göinge kommun) is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. According to the local legend, the farmer saved the farm in the first raid of 1612 by setting a forest fire in front of it, making the Swedish troops believe that the farm had already been plundered and set ablaze. ^[64]

A number of Scanian towns flourished during the Viking Age. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. The city of Lund is believed to have been founded by the Viking-king Sweyn Forkbeard. (lɵnd is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76188 inhabitants out of a muncipal total of 105000 Sweyn I Forkbeard, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in English Sven the Dane, also known as Swegen and Tuck, ( Old Norse ^[65] Scanian craftsmen and traders were prospering during this era and Denmark's first and largest mint was established in Lund. The first Scanian coins have been dated to 870 AD. ^[66] The archaeological excavations performed in the city indicate that the oldest known stave church in Scania was built by Sweyn Forkbeard in Lund in 990. A stave church is a Medieval wooden church with a Post and beam construction related to Timber framing. ^[65] In 1103, Lund was made the archbishopric for all of Scandinavia. ^[67]

Many of the old churches in today's Scanian landscape stem from the medieval age, although many church renovations, extensions and destruction of older buildings took place in the 16th and 19th century. From those that have kept features of the authentic style, it is still possible to see how the medieval, Romanesque or Renaissance churches of Danish Scania looked like. Regional characteristics of Romanesque architecture|Romanesque art Romanesque architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Middle Ages Europe which Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a Many Scanian churches have distinctive Crow-stepped gables and sturdy church porches, usually made of stone. A Crow-stepped gable is a stair-step type of design at the top of the triangular Gable -end of a building

The first version of Lund Cathedral was built in 1050, in sandstone from Höör, on the initiative of Canute the Holy. The Lund Cathedral (Lunds Domkyrka Lund Domkirke is the Lutheran Cathedral in Lund, Scania, Sweden. Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Höör is a small town in Scania, southern Sweden and the seat of Höör Municipality, Skåne County. Canute (or Knut IV (c 1043 &ndash July 10, 1086) also known as Canute the Saint and Canute the Holy ( Danish: Knud IV ^[67] The oldest parts of today's cathedral are from 1085, but the actual cathedral was constructed during the first part of the 12th century with the help of stone cutters and sculptors from the Rhine valley and Italy, and was ready for use in 1123. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest It was consecrated in 1145 and for the next 400 years, Lund became the ecclesiastical power center for Scandinavia and one of the most important cities in Denmark. ^[65] The cathedral was altered in the 16th century by architect Adam van Düren and later by Carl Georg Brunius and Helgo Zetterwall. Helgo Zettervall, older spelling Zetterwall, ( November 21, 1831 &ndash 1907 was a Swedish Architect and professor of the Royal

Scania also has churches built in the gothic style, such as Saint Petri Church in Malmö, dating from the early 14th century. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Similar buildings can be found in all Hansa cities around the Baltic Sea (such as Helsingborg and Rostock). The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Helsingborg (between 1912 and 1971 spelled Hälsingborg) is a city in Scania in the southernmost part of Sweden, which has a population Rostock (ˈʁɔstɔk from Polabian Roz toc, literally "to flow apart" is the largest City in the north German state The parishes in the countryside did not have the means for such extravagant buildings. Possibly the most notable countryside church is the ancient and untouched stone church in Dalby. Dalby is a village in Lund Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden, about 10 km east-south-east of Lund, and about 20 km east-north-east It is the oldest stone church in Sweden, built around the same time as Lund cathedral. After the Lund Cathedral was built, many of the involved workers travelled around the province and used their acquired skills to make baptism fonts, paintings and decorations, and naturally architectural constructions.

Scania has 240 castles and country estates - more than any other province in Sweden. ^[68] Many of them received their current shape during the 16th century, when new or remodeled castles started to appear in greater numbers, often erected by the reuse of stones and material from the original 11th-15th century castles and abbeys found at the estates. Between 1840 and 1900, the landed nobility in Scania built and rebuilt many of the castles again, often by modernizing previous buildings at the same location in a style that became typical for Scania. Landed nobility is a category of Nobility in various countries over the history for which Landownership was part of their noble privileges The style is a mixture of different architectural influences of the era, but frequently refers back to the style of the 16th century castles of the Reformation era, a time when the large estates of the Catholic church were made Crown property and the abbeys bartered or sold to members of the aristocracy by the Danish king. ^[69] For many of the 19th century remodels, Danish architects were called in. According to some scholars, the driving force behind the use of historical Scanian architecture, as interpreted by 19th century Danish architects using Dutch Renaissance style, was a wish to refer back to an earlier era when the aristocracy had special privileges and political power in relation to the Danish king. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a ^[70]

Language, literature and art

See also: Scanian (linguistics)

Scanian dialects have various local native idioms and speech patterns, and realizes diphthongs and South Scandinavian Uvular trill, as opposed to the supradental /r/-sound characteristic of spoken Standard Swedish. The uvular trill is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents Standard Swedish ( standardsvenska) denotes Swedish as a spoken and written Standard language. They are very similar to the dialect of Danish spoken in Bornholm, Denmark. Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Bornholm (b̥ʌnˈhʌlˀm or [bɔʀnˈhɔlˀm]) ( Old Norse: Burgundarholm ' is a Danish Island in the Baltic Sea located The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The prosody of the Scanian dialects has more in common with German, Danish and Dutch (and sometimes also with English, although to a lesser extent) than with the prosody of central Swedish dialects. In Linguistics, prosody (from Greek προσωδία) is the Rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[71].

Famous Scanian authors include Victoria Benedictsson, (1850–1888) from Domme, Trelleborg, who wrote about the inequality of women in the 19th century society, but who also authored regional stories about Scania, such as From Skåne of 1884; Ola Hansson^[72] (1860-1925) from Hönsinge, Trelleborg; Vilhelm Ekelund (1880-1949) from Stehag, Eslöv; Fritiof Nilsson Piraten (1895-1972) from Vollsjö, Sjöbo; Hjalmar Gullberg (1898-1961) from Malmö; Artur Lundkvist (1906-1991) from Hagstad, Perstorp; Hans Alfredsson (born 1931) and Jacques Werup (born 1945), both from Malmö. Victoria Benedictsson ( March 6, 1850 – July 21, 1888) was a Swedish author Trelleborg Municipality ( Trelleborgs kommun) is the southernmost municipality of Sweden, in Skåne County. Ola Hansson (born November 12, 1860, Hönsinge, Sweden; died September 26, 1925, Büyükdere, Turkey Vilhelm Ekelund (born October 14, 1880; died September 3, 1949) was a Swedish Poet. Eslöv is a city in Scania and the seat of Eslöv Municipality, Skåne County in southern Sweden. Sjöbo is a town (pop 6364 in Scania, southern Sweden and the seat of Sjöbo Municipality, Skåne County. Hjalmar Gullberg (born 30 May 1898 in Malmö, Skåne, died 19 July 1961 at Yddingesjön, Skåne suicide was Artur Lundkvist ( 3 March 1906 in Perstorp Municipality, Skåne County &ndash 11 December 1991 in Solna, Perstorp is an industrial town in Scania, southern Sweden and the seat of Perstorp Municipality, Skåne County. Hans ("Hasse" Alfredson (born June 28, 1931) is a Swedish Actor, Film director, Writer and Jacques Werup, born January 14 1945 in Malmö, is a Swedish Musician, Author, Poet, Stage artist and Screenwriter Birgitta Trotzig (born 1929) from Gothenburg has written several historic novels set in Scania, such as The Exposed of 1957, which describes life in 17th century Scania with a primitive country priest as its main character and the 1961 novel A Tale from the Coast, which recounts a legend about human suffering and is set in Scania in the 15th century. Birgitta Trotzig (born September 11 1929 in Gothenburg is a Swedish writer and was elected to the Swedish Academy in 1993

A printing-house was established in the city of Malmö in 1528. It became instrumental in the propagation of new ideas and during the 16th century, Malmö became the center for the Danish reformation. ^[73]

Scanian culture, as expressed through the medium of textile art, has received international attention during the last decade. ^[74] The art form, often referred to as Scanian Marriage Weavings, flourished from 1750 for a period of 100 years, after which it slowly vanished. Consisting of small textile panels mainly created for wedding ceremonies, the art is strongly symbolic, often expressing ideas about fertility, longevity and a sense of hope and joy. ^[75] The Scanian artists were female weavers working at home, who had learned to weave at a young age, often in order to have a marriage chest filled with beautiful tapestries as a dowry. ^[76]

According to international collectors and art scholars, the Scanian patterns are of special interest for the striking similarities with Roman, Byzantine and Asian art. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The designs are studied by art historians tracing how portable decorative goods served as transmitters of art concepts from culture to culture, influencing designs and patterns along the entire length of the ancient trade routes. ^[76] The Scanian textiles show how goods traded along the Silk Road brought Coptic, Anatolian, and Chinese designs and symbols into the folk art of far away regions like Scania, where they were reinterpretated and integrated into the local culture. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the A Copt ( Coptic: ouRemenkīmi enEkhristianos, literally Egyptian Christian) is a native Egyptian Christian. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Some of the most ancient designs in Scanian textile art are pairs of birds facing a tree with a "Great Bird" above, often symbolized simply by its wings. ^[76] Regionally derived iconography include mythological Scanian river horses in red (bäckahästar in Swedish), with horns on their foreheads and misty clouds from their nostrils. ^[76] The horse motif has been traced to patterns on 4th and 5th century Egyptian fabrics, but in Scanian art it is transformed to illustrate the Norse river horse of Scanian folklore. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland ^[77]

Dukes

Main article: Dukes of Swedish Provinces

The title of duke was reintroduced in Sweden in 1772 and since this time, Swedish Princes have been created Dukes of various provinces, although this is a solely nominal title. In Sweden, Duke ( hertig) is considered a royal title and is only given to members of the Royal House (currently Bernadotte)

The Dukes of Skåne are:

• Crown Prince Carl (from his birth in 1826 until he became King in 1859)
• Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (from his birth in 1882 until he became King in 1950)

From his marriage, in 1905, King Gustaf VI Adolf had his summer residence at Sofiero palace in Helsingborg. Biography He was born in Stockholm Palace and dubbed Duke of Skåne at birth Sofiero Palace in Helsingborg Municipality, Scania, was one of the Swedish royal family's country mansions located 5 km north of Helsingborg Helsingborg (between 1912 and 1971 spelled Hälsingborg) is a city in Scania in the southernmost part of Sweden, which has a population He and his family spent their summers there, and the cabinet meetings held there during the summer months forced the ministers to arrive by night train from Stockholm. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the He died at Helsingborg Hospital in 1973. Helsingborg (between 1912 and 1971 spelled Hälsingborg) is a city in Scania in the southernmost part of Sweden, which has a population

See also

• Scania Market
• Öresund
• Skåneland

Notes

References

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External links

Official links

• Region Skåne - The regional public body of Scania
• Scania's Public Recreational Areas - Region Skåne's public forests and parks
• Skåne - Region Skåne's official website for culture, heritage and tourism
• Skåne County - County Administration Board
• Skåneleden - Public nature trails through Scania

Organisations

• Oresund Region - The regional body of the Oresund Region
• Øresundstid - A cooperative educational project established by Scanian and Danish history teachers, funded by EUs InterregIIIA-program, the Danish Department of Education and others, 2004-2006.
• Regional Museum - Museum in Kristianstad
• Skåne Local authorities in cooperation - A cooperation between Scania's 33 municipalities
• Skånes hembygdsförbund (in Swedish) - Heritage conservation organization
• Terra Scaniae - History project established for Scanian schools, financed with subsidies from the Region of Scanias culturedepartment – Kultur Skåne – and the Foundation Culture of the Future, established by the Swedish Government.

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