Saturn V
The first Saturn V, AS-501, before the launch of Apollo 4
Fact sheet
Function	Manned LEO and Lunar launch vehicle
Manufacturer	Boeing (S-IC) North American (S-II) Douglas (S-IVB)
Country of origin	United States
Size
Height	110. A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km In Spaceflight, a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a Rocket used to carry a payload from the Earth's surface into Outer space. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E Manufacturing The Boeing Company was awarded the contract to manufacture the S-IC on December 15, 1961. North American Aviation was a major US Aircraft manufacturer, responsible for a number of historic aircraft including the T-6 Texan trainer the The S-II (pronounced "ess two" was the second stage of the Saturn V rocket The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. The S-IVB (sometimes S4b always pronounced "ess four bee" was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 6 m (363 ft)
Diameter	10. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit 1 m (33 ft)
Mass	3,038,500 kg (6,699,000 lb)
Stages	3
Capacity
Payload to LEO	118,000 kg
Payload to Lunar orbit	47,000 kg
Associated Rockets
Family	Saturn
Derivatives	Saturn INT-21
Comparable	N1 rocket
Launch History
Status	Retired
Launch sites	LC-39, Kennedy Space Center
Total launches	13 (including INT-21)[1]
Successes	13 (see note)
Failures	0
Partial failures	2 (see Apollo 6 and Apollo 13)
Maiden flight	November 9, 1967 (SA-501)
Last flight	December 6, 1972 (May 14, 1973 - INT-21)[1]
First Stage - S-IC
Engines	5 Rocketdyne F-1
Thrust	34. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass In military aircraft or space exploration the payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft or space ship including as Cargo, Munitions scientific instruments A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km In Astronomy, lunar orbit (also known as a Selenocentric orbit) refers to the orbit of an object around the Moon. The Saturn family of Rockets were developed by a team of mostly German rocket scientists led by Wernher von Braun to launch heavy payloads to Earth orbit and beyond The Saturn INT-21 was an American orbital Launch vehicle of the 1970s. N1 or N-1 was the secret Soviet Rocket intended to send Soviet Cosmonauts to the Moon. Launch Complex 39 (LC-39 is a Rocket launch site at the John F The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on The Saturn INT-21 was an American orbital Launch vehicle of the 1970s. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Saturn INT-21 was an American orbital Launch vehicle of the 1970s. Manufacturing The Boeing Company was awarded the contract to manufacture the S-IC on December 15, 1961. Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne is a United States company that designs and produces Rocket engines that use liquid propellants. The F-1 is a Rocket engine developed by Rocketdyne and used in the Saturn V. 02 MN (7,648,000 lbf)
Burn time	150 seconds
Fuel	RP-1/LOX
Second Stage - S-II
Engines	5 Rocketdyne J-2
Thrust	5 MN (1,000,000 lbf)
Burn time	360 seconds
Fuel	LH2/LOX
Third Stage - S-IVB
Engines	1 Rocketdyne J-2
Thrust	1 MN (225,000 lbf)
Burn time	165 + 335 seconds (2 burns)
Fuel	LH2/LOX

The Saturn V (pronounced 'Saturn Five', popularly known as the Moon Rocket) was a multistage liquid-fuel expendable rocket used by NASA's Apollo and Skylab programs between 1967 and 1973. The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical This article deals with the unit of force For the unit of mass see Pound (mass. Usage and history RP-1 is most commonly burned with LOX ( Liquid oxygen) as the oxidizer though other oxidizers have also been used The S-II (pronounced "ess two" was the second stage of the Saturn V rocket Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne is a United States company that designs and produces Rocket engines that use liquid propellants. Rocketdyne 's J-2 was America's largest production Liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine before the Space Shuttle main engines (SSME and is being revived Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2 is the Liquid state of the element Hydrogen. The S-IVB (sometimes S4b always pronounced "ess four bee" was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne is a United States company that designs and produces Rocket engines that use liquid propellants. Rocketdyne 's J-2 was America's largest production Liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine before the Space Shuttle main engines (SSME and is being revived Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2 is the Liquid state of the element Hydrogen. An expendable launch system is a Launch system that uses an expendable launch vehicle (ELV to carry a payload into Space. A rocket or rocket vehicle is a Missile, Aircraft or other Vehicle which obtains Thrust by the reaction of the The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Skylab was the first Space station the United States launched into orbit and the second space station ever visited by a human crew NASA launched thirteen Saturn V rockets between 1967 and 1973, with no loss of payload. It remains the most powerful launch vehicle ever brought to operational status, from a height, weight and payload standpoint. In military aircraft or space exploration the payload is the carrying capacity of an aircraft or space ship including as Cargo, Munitions scientific instruments The Russian Energia, which flew only two test missions in the late 1980s, had slightly more takeoff thrust. The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian, meaning Energy) Rocket was a Soviet rocket that was designed

The largest production model of the Saturn family of rockets, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of Wernher von Braun at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, with Boeing, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft Company, and IBM as the lead contractors. The Saturn family of Rockets were developed by a team of mostly German rocket scientists led by Wernher von Braun to launch heavy payloads to Earth orbit and beyond Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (March 23 1912 &ndash June 16 1977 a German rocket physicist and astronautics engineer became one of the leading figures in George C Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC the original home of NASA, is a lead center for propulsion, Space Shuttle propulsion Shuttle external fuel Huntsville is a city in Madison and Limestone Counties in the U The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E North American Aviation was a major US Aircraft manufacturer, responsible for a number of historic aircraft including the T-6 Texan trainer the The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology The three stages of the Saturn V were developed by various NASA contractors, but following a sequence of mergers and takeovers all of them are now owned by Boeing.

Background

In 1957 the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Sputnik 1 ( "Спутник-1", "Satellite-1" ПС-1 ( PS-1, i This article is about artificial satellites For natural satellites also known as moons see Natural satellite. Lyndon B. Johnson—at the time Senate Majority Leader and later President—recalled feeling "the profound shock of realizing that it might be possible for another nation to achieve technological superiority over this great country of ours. The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders (also called Senate Floor Leaders) are two United States Senators who are elected by the party conferences The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by "^[2] The resulting Sputnik crisis continued, and by 1961, when Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin orbited the Earth aboard Vostok 1 during the first human spaceflight, many people in the United States felt the Soviets had developed a considerable lead in the Space Race. The Sputnik crisis was a turning point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 Vostok 1 (Восток-1 meaning Orient -1 or East-1 was the first Human spaceflight. A human spaceflight is a Spaceflight with a human crew, and possibly passengers The Space Race was a competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States, which lasted roughly from 1957 to 1975

On May 25, 1961, President Kennedy announced that America would attempt to land a man on the Moon by the end of the decade. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of At that time, the only experience the United States had with human spaceflight was the 15-minute suborbital flight of Alan Shepard aboard Freedom 7. Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr (November 18 1923 &ndash July 21 1998 ( Rear Admiral, USN Ret Mercury-Redstone 3 was a US Mercury program human crewed space mission launched on May 5, 1961 using a Redstone rocket No rocket then available was capable of propelling a manned spacecraft to the Moon in one piece. A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. The Saturn I was in development, but would not fly for six months. For the moon of Saturn see Mimas (moon. The Saturn I was the United States' first dedicated "space launcher" a rocket designed Although larger than other contemporary rockets, it would require several launches to place all the components of a lunar spacecraft in orbit. The much larger Saturn V had not been designed, although its powerful F-1 engine had already been developed and test fired. The F-1 is a Rocket engine developed by Rocketdyne and used in the Saturn V.

Mission configuration

See also: Project Apollo#Choosing a mission mode

Early in the planning process, NASA considered three leading ideas for the moon mission: Earth Orbit Rendezvous, Direct Ascent, and Lunar Orbit Rendezvous (LOR). Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR is a method that has been proposed for Space missions to the Moon. Direct ascent was a proposed method for a mission to the Moon. Lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR was the method used by the Apollo missions for Human spaceflight to the Moon. A direct ascent configuration would launch a larger rocket which would land directly on the lunar surface, while an Earth orbit rendezvous would launch two smaller spacecraft which would combine in Earth orbit. A LOR mission would involve a single rocket launching a single spacecraft, but only a small part of that spacecraft would land on the moon. That smaller landing module would then rendezvous with the main spacecraft, and the crew would return home. ^[3]

NASA at first dismissed LOR as a riskier option, given that an orbital rendezvous had yet to be performed in Earth orbit, much less in lunar orbit. A space rendezvous between two Spacecraft, often between a spacecraft and a Space station, is an Orbital maneuver where the two arrive at the same Several NASA officials, including Langley Research Center engineer John Houbolt and NASA Administrator George Low, argued that a Lunar Orbit Rendezvous provided the simplest landing on the moon, the most cost–efficient launch vehicle and, perhaps most importantly, the best chance to accomplish a lunar landing within the decade. George Michael Low, born George Wilhelm Low ( June 10, 1926 &ndash July 17, 1984) was a NASA administrator and 16th President ^[4] Other NASA officials were convinced, and LOR was officially selected as the mission configuration for the Apollo program on 7 November, 1962. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat ^[4]

Development

C-1 to C-4

Between 1960 and 1962, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) designed rockets that could be used for various missions. George C Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC the original home of NASA, is a lead center for propulsion, Space Shuttle propulsion Shuttle external fuel

The C-1 was developed into the Saturn I, and the C-2 rocket was dropped early in the design process in favor of the C-3, which was intended to use two F-1 engines on its first stage, four J-2 engines for its second stage, and an S-IV stage, using six RL-10 engines. For the moon of Saturn see Mimas (moon. The Saturn I was the United States' first dedicated "space launcher" a rocket designed The F-1 is a Rocket engine developed by Rocketdyne and used in the Saturn V. Rocketdyne 's J-2 was America's largest production Liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine before the Space Shuttle main engines (SSME and is being revived The RL-10 was America's first liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine and an updated version is used in several current Launch vehicles Six RL-10 engines were used in the

NASA planned to use the C-3 as part of the Earth Orbit Rendezvous concept, with at least four or five launches needed for a single mission, but MSFC was already planning an even bigger rocket, the C-4, which would use four F-1 engines on its first stage, an enlarged C-3 second stage, and the S-IVB, a stage with a single J-2 engine, as its third stage. The S-IVB (sometimes S4b always pronounced "ess four bee" was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second The C-4 would need only two launches to carry out an Earth Orbit Rendezvous mission.

C-5

On January 10, 1962, NASA announced plans to build the C-5. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The three-stage rocket would consist of five F-1 engines for the first stage, five J-2 engines for the second stage, and a single, additional J-2 engine for the third stage. ^[4] The C-5 was designed for the higher payload capacity necessary for a lunar mission, and could carry up to 41,000 kg into lunar orbit. ^[4]

The C-5 would undergo component testing even before the first model was constructed. The rocket's third stage would be utilized as the second stage for the C-IB, which would serve both to demonstrate proof of concept and feasibility for the C-5, but would also provide flight data critical to the continued development of the C-5. ^[4] Rather than undergoing testing for each major component, the C-5 would be tested in an "all-up" fashion, meaning that the first test flight of the rocket would include complete versions of all three stages. By testing all components at once, far fewer test flights would be required before a manned launch. ^[5]

The C-5 was confirmed as NASA's choice for the Apollo Program in early 1963, and was given a new name—the Saturn V. ^[4]

Technology

The Saturn V's huge size and payload capacity dwarfed all other previous rockets which had successfully flown at that time. Over 363 feet (110. 6 m) high and 33 feet (10 m) (without fins) in diameter, with a total mass of over three thousand short tons and a payload capacity of 260,000 pounds (118,000 kg) to LEO, Comparatively, at 364 feet, the Saturn V is just one foot shorter than St Paul's Cathedral in London, and only cleared the doors of the VAB by 6 ft (1. The short ton ( S/T) is a unit of mass equal to 2000 lb (around 907 A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. VABConstructionjpg|thumbnail|right|VAB during its early steel construction phase (1963 along with the Mobile Launcher Platform and tower assemblies for the Saturn V rocket 82 m) when rolled out. In contrast, the Redstone used on Freedom 7, the first manned American spaceflight, was just under 11 feet longer than the S-IVB stage, and less powerful than the Launch Escape System rockets mounted on the Apollo command module. First launched in 1953 the American Redstone Rocket (Redstone missile was a direct descendant of the German V-2. Mercury-Redstone 3 was a US Mercury program human crewed space mission launched on May 5, 1961 using a Redstone rocket The S-IVB (sometimes S4b always pronounced "ess four bee" was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second

Saturn V was principally designed by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, although numerous major systems, including propulsion, were designed by subcontractors. George C Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC the original home of NASA, is a lead center for propulsion, Space Shuttle propulsion Shuttle external fuel Huntsville is a city in Madison and Limestone Counties in the U It used the powerful new F-1 and J-2 rocket engines for propulsion. The F-1 is a Rocket engine developed by Rocketdyne and used in the Saturn V. Rocketdyne 's J-2 was America's largest production Liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine before the Space Shuttle main engines (SSME and is being revived A rocket engine is a Jet engine that uses only Propellant mass for forming its high speed propulsive jet. When tested, these engines shattered the windows of nearby houses. ^[6] Designers decided early on to attempt to use as much technology from the Saturn I program as possible. As such, the S-IVB third stage of the Saturn V was based on the S-IV second stage of the Saturn I. The S-IVB (sometimes S4b always pronounced "ess four bee" was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second For the moon of Saturn see Mimas (moon. The Saturn I was the United States' first dedicated "space launcher" a rocket designed The instrument unit that controlled the Saturn V shared characteristics with that carried by the Saturn I.

Stages

Saturn V diagram

The Saturn V consisted of three stages — the S-IC first stage, S-II second stage and the S-IVB third stage — and the instrument unit. All three stages used liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer. An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound The first stage used RP-1 for fuel, while the second and third stages used liquid hydrogen (LH2). Usage and history RP-1 is most commonly burned with LOX ( Liquid oxygen) as the oxidizer though other oxidizers have also been used Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2 is the Liquid state of the element Hydrogen. The upper stages also used small solid-fuelled ullage motors that helped to separate the stages during the launch, and to ensure that the liquid propellants were in a proper position to be drawn into the pumps. Ullage motors or Ullage engines are relatively small independently-fueled Rocket engines that may be fired to accelerate the rocket prior to main engine ignition

S-IC first stage

Main article: S-IC

The first stage of Apollo 8 Saturn V being erected in the VAB on February 1, 1968

The five F-1 engines on the rear of the Saturn V rocket, on display at the Kennedy Space Center

The S-IC was built by The Boeing Company at the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, where the Space Shuttle External Tanks are now constructed. Manufacturing The Boeing Company was awarded the contract to manufacture the S-IC on December 15, 1961. VABConstructionjpg|thumbnail|right|VAB during its early steel construction phase (1963 along with the Mobile Launcher Platform and tower assemblies for the Saturn V rocket Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E The Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF is an 832- Acre (34-km² site owned by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA) and located New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States A Space Shuttle External Tank ( ET) is the component of the Space Shuttle launch vehicle that contains the Liquid hydrogen fuel and Liquid oxygen Most of its mass of over two thousand metric tonnes at launch was propellant, in this case RP-1 rocket fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer. A bipropellant rocket engine is a Rocket engine that uses two propellants (very often liquid propellants) which are kept separately prior to reacting to form a hot Usage and history RP-1 is most commonly burned with LOX ( Liquid oxygen) as the oxidizer though other oxidizers have also been used An oxidizing agent or oxidising agent (also called an oxidant, oxidizer or oxidiser) can be defined as either a Chemical compound It was 138 feet (42 m) tall and 33 feet (10 m) in diameter, and provided over 34 MN (7. 64 million pounds force) of thrust to get the rocket through the first 61 kilometers of ascent. The five F-1 engines were arranged in a cross pattern. The F-1 is a Rocket engine developed by Rocketdyne and used in the Saturn V. The center engine was fixed, while the four outer engines could be hydraulically turned ("gimballed") to control the rocket. For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering A gimbal is a pivoted support that allows the rotation of an object about a single axis In flight, the center engine was turned off earlier to limit acceleration.

S-II second stage

Main article: S-II

The S-II was built by North American Aviation at Seal Beach, California. The S-II (pronounced "ess two" was the second stage of the Saturn V rocket North American Aviation was a major US Aircraft manufacturer, responsible for a number of historic aircraft including the T-6 Texan trainer the Seal Beach is a city in Orange County California. The population was 24157 at the 2000 census Using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, it had five J-2 engines in a similar arrangement to the S-IC, also using the outer engines for control. Liquid hydrogen (LH2 or LH2 is the Liquid state of the element Hydrogen. Rocketdyne 's J-2 was America's largest production Liquid hydrogen fueled rocket engine before the Space Shuttle main engines (SSME and is being revived The S-II was 81 feet and 7 inches (24. 9 m) tall with a diameter of 33 feet (10 m), identical to the S-IC, and thus is the largest cryogenic stage ever built. The second stage accelerated the Saturn V through the upper atmosphere with 5. 1 MN of thrust (in vacuum). When loaded, significantly more than 90 percent of the mass of the stage was propellant, however, the ultra-lightweight design had led to two failures in structural testing. Instead of having an intertank structure to separate the two fuel tanks as was done in the S-IC, the S-II used a common bulkhead that was constructed from both the top of the LOX tank and bottom of the LH2 tank. It consisted of two aluminum sheets separated by a honeycomb structure made of phenolic resin. WikipediaNaming Phenolic resin can include any of various synthetic Thermosetting Resins such as Bakelite, obtained by the reaction of Phenols with simple This had to insulate against the 70 °C (125 °F) temperature difference between the two tanks. The use of a common bulkhead saved 3. 6 metric tons in weight. Like the S-IC, the S-II was transported by sea.

S-IVB third stage

Main article: S-IVB

The S-IVB was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company at Huntington Beach, California. The S-IVB (sometimes S4b always pronounced "ess four bee" was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second The Douglas Aircraft Company was an American Aerospace manufacturer, based in Long Beach California. Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in Southern California, United States. It had one J-2 engine and used the same fuel as the S-II. The S-IVB used a common bulkhead to insulate the two tanks. It was 58 feet and 7 inches (17. 85 m) tall with a diameter of 21 feet and 8 inches (6. 60 m) and was also designed with high mass efficiency, though not quite as aggressively as the S-II. This stage was used twice during the mission: first in a 2. 5 min burn for the orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, and later for the trans lunar injection (TLI) burn, lasting about 6 mins. A Trans Lunar Injection (TLI is a propulsive maneuver used to set a Spacecraft on a Trajectory which will arrive at the Moon. Two liquid-fueled auxiliary propulsion system units mounted at the aft end of the stage were used for attitude control during the parking orbit and the trans-lunar phases of the mission. A parking orbit is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a Satellite or other Space probe. The two APSs were also used as ullage engines to help settle the fuel prior to the translunar injection burn. Ullage motors or Ullage engines are relatively small independently-fueled Rocket engines that may be fired to accelerate the rocket prior to main engine ignition

The S-IVB was the only rocket stage of the Saturn V small enough to be transported by plane, in this case the Guppy. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Apart from the interstage adapter, this stage is nearly identical to the second stage of the Saturn IB rocket. The Saturn IB was an uprated version of the Saturn I, which featured a much more powerful second stage the S-IVB.

Instrument unit

Main article: Saturn V Instrument Unit

The Instrument Unit for the Apollo 4 Saturn V

The Instrument Unit was built by IBM and rode atop the third stage. The Saturn V Instrument Unit is a ring-shaped structure fitted to the top of the Saturn V rocket's third stage ( S-IVB) and the Saturn IB 's second stage International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology It was constructed at the Space Systems Center in Huntsville. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Huntsville is a city in Madison and Limestone Counties in the U This computer controlled the operations of the rocket from just before liftoff until the S-IVB was discarded. It included guidance and telemetry systems for the rocket. Telemetry (synonymous with Telematics) is a Technology that allows the remote measurement and reporting of Information of interest to the system designer By measuring the acceleration and vehicle attitude, it could calculate the position and velocity of the rocket and correct for any deviations.

Range safety

In the event of an abort requiring the destruction of the rocket, the range safety officer would remotely shut down the engines and after several seconds send another command for the shaped explosive charges attached to the outer surfaces of the rocket to detonate. These would make cuts in fuel and oxidizer tanks to disperse the fuel quickly and to minimize mixing. The pause between these actions would give time for the crew to escape using the Launch Escape Tower or (in the later stages of the flight) the propulsion system of the Service module. A third command, "safe", was used after the S-IVB stage achieved the orbit to irreversibly deactivate the self-destruct system. The system was also inactive as long as the rocket was still on the launch pad. ^[7]

Comparisons

The F-1 engines of the S-IC first stage dwarf their creator, Wernher von Braun. The F-1 is a Rocket engine developed by Rocketdyne and used in the Saturn V. Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (March 23 1912 &ndash June 16 1977 a German rocket physicist and astronautics engineer became one of the leading figures in

The Soviet counterpart of the Saturn V was the N-1 rocket. The Soviet space program consisted of initiatives within the Soviet Union by competing design groups N1 or N-1 was the secret Soviet Rocket intended to send Soviet Cosmonauts to the Moon. The Saturn V was taller, heavier, had more liftoff thrust, and greater payload,^[8] but the N-1's first stage diameter was larger. ^[9] The N1 had four test launches before the program was canceled, each resulting in the vehicle catastrophically failing early in the flight. The first stage of Saturn V used five powerful engines rather than the 30 smaller engines of the N-1, necessary as the Soviets had not developed similarly powerful engines at that time. During two launches, Apollo 6 and Apollo 13, the Saturn V was able to recover from engine loss incidents. The N-1 likewise was designed to compensate for engine failures, but the system never successfully saved a launch from failure. Overall, the main reason for the N-1's failures seems to be traceable to lack of all-up testing of the first stage, in turn due to insufficient funding.

Saturn V first stage thrust performance during Apollo 15 launch. 7. 823 million pounds (34. This article deals with the unit of force For the unit of mass see Pound (mass. 8 MN) liftoff thrust.

The three-stage Saturn V had a peak thrust of at least 34. 02 MN (SA-510 and subsequent)^[10] and a lift capacity of 118,000 kg to LEO. The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km The SA-510 mission (Apollo 15) had a liftoff thrust of 7. 823 million pounds (34. 8 MN). The SA-513 mission (Skylab) had slightly greater liftoff thrust of 7. 891 million pounds (35. 1 MN). No other operational launch vehicle has ever surpassed the Saturn V in height, weight, or payload. If the two Russian Energia test launches are counted as operational, it had the same liftoff thrust as SA-513, 35. The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian, meaning Energy) Rocket was a Soviet rocket that was designed 1 MN.

Hypothetical future versions of the Soviet Energia would have been significantly more powerful than the Saturn V, delivering 46 MN of thrust and able to deliver up to 175 metric tonnes to LEO in the "Vulkan" configuration. The Energia (or Energiya, Энергия in Russian, meaning Energy) Rocket was a Soviet rocket that was designed Planned uprated versions of the Saturn V using F-1A engines would have had about 18 percent more thrust and 137,250 kg (302,580 lb) payload. ^[11] NASA contemplated building larger members of the Saturn family, such as the Saturn C-8, and also unrelated rockets, such as Nova, but these were never produced. The Saturn C-8 was the largest Saturn rocket to be designed It was an alternative to the Nova rocket should a direct landing method of lunar exploration Nova was a series of proposed Rocket designs originally as NASA 's first large launchers for missions similar to the Saturn V that entered production

The Space Shuttle generates a peak thrust of 30. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States 1 MN,^[12] and payload capacity to LEO (excl. Shuttle Orbiter itself) is 28,800 kg, which is about 25 percent of the Saturn V's payload. If the Shuttle Orbiter itself is counted as payload, this would be about 112,000 kg (248,000 lb). An equivalent comparison would be the Saturn V S-IVB third stage total orbital mass on Apollo 15, which was 140,976 kg (310,800 lb).

Some other recent launch vehicles have a small fraction of the Saturn V's payload capacity: the European Ariane 5 with the newest versions Ariane 5 ECA delivers up to 10,000 kg to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). Ariane 5 is a European Expendable launch A Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit or Geostationary Transfer Orbit ( GTO) is a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Earth between a Low Earth orbit The US Delta 4 Heavy, which launched a dummy satellite on December 21, 2004, has a capacity of 13,100 kg to geosynchronous transfer orbit. The Delta IV is a family of Delta Rockets designed by Boeing 's Integrated Defense Systems division and built in United Launch Alliance's Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Atlas V rocket (using engines based on a Russian design) delivers up to 25,000 kg to LEO and 13,605 kg to GTO. The Atlas V Rocket is an Expendable launch vehicle formerly built by Lockheed Martin and now built by the Lockheed Martin- Boeing joint venture

S-IC thrust comparisons

Because of its large size, attention is often focused on the S-IC thrust and how this compares to other large rockets. Manufacturing The Boeing Company was awarded the contract to manufacture the S-IC on December 15, 1961. However, several factors make such comparisons more complex than first appears:

• Commonly-referenced thrust numbers are a specification, not an actual measurement. Individual stages and engines may fall short or exceed the specification, sometimes significantly.
• The F-1 thrust specification was uprated beginning with Apollo 15 (SA-510) from 1. The F-1 is a Rocket engine developed by Rocketdyne and used in the Saturn V. 5 million lbf (6. 67 MN) to 1. 522 million lbf (6. 77 MN), or 7. 61 million lbf (33. 85 MN) for the S-IC stage. The higher thrust was achieved via a redesign of the injector orifices and a slightly higher propellant mass flow rate. However, comparing the specified number to the actual measured thrust of 7. 823 million lbf (34. 8 MN) on Apollo 15 shows a significant difference.
• There is no "bathroom scale" way to directly measure thrust of a rocket in flight. Rather a mathematical calculation is made from combustion chamber pressure, turbopump speed, calculated propellant density and flow rate, nozzle design, and atmospheric conditions, in particular, external pressure. As the name suggests a turbopump comprises basically two main components a rotodynamic Pump and a driving Turbine, both mounted on the same shaft
• Thrust varies greatly with external pressure and thus, with altitude, even for a non-throttled engine. For example on Apollo 15, the calculated total liftoff thrust (based on actual measurements) was about 7. 823 million lbf (34. 8 MN), which increased to 9. 18 million lbf (40. 8 MN) at T+135 seconds, just before center engine cutoff (CECO), at which time the jet was heavily underexpanded.
• Thrust specifications are often given as vacuum thrust (for upper stages) or sea level thrust (for lower stages or boosters), sometimes without qualifying which one. This can lead to incorrect comparisons.
• Thrust specifications are often given as average thrust or peak thrust, sometimes without qualifying which one. Even for a non-throttled engine at a fixed altitude, thrust can often vary somewhat over the firing period due to several factors. These include intentional or unintentional mixture ratio changes, slight propellant density changes over the firing period, and variations in turbopump, nozzle and injector performance over the firing period.

Without knowing the exact measurement technique and mathematical method used to determine thrust for each different rocket, comparisons are often inexact. As the above shows, the specified thrust often differs significantly from actual flight thrust calculated from direct measurements. The thrust stated in various references is often not adequately qualified as to vacuum vs sea level, or peak vs average thrust.

Similarly, payload increases are often achieved in later missions independent of engine thrust. This is by weight reduction or trajectory reshaping.

The result is there is no single absolute figure for engine thrust, stage thrust or vehicle payload. There are specified values and actual flight values, and various ways of measuring and deriving those actual flight values.

The performance of each Saturn V launch was extensively analyzed and a Launch Evaluation Report produced for each mission, including a thrust/time graph for each vehicle stage on each mission. ^[13]

Assembly

The Apollo 10 Saturn V during rollout

After the construction of a stage was completed, it was shipped to the Kennedy Space Center. The first two stages were so large that the only way to transport them was by barge. The S-IC constructed in New Orleans was transported down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world After rounding Florida, it was then transported up the Intra-Coastal Waterway to the Vertical Assembly Building (now called the Vehicle Assembly Building). Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Intracoastal Waterway is a 4800-km (3000-mile Waterway along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. VABConstructionjpg|thumbnail|right|VAB during its early steel construction phase (1963 along with the Mobile Launcher Platform and tower assemblies for the Saturn V rocket The S-II was constructed in California and so traveled via the Panama Canal. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the The third stage and Instrument Unit could be carried by the Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy and Super Guppy. Aero Spacelines Inc was a US aircraft manufacturer that made a namefor itself by converting Boeing B-377 Stratocruisers into the famous Guppy line of aircraft WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout

On arrival at Vertical Assembly Building, each stage was checked out in a horizontal position before being moved to a vertical position. NASA also constructed large spool-shaped structures that could be used in place of stages if a particular stage was late. These spools had the same height and mass and contained the same electrical connections as the actual stages.

NASA decided to use a mobile launch tower, or "crawler", built by Marion Power Shovel of Ohio. The crawler-transporter is a tracked Vehicle used to transport the Saturn V Rocket, the Saturn IB rocket during Skylab Marion Power Shovel was a Marion Ohio based manufacturer of earth moving shovels and Draglines mainly used in construction and resource extraction Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads This meant that the rocket was constructed on the launch pad in the VAB and then the whole structure was moved out to the launch site by the crawler, which is still used today by the Space Shuttle program. It runs on four double tracked treads, each with 57 'shoes'. Each shoe weighs 900 kg (2,000 lb). This transporter had to keep the rocket level as it traveled the 3 miles (5 km) to the launch site.

Lunar mission launch sequence

The Saturn V carried the Apollo astronauts to the Moon. An astronaut or cosmonaut (космона́вт) is a person trained All Saturn V missions launched from Launch Complex 39 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center. The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on After the rocket cleared the launch tower, mission control transferred to the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The Lyndon B Johnson Space Flight Center ( "JSFC") is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's center for

An average mission used the rocket for a total of just 20 minutes. Although Apollo 6 and Apollo 13 experienced engine failures, the onboard computers were able to compensate by burning the remaining engines longer, and none of the Apollo launches resulted in a payload loss.

S-IC sequence

A condensation cloud is seen sticking to the Apollo 11 Saturn V launch vehicle as it works its way up through the dense, lower atmosphere. See: Max Q. In Aerospace engineering, max Q is the point of maximum Dynamic pressure, the point at which aerodynamic stress on a spacecraft in atmospheric flight is maximized

The first stage burned for 2. 5 minutes, lifting the rocket to an altitude of 42 miles (68 kilometers) and a speed of 6164 mph (9921 km/h) and burning 2,000,000 kg of propellant.

At 8. 9 seconds before launch, the first stage ignition sequence started. The center engine ignited first, followed by opposing outboard pairs at 300-millisecond stagger times to reduce the structural loads on the rocket. The moment full thrust had been confirmed by the onboard computers, the rocket was 'soft-released' in two stages: first, the hold-down arms released the rocket, and second, as the rocket began to accelerate upwards, it was held back somewhat by tapered metal pins being pulled through holes. The latter lasted for half a second. Once the rocket had lifted off, it could not safely settle back down onto the pad if the engines failed.

It took about 12 seconds for the rocket to clear the tower. As it moved past the tower, the rocket yawed away to ensure adequate clearance in case of adverse winds. Flight dynamics is the science of air and space vehicle orientation and control in three dimensions At an altitude of 430 ft (130 meters) the rocket began to roll and then pitch to the correct azimuth. From launch until 38 seconds after second stage ignition, the Saturn V would fly a preprogrammed pitch program biased for the prevailing winds during the launch month. The four outboard engines also tilted away from the center, so that if one engine had shut down early, the thrust of the remaining engines would have been towards the rocket's center of gravity. The Saturn V quickly accelerated, reaching 1600 feet/s. (500 m/s) at 1+ miles (2 km) in altitude. Much of the early portion of the flight was spent gaining altitude, with the required velocity coming later.

At about 80 seconds, the rocket reached the point of the flight with the maximum dynamic pressure, known as Max Q. In Aerospace engineering, max Q is the point of maximum Dynamic pressure, the point at which aerodynamic stress on a spacecraft in atmospheric flight is maximized The dynamic pressure on a rocket varies jointly as the air density around the rocket and the square of the speed. In Fluid dynamics dynamic pressure (indicated with q, or Q, and sometimes called velocity pressure) is the quantity defined by The density of air, ρ (Greek rho (air density is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere, and is a useful value in Aeronautics. Although the speed is increasing as the rocket gets higher, the air density beyond Max Q is decreasing so rapidly that the dynamic pressure is effectively reduced. In Aerospace engineering, max Q is the point of maximum Dynamic pressure, the point at which aerodynamic stress on a spacecraft in atmospheric flight is maximized

At 135. 5 seconds, the center engine would shut down to reduce the acceleration loads on the rocket, since it became lighter as fuel was used. The F-1 engine could not throttle down so this was the easiest method. The crew also experienced their greatest acceleration, 4 g (129 ft/s²; 39 m/s²), just before first stage cut off. g-force (also G-force, g-load) is a measurement of an object's Acceleration expressed in g s The other engines continued to burn until either the oxidizer or fuel was depleted as measured by sensors in the suction assemblies. The first stage separated 600 milliseconds after the engine cutoff. This was done with the help of the eight small solid fuel separation motors and occurred at an altitude of about 38 miles (62 km). The first stage continued to an altitude of 68 miles (110 km), then fell in the Atlantic Ocean about 350 miles (560 km) from the launch pad.

S-II sequence

Still from film footage of Apollo 6's interstage falling away (NASA)

After the S-IC sequence, the S-II second stage burned for 6 minutes and propelled the craft to 109 miles (176 km) and 15,647 mph (25,182 km/hr -- 7. 00 km/s), bringing it close to orbital velocity. The orbital speed of a body generally a Planet, a Natural satellite, an artificial satellite, or a Multiple star, is the speed at which it

The second stage had a two-part ignition process, which varied over the duration of the program. In the first part for the first two unmanned launches, eight solid-fuel ullage motors ignited for four seconds to give positive acceleration, followed by the five J-2 engines. Rocket propellant is mass that is stored usually in some form of Propellant tank prior to being used as the propulsive mass that is ejected from a rocket engine in the form Ullage motors or Ullage engines are relatively small independently-fueled Rocket engines that may be fired to accelerate the rocket prior to main engine ignition For the first seven manned Apollo missions only four ullage motors were used, and they were eliminated completely for the final four launches. In the second part, about 30 seconds after the first stage separated, the aft interstage separated from the second stage. This was a precisely controlled maneuver as the interstage could not be allowed to touch the engines and had a clearance of only one meter. At the same time as the interstage separated, the Launch Escape System was jettisoned. A Launch Escape System (LES is a top-mounted Rocket connected to the crew module of a crewed spacecraft and used to quickly separate the crew module from the rest of the See Apollo abort modes for more information about the various abort modes that could have been used during a launch.

Apollo 6 interstage

About 38 seconds after the second stage ignition the control guidance of the Saturn V switched from a preprogrammed pitch routine to Iterative Guidance Mode, controlled by the Instrument Unit, based on accelerometers and altitude sensors. If the Instrument Unit took the rocket outside allowed limits the crew could either abort or take control of the rocket using one of the rotational hand controllers in the capsule.

About 90 seconds before the second stage cutoff, the center engine shut down to reduce longitudinal pogo oscillations. Pogo oscillation is the term for a potentially dangerous type of Oscillation found in Rocket engines This oscillation results in variations of Thrust from A pogo suppressor, first flown on Apollo 14, stopped this motion but the center engine was still shut down early to limit acceleration G forces. g-force (also G-force, g-load) is a measurement of an object's Acceleration expressed in g s At around this time, the LOX flow rate decreased, changing the mix ratio of the two propellants, ensuring that there would be as little propellant as possible left in the tanks at the end of second stage flight. This was done at a predetermined delta-v. In Astrodynamics, the term delta-v, literally "change in velocity" (see symbol delta) has a specific meaning it is a Scalar which takes

There were five sensors in the bottom of each tank of the S-II. When two of these were uncovered, the Instrument Unit would initiate the staging sequence. One second after the second stage cut off it separated and a tenth of a second later the third stage ignited. Solid fuel retro-rockets mounted on the interstage at the top of the stage fired to help back away the depleted second stage from the remainder of the stack. The S-II impacted about 4200 km from the launch site. The S-II (pronounced "ess two" was the second stage of the Saturn V rocket

S-IVB sequence

The third stage burned for a further 2. 5 minutes, boosting speed to 17,450 mph (28,083 km/hr), about 12 minutes after launch. For missions other than low Earth orbit, the third stage remained attached while the spacecraft orbited the Earth two and a half times in a parking orbit while astronauts and mission controllers examined the spacecraft and rocket to make sure everything functioned nominally. A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km In Physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved path of one object around a point or another body for example the gravitational orbit of a planet around a star A parking orbit is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a Satellite or other Space probe.

Unlike the previous separation, there was no two-stage separation. The interstage between the second and third stages remained attached to the second stage (although it was constructed as part of the third stage).

The S-IVB stage from the Apollo 7 flight in Earth orbit. Although Apollo 7 used a Saturn IB booster, the S-IVB stage was used on both the Saturn IB and Saturn V. On Saturn V flights the four Spacecraft/LM Adapter panels would be jettisoned to allow access to the Lunar Module

By 10 minutes 30 seconds into the launch, the Saturn V was 164 km in altitude and 1700 km downrange from the launch site. After about five more minutes of burning, the rocket cut off. In the early Apollo missions, the spacecraft was put into a temporary "parking orbit" of about 180 km by 165 km. This is quite low by Earth orbit standards and would not have remained stable for very long due to interaction between the spacecraft and the Earth's atmosphere. For the final three Apollo flights, the temporary parking orbit was even lower (approximately 150 km), to allow greater lunar payload capacity for these missions. For the two Earth orbit missions of the Saturn V, Apollo 9 and Skylab, the orbits were higher, more typical of manned orbital missions. The next two and a half orbits were spent checking out the systems of the spacecraft and preparing the spacecraft for Trans Lunar Injection (TLI). A Trans Lunar Injection (TLI is a propulsive maneuver used to set a Spacecraft on a Trajectory which will arrive at the Moon.

TLI came about two and a half hours after launch, when the third stage reignited to propel the spacecraft to the Moon. The S-IVB burned for almost six minutes so that the total spacecraft velocity at cutoff was close to the 11. 2 km/s escape velocity. This resulted in an energy-efficient transfer such that moon's gravity would help to arrive at the target, also resulting in lower fuel consumption for the moon orbit insertion.

A couple of hours after TLI the Apollo Command Service Module (CSM) separated from the third stage, turned 180 degrees, and docked with the Lunar Module (LM) which rode below the CSM during launch. The CSM and LM then separated from the third stage.

If it were to remain on the same trajectory as the spacecraft, the booster could have presented a hazard later in the mission, so the remaining propellant in its tanks was vented out of the engine, changing its trajectory. For third stages from Apollo 13 onwards, controllers directed it to impact the Moon. ^[14] Seismometers left behind by previous missions detected the impacts, and the information helped map the inside of the Moon. Seismometers (from Greek Seism - "the shakes" - and Metro - "I measure" are instruments that measure and record motions of the ground including Before that, the stages (except Apollo 9) were directed towards a flyby of the Moon designed to use lunar gravity as a gravitational slingshot into solar orbits. In Orbital mechanics and Aerospace engineering, a gravitational slingshot, gravity assist or swing-by is the use of the relative movement and Apollo 9's S-IVB was put directly into a solar orbit.

On September 3, 2002, Bill Yeung discovered a suspected asteroid, which was given the discovery designation J002E3. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but J002E3 is the designation given to a supposed Asteroid discovered by amateur astronomer Bill Yeung on September 3, 2002. It appeared to be in orbit around the Earth, and was soon discovered from spectral analysis to be covered in white titanium dioxide paint, the same paint used for the Saturn V. Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring Oxide of Titanium, chemical formula Ti[[oxygen Calculation of orbital parameters identified the apparent asteroid as being the Apollo 12 S-IVB stage. Mission controllers had planned to send Apollo 12's S-IVB into solar orbit, but the burn after separating from the Apollo spacecraft lasted too long, and hence it did not pass close enough to the Moon, remaining in a barely-stable orbit around the Earth and Moon. In 1971, through a series of gravitational perturbations, it is believed to have entered in a solar orbit and then returned into weakly-captured Earth orbit 31 years later. It left Earth orbit again in June 2003.

Skylab

Main articles: Saturn INT-21 and Skylab

The last Saturn V launch carried the Skylab space station to low Earth orbit in place of the third stage. The Saturn INT-21 was an American orbital Launch vehicle of the 1970s. Skylab was the first Space station the United States launched into orbit and the second space station ever visited by a human crew A Low Earth Orbit (LEO is generally defined as an Orbit within the locus extending from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of 2000 km

In 1968, the Apollo Applications Program was created to look into science missions that could be performed with the surplus Apollo hardware. Much of the planning centered on the idea of a space station, which eventually spawned the Skylab program. Skylab was launched using a two-stage Saturn V, sometimes called a Saturn INT-21,^[1]. The Saturn INT-21 was an American orbital Launch vehicle of the 1970s. It was the only launch not directly related to the Apollo lunar landing program.

Originally it was planned to use a 'wet workshop' concept, with a rocket stage being launched into orbit by a Saturn 1B and its spent S-IVB outfitted in space, but this was abandoned for the 'dry workshop' concept: An S-IVB stage from a Saturn IB was converted into a space station on the ground and launched on a Saturn V. Wet workshop is the idea of using a spent Rocket stage as a makeshift Space station. The Saturn IB was an uprated version of the Saturn I, which featured a much more powerful second stage the S-IVB. Wet workshop is the idea of using a spent Rocket stage as a makeshift Space station. A backup, constructed from a Saturn V third stage, is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum. The National Air and Space Museum (NASM of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington D

Three crews lived aboard Skylab from May 25, 1973 to February 8, 1974, with Skylab remaining in orbit until July 11, 1979. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)

It was originally hoped that Skylab would stay in orbit long enough to be visited by the Space Shuttle during its first few flights. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States The Shuttle could have raised Skylab's orbit, and allowed it to be used as a base for future space stations. However, the Shuttle did not fly until 1981, and it is now realized in retrospect that Skylab would have been of little use, as it was not designed to be refurbished and replenished with supplies.

Proposed post-Apollo developments

The (cancelled) second production run of Saturn Vs would very likely have used the F-1A engine in its first stage, providing a substantial performance boost. ^[15] Other likely changes would have been the removal of the fins (which turned out to provide little benefit when compared to their weight); a stretched S-IC first stage to support the more powerful F-1As; and uprated J-2s for the upper stages.

A number of alternate Saturn vehicles were proposed based on the Saturn V, ranging from the Saturn INT-20 with an S-IVB stage and interstage mounted directly onto an S-IC stage, through to the Saturn V-23(L)^[16] which would not only have five F-1 engines in the first stage, but also four strap-on boosters with two F-1 engines each: giving a total of thirteen F-1 engines firing at launch. The Saturn INT-20 was a proposed intermediate payload follow-on from the Apollo Saturn V launch vehicle The S-IVB (sometimes S4b always pronounced "ess four bee" was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company and served as the third stage on the Saturn V and second Manufacturing The Boeing Company was awarded the contract to manufacture the S-IC on December 15, 1961.

The Space Shuttle was initially conceived of as a cargo transport to be used in concert with the Saturn V, even to the point that a "Saturn-Shuttle," using the current orbiter and external tank, but with the tank mounted on a modified, fly-back version of the S-IC, would be used to power the Shuttle during the first two minutes of flight, after which the S-IC would be jettisoned (which would then fly back to KSC for refurbishment) and the Space Shuttle Main Engines would then fire and place the orbiter into orbit. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States The Saturn-Shuttle was a proposed interface of the Space Shuttle orbiter and external tank with the S-IC stage on the Saturn V rocket SSME redirect here For the services field see Service Science Management and Engineering The Space Shuttle Main Engines ( SSMEs The Shuttle would handle space station logistics, while Saturn V would launch components. A space station is an artificial structure designed for Humans to live in Outer space. Lack of a second Saturn V production run killed this plan and has left the United States without a heavy-lift booster. Some in the U. S. space community have come to lament this situation, as continued production would have allowed the International Space Station, using a Skylab or Mir configuration with both U. Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and S. and Russian docking ports, to have been lifted with just a handful of launches, with the "Saturn Shuttle" concept possibly eliminating the conditions that caused the Challenger Disaster in 1986. The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster took place on January 28 1986 when ''Challenger'', a Space Shuttle operated by NASA, broke apart

The Saturn V would have been the prime launch vehicle for the canceled Voyager Mars probes, and was to have been the launch vehicle for the nuclear rocket stage RIFT test program and the later NERVA. The Voyager Mars Program was a planned series of unmanned NASA probes to the planet Mars. Marcus Cocceius Nerva was also the name of a Roman emperor NERVA is an acronym for Nuclear Engine for Rocket

Successors

U. S. proposals for a rocket larger than the Saturn V from the late 1950s through the early 1980s were generally called Nova. Nova was a series of proposed Rocket designs originally as NASA 's first large launchers for missions similar to the Saturn V that entered production Over thirty different large rocket proposals carried the Nova name.

Wernher von Braun and others also had plans for a rocket that would have featured eight F-1 engines in its first stage allowing it to launch a manned spacecraft on a direct ascent flight to the Moon. Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (March 23 1912 &ndash June 16 1977 a German rocket physicist and astronautics engineer became one of the leading figures in Other plans for the Saturn V called for using a Centaur as an upper stage or adding strap-on boosters. Centaur is a Rocket stage designed for use as the upper stage of space Launch vehicles Centaur boosts its Satellite payload to its final Orbit These enhancements would have increased its ability to send large unmanned spacecraft to the outer planets or manned spacecraft to Mars. A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is

As of 2006, NASA plans to build the heavy-lift Ares V, a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle only 5 feet shorter than the Saturn V, but can lift the same amount of weight (~125 to 130 T) as its predecessor. The Ares V (formerly known as the Cargo Launch Vehicle or CaLV is the cargo launch component of Project Constellation. The Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle, or simply Shuttle-Derived Vehicle (SDV, is a term describing one of a wide array of concepts that have been developed for creating space This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. The launcher has been named as a homage to the Saturn V. It is intended as an unmanned heavy lift vehicle, like that of the Saturn INT-21/Skylab configuration, but unlike the Saturn INT-21, the Ares V will be used to support both future manned lunar landings and even future manned missions to Mars by 2030. The Saturn INT-21 was an American orbital Launch vehicle of the 1970s.

The Saturn V used three liquid-fueled stages, the first burning liquid oxygen and kerosene, and the upper two burning liquid hydrogen and oxygen. By contrast the Ares V will use two liquid-fueled hydrogen/oxygen stages, and for the first two minutes of powered flight, two modified Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. The Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs are the pair of large solid rockets used by the Space Shuttle during the first two minutes of powered flight The core stage will be powered by five modified RS-68 rocket engines in the same cross pattern as that used on the S-IC and S-II stages. The Rocketdyne RS-68 (Rocket System 68 is a Liquid hydrogen / Liquid oxygen engine developed starting in the 1990s with the goal of producing a simpler Initial Ares V design used five Space Shuttle Main Engines, but the RS-68 was later adopted based on lower costs, and its successful flight use on the unmanned Delta IV EELV launch system, along with being more powerful and easier to construct than its SSME counterpart. SSME redirect here For the services field see Service Science Management and Engineering The Space Shuttle Main Engines ( SSMEs The Delta IV is a family of Delta Rockets designed by Boeing 's Integrated Defense Systems division and built in United Launch Alliance's The Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle ( EELV) program is a United States government, primarily a Department of Defense –sponsored effort begun in the

The RS-68 engines, built by the Rocketdyne Division of Pratt and Whitney (formerly under the ownerships of Boeing and Rockwell International) produce less than half the thrust per engine as the Saturn V's F-1 engines, but are more efficient and can be throttled up or down. Pratt & Whitney is an American Aircraft engine manufacturer of products widely used in both civil and military aircraft. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E Rockwell International was the ultimate incarnation of a series of companies under the sphere of influence of Willard Rockwell, who had made his fortune after the invention and The J-2 engine used on the S-II and S-IVB will be modified into the improved J-2X engine for use on the Earth Departure Stage (EDS), and on the second stage of the proposed Ares I. The Ares V Earth Departure Stage (EDS is a rocket stage which will be designed by NASA at its Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville Ares I is the crew Launch vehicle being developed by NASA as a component of Project Constellation. Both the EDS and the Ares I second stage would use a single J-2X motor, although the EDS was originally designed to use two motors until the redesign employing the five RS-68s in place of the five SSMEs.

Cost

From 1964 until 1973, a total of US$6. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 5 billion was appropriated for the Saturn V, with the maximum being in 1966 with US$1. 2 billion. ^[17] Allowing for inflation this is equivalent to roughly $32-45 billion in 2007 money. ^[18] This works out at an amortised cost of $2. 4-3. 5 billion per launch.

One of the main reasons for the cancellation of the Apollo program was the cost. In 1966, NASA received its highest budget of US$4. 5 billion, about 0. 5 percent of the GDP of the United States at that time.

Saturn V vehicles and launches

The Saturn V launched day or night, in foul weather or fair, at the appropriate time to reach its destination, as shown in this montage of all launches.

Currently there are three Saturn Vs on display, all displayed horizontally:

A Saturn V on display at the U. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Skylab was the first Space station the United States launched into orbit and the second space station ever visited by a human crew Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Saturn INT-21 was an American orbital Launch vehicle of the 1970s. Due to budget constraints there were many canceled Apollo missions during the Apollo program. S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama before its move to indoor display at the Davidson Center for Space Exploration. Huntsville is a city in Madison and Limestone Counties in the U

• At the Johnson Space Center made up of first stage of SA-514, the second stage from SA-515 and the third stage from SA-513. The Lyndon B Johnson Space Flight Center ( "JSFC") is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's center for
• At the Kennedy Space Center made up of S-IC-T (test stage) and the second and third stages from SA-514. The John F Kennedy Space Center ( KSC) is the NASA Space vehicle launch facility and Launch Control Center ( Spaceport) on
• At the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, made up of S-IC-D, S-II-F/D and S-IVB-D (all test stages not meant for actual flight)(displayed in the Davidson Center for Space Exploration). The US Space & Rocket Center is located in Huntsville Alabama.

Of these three, only the one at the Johnson Space Center consists entirely of stages meant to be launched. The U.S. Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville also has on display an erect full scale model of the Saturn V. The US Space & Rocket Center is located in Huntsville Alabama. Huntsville is a city in Madison and Limestone Counties in the U The first stage from SA-515 resides at the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, Louisiana and the third stage was converted for use as backup Skylab. The Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF is an 832- Acre (34-km² site owned by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA) and located New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Backup Skylab is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum. The National Air and Space Museum (NASM of the Smithsonian Institution is a museum in Washington D

The blueprints or other plans for the Saturn V still exist on microfilm at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Microforms are any form either films or paper containing microreproductions of documents for transmission storage reading and printing George C Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC the original home of NASA, is a lead center for propulsion, Space Shuttle propulsion Shuttle external fuel ^[19]

Media

See also

• Comparison of heavy lift launch systems

References

Notes

External links

NASA sites

• Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
• Saturn launch vehicles (PDF)
• Launch complex 39 facility description (PDF)

Other sites

• Apollo Saturn Reference Page
• Project Apollo Archive

Simulators

• 3D Saturn V Explorer and Launch Simulation Program
• 3D Apollo Simulator with Saturn V Simulation Program
• Saturn V/Saturn IB simulation for Orbiter spaceflight sim