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| Name, symbol, number | scandium, Sc, 21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | transition metals | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, period, block | 3, 4, d | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | silvery white |
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| Standard atomic weight | 44.955912(6) g·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 3d1 4s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 8, 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 2. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 985 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 2. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 80 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1814 K (1541 °C, 2806 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 3109 K (2836 °C, 5136 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 14. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 1 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 332. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 7 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 25. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 52 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3, 2 [1], 1 [2] (weakly basic oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 36 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 633. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 1 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1235. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 0 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2388. 6 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 160 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 184 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 144 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | paramagnetic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) (α, poly) calc. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 562 nΩ·m |
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| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 15. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 8 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (α, poly) 10. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 2 µm/(m·K) |
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| Young's modulus | 74. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 4 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 29. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 1 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 56. 6 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 279 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 750 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-20-2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Scandium (pronounced /ˈskændiəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Sc and atomic number 21. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A silvery white metal that is always present as compounds, scandium ores occur as rare minerals from Scandinavia and elsewhere, and it is sometimes considered along with yttrium, and the lanthanides and actinides, to be a rare earth element. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely
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Notable characteristics
Scandium is a rare, hard, silvery, rough very dark metallic element that develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast when exposed to air. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across It is not resistant to weathering when pure and is destroyed on prolonged contact with most dilute acids. However, like some other reactive metals, this metal is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrofluoric acid, HF. Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9
The rarity of scandium is not an arbitrary fact. The thermonuclear reactions that produce the elements in this range of atomic numbers tend to produce much greater quantities of elements with an even atomic number. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton These elements were usually produced by the fusion of lighter elements with helium-4 nuclei, starting with carbon-12 (element six). Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Thus, the common elements in the range of scandium are atomic numbers 18 (argon), 20 (calcium), 22 (titanium), and 24 (chromium); with elements with odd atomic numbers 19 (potassium), 21 (scandium), and 23 (vanadium) being rarely produced, and thus much less common. This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 The production of the odd-numbered elements in this range result from much less common thermonuclear reactions, as is explained elsewhere.
Applications
Since it is not a very common metal, scandium does not have many applications. If it were more common, it might be useful in the making of aircraft and spacecraft structures, probably alloyed with other metals. A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight.
It is used in lacrosse sticks; a light yet strong metal is needed for precise accuracy and speed. Backcountry tent manufacturers sometimes use scandium alloys in tent poles. U. S. gunmaker Smith & Wesson produces a few variations including a large, medium, and small lightweight revolver with a frame composed of scandium alloy and a titanium cylinder. Smith & Wesson ( ( S&W) is the largest manufacturer of Handguns in the United States. [1]
Approximately 20 kg (as Sc2O3) of scandium is used annually in the United States to make high-intensity lights. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [2] Scandium iodide added to mercury-vapor lamps produces an efficient artificial light source that resembles sunlight, and which allows good color-reproduction with TV cameras. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic About 80 kg of scandium is used in light bulbs globally per year. The radioactive isotope Sc-46 is used in oil refineries as a tracing agent. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline [2]
The main application of scandium by weight is in aluminium-scandium alloys for minor aerospace industry components, and for unusual designs sports equipment (bikes, baseball bats, firearms, etc. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has ) which rely on high performance materials. However, titanium, being much more common, and similar in lightness and strength, is much more widely used, with tons found in some aircraft, especially military ones. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22
When added to aluminium, scandium substantially lowers the rate of recrystallization and associated grain-growth in weld heat-affected zones. Aluminium, being a face-centred-cubic metal, is not particularly subject to the strengthening effects of the decrease in grain diameter. However, the presence of fine dispersions of Al3Sc does increase strength by a small measure, much as any other precipitate system in aluminium alloys. It is added to aluminium alloys primarily to control that otherwise excessive grain growth in the heat-affected zone of weldable structural aluminium alloys, which gives two knock-on effects; greater strengthening via finer precipitation of other alloying elements and by reducing the precipitate-free zones that normally exist at the grain boundaries of age-hardening aluminium alloys.
The original use of scandium-aluminium alloys was in the nose cones of some USSR submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). The strength of the resulting nose cone was enough to enable it to pierce the ice-cap without damage, and so, enabling a missile launch while still submerged under the Arctic ice cap.
Scandium triflate is a catalytic Lewis acid used in organic chemistry. Scandium Triflate or Sc(OTf3 is a Chemical compound composed of Scandium with Triflate Counterions Scandium triflate is used as a Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation
History
Dmitri Mendeleev used his periodic law, in 1869, to predict the existence of, and some properties of, three unknown elements, including one he called ekaboron . Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (sometimes spelled Mendeleyev; Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) ( &ndash) was a Russian chemist and The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Professor Dmitri Mendeleev published the first Periodic Table of the Atomic Elements in 1869 based on properties which appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements
Lars Fredrick Nilson and his team, apparently unaware of that prediction in the spring of 1879, were looking for rare earth metals. Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely By using spectral analysis, they found a new element within the minerals euxenite and gadolinite. Euxenite or euxenite-(Y (a correct mineralogical name is a brownish black Mineral with a metallic luster. Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum They named it scandium, from the Latin Scandia meaning "Scandinavia", and in the process of isolating the scandium, they processed 10 kilograms of euxenite, producing about 2. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. 0 grams of a very pure scandium oxide (Sc2O3). For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Scandium(III oxide is an Ionic compound also known as scandium oxide and scandia.
Per Teodor Cleve of Sweden concluded that scandium corresponded well to the hoped-for ekaboron, and he notified Mendeleev of this in August. Per Teodor Cleve ( Stockholm February 10, 1840 &ndash Uppsala June 18, 1905) was a Swedish Chemist
Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus prepared metallic scandium for the first time in 1937, by electrolysis of a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at a temperature of 700 to 800°C. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In chemistry and manufacturing electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an Electric current Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Scandium(III chloride is an Ionic compound also known as scandium chloride and scandium trichloride The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Tungsten wires in a pool of liquid zinc were the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. The first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was not produced until 1960. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Occurrence
Scandium is distributed sparsely on earth, occurring only as trace quantities in many minerals. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Rare minerals from Scandinavia and Madagascar, such as thortveitite, euxenite, and gadolinite are the only known concentrated sources of this element (which is never found as a free metal). Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Thortveitite is a Mineral consisting of Scandium Yttrium Silicate (ScY2Si2O7 Euxenite or euxenite-(Y (a correct mineralogical name is a brownish black Mineral with a metallic luster. Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum It is also found in residues that remain after tungsten is extracted from wolframite, and from ores after uranium and thorium have been extracted. Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90
Scandium is more common in the sun and certain stars than on Earth. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Scandium is only the 50th most common element on earth (35th most abundant in the Earth's crust), but it is the 23rd most common element in the sun. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon
The blue color of the aquamarine variety of beryl is thought to be caused by scandium impurities in it. Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by Aquamarine (Lat aqua marinā, "water of the sea" is a Gemstone -quality transparent variety of Beryl, having a delicate blue or Turquoise The Mineral beryl is a Beryllium Aluminium cyclosilicate with the Chemical formula Be3Al2(SiO36
Isolation
Thortveitite and kolbeckite are the primary mineral sources of scandium. Uranium-mill tailings by-products also are an important source. Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Pure scandium is commercially produced by reducing scandium fluoride with metallic calcium. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Scandium(III fluoride, ScF3 is an ionic compound Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20
Scandium market
World production of scandium is in the order of 2,000 kg per year, generally as a by-product of uranium and nickel-cobalt-copper or PGE mining. Consumption is in the order of 5,000 kg, and typically is consumed in bicycle frames in Sc-Al alloys.
The present main source of scandium metal to meet this shortfall is from the military stockpiles of the former Soviet Union (mainly in the country of Ukraine), which were extracted from uranium tailings. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. There is no primary production in the Americas, Europe, or Australia, although gigantic scandium deposits are associated with uranium, nickel-copper-cobalt laterite deposits and associated with ultramafic rocks worldwide. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Laterite (from the Latin word "later" meaning brick or tile is a surface formation in hot and wet tropical areas which is enriched in Iron and Aluminium
Scandium can also be extracted from tantalum residues, tungsten processing wastes, tin slags and a variety of other such industrial waste streams, and it is sometimes recovered from rare earth ores, particularly the rare earth oxide deposits of Bayan Obo, China.
The strength and commerciality of the scandium market is yet to be demonstrated as it is a specialty metal and a single producer could corner the supply with minimal tonnage production. The price in 2006 of 99. 0% scandium oxide is of order of US$700 per kilogram [3]
Compounds
The most common oxidation state of scandium in is +3. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Scandium chemically resembles yttrium and the rare earth metals more than it resembles aluminium or titanium. WikipediaNaming Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Thus scandium is sometimes seen as the scandium oxide, Sc2O3, and as scandium chloride, ScCl3.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring scandium is composed of 1 stable isotope 45Sc. Naturally occurring Scandium ( Sc) is composed of 1 stable Isotope 45Sc Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 13 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 46Sc with a half-life of 83. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 8 days, 47Sc with a half-life of 3. 35 days, and 48Sc with a half-life of 43. 7 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half lives that are less than 4 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 2 minutes. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element also has 5 meta states with the most stable being 44mSc (t½ 58. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 6 h).
The isotopes of scandium range in atomic weight from 40 u (40Sc) to 54 u (54Sc). The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express The primary decay mode at masses lower than the only stable isotope, 45Sc, is electron capture, and the primary mode at masses above it is beta emission. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products at atomic weights below 45Sc are calcium isotopes and the primary products from higher atomic weights are titanium isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22
See also
References
- ^ Small Frame (J) - Model 340PD Revolver. Smith & Wesson. Smith & Wesson ( ( S&W) is the largest manufacturer of Handguns in the United States.
- ^ a b C. R. Hammond in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 85th ed. , Section 4; The Elements
- ^ Scandium United States Geological Society, 2006
External links
Dictionary
scandium
-noun
- a metallic chemical element, atomic number 21, obtained from some uranium ores; it is a transition element.
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