1867 edition of Punch, a ground-breaking British magazine of popular humour, including a good deal of satire of the contemporary social and political scene. Punch was a British weekly Magazine of Humour and Satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927

Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although, in practice, it is also found in the graphic and performing arts. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. The following is a list of literary terms; that is those words used in discussion classification criticism and analysis of Literature. The history of literature is the historical development of Writings in Prose or Poetry which attempt to provide Entertainment, enlightenment The History of literature in the Modern period in Europe begins with the Age of Enlightenment and the conclusion of the Baroque period in the 18th century This is a list of lists of Books in Wikipedia General lists List of anonymously published works List of books The following are lists of Writers: By name A &ndash B &ndash Y &ndash Z By type of writing This is a list of literary awards from around the world Worldwide in scope Nobel Prize in Literature Neustadt International Prize This is a list of awards that are or have been given out to writers of Poetry, either for a specific poem collection of poems or body of work Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of Literature and of the methods for analyzing literature A literary magazine is a Periodical devoted to Literature in a broad sense The performing arts are those forms of Art which differ from the Plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artist's own Body, Face and presence Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Dance (from French danser, perhaps from Frankish) is an Art form that generally refers to movement of the body usually rhythmic Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction Graphic arts is a term applied historically to the art of Printmaking and Drawing. The performing arts are those forms of Art which differ from the Plastic arts insofar as the former uses the artist's own Body, Face and presence In satire, human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, or other methods, ideally with the intent to bring about improvement. ^[1] Although satire is usually meant to be funny, the purpose of satire is not primarily humor in itself so much as an attack on something of which the author strongly disapproves, using the weapon of wit. Wit is a form of intellectual Humour. A wit (person is someone skilled in making witty remarks

A very common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony or sarcasm, but parody, burlesque, exaggeration, juxtaposition, comparison, analogy, and double entendre are all frequently used in satirical speech and writing. Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or Sarcasm is stating the opposite of an intended meaning especially in order to sneeringly slyly jest or mock a person situation or thing A parody (ˈpɛɹədiː US, [ˈpaɹədiː] UK) in contemporary usage is a work created to mock comment on or poke fun at an original work its subject Burlesque is a genre of entertainment also known as Travesty. Not to be confused with Puns which employ multiple phrases A double entendre is a Figure of speech similar to the Pun, in The essential point, however, is that "in satire, irony is militant"^[2]. This "militant irony" (or sarcasm) often professes to approve the very things the satirist actually wishes to attack.

Term

The word satire comes from Latin satura lanx and means "medley, dish of colourful fruits" - it was held by Quintilian to be a "wholly Roman phenomenon" (satura tota nostra est). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (ca 35 – ca 100 was a Roman Rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and This derivation properly has nothing to do with the Greek mythological figure satyr^[3]. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot To Quintilian, the satire was a strict literary form, but the term soon escaped from its original narrow definition. Robert Elliott wrote:

"As soon as a noun enters the domain of metaphor, as one modern scholar has pointed out, it clamours for extension; and satura (which had had no verbal, adverbial, or adjectival forms) was immediately broadened by appropriation from the Greek word for “satyr” (satyros) and its derivatives. The odd result is that the English “satire” comes from the Latin satura; but “satirize,” “satiric,” etc. , are of Greek origin. By about the 4th century AD the writer of satires came to be known as satyricus; St. Jerome, for example, was called by one of his enemies 'a satirist in prose' ('satyricus scriptor in prosa'). Subsequent orthographic modifications obscured the Latin origin of the word satire: satura becomes satyra, and in England, by the 16th century, it was written 'satyre. '"^[4]

Satire (in the modern sense of the word) is found in many artistic forms of expression, including literature, plays, commentary, and media such as song lyrics.

The term is also today applied to many works other than those which would have been considered satire by Quintilian - including, for instance, ancient Greek authors predating the first Roman satires. Public opinion in the Athenian democracy, for example, was remarkably influenced by the political satire written by such comic poets as Aristophanes for the theatre. That the manufacture of consent is capable of great refinements no one I think denies Athenian democracy developed in the Greek City-state of Athens Political satire is a significant part of Satire that specializes in gaining entertainment from politicsusing political cartoons politicians and public affairs Comedy was one of two principal dramatic forms in ancient Greece the other being Tragedy. Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca The theatre of ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical Culture that flourished in ancient Greece between c ^[5][6]

Satire and Humour

Satirical works often contain "straight" (non-satirical) humour - usually to give some relief from what might otherwise be relentless "preaching". This has always been the case, although it is probably more marked in modern satire. On the other hand some satire has little or no humour at all. It is not "funny" - nor is it meant to be.

Humour about a particular subject (politics, religion and art for instance) is not necessarily satirical because the subject itself is often a subject of satire. Nor is humour using the great satiric tools of irony, parody, or burlesque always meant in a satirical sense.

Development

Ancient Egypt

The Satire of the Trades^[7] dates to the beginning of the 2 millennium BC and is one of the earliest examples. The Satire of the Trades, also called The Instruction of Dua-Kheti, is a work of didactic ancient Egyptian literature To convince students, tired of studying, that their lot as scribes is useful, argues that their role as scibes is far superior to that of the ordinary man in the street. Some scholars like Helck ^[8] think that the context is debatable- rather than satirical, the descriptions were intended to be serious.

The Papyrus Anastasi I^[9] (late 2nd millennium BC) contains the text of a satirical letter in which the writer at first praises the virtues but then mocks the meagre knowledge and achievements of the recipient of the letter. Papyrus Anastasi I (officially designated papyrus British Museum 10247 is an ancient Egyptian Papyrus containing a satirical text used for the training of Scribes

Greece and Ancient Rome

The Greeks had no word for what later would be called "satire", although cynicism and parody were used. Cynicism (Kυνισμός originally comprised the various philosophies of a group of ancient Greeks called the Cynics, founded by In retrospect, the Greek playwright Aristophanes is one of the best known early satirists; he is particularly famous for his political satire in which he criticized the powerful Cleon (as in The Knights) and for the persecution he underwent. Comedy was one of two principal dramatic forms in ancient Greece the other being Tragedy. Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca Political satire is a significant part of Satire that specializes in gaining entertainment from politicsusing political cartoons politicians and public affairs Cleon (Greek Κλέων (d 422 BC was an Athenian Strategos during the Peloponnesian War. Aristophanes ' comedy Knights ( Greek: Hippeîs) took the prize at the Lenaia festival in 424 BCE ^{[10][11][12][13]}

The oldest form of satire still in use is the Menippean satire by Menippus of Gadara. Menippean satire is a term broadly used to refer to Prose Satires that are rhapsodic in nature combining many different targets of Ridicule into Menippus (Μένιππος of Gadara, was a Cynic and Satirist who lived during the 3rd century BCE His own writings are lost, but his admirers and imitators mix seriousness and mocking in dialogues, presenting parodies before a background of diatribe. One should begin to question approved truths, in this case to form a didactic set of knowledge.

In Rome, the first to discuss satire critically was Quintilian, who invented the term to describe the writings of Lucilius. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (ca 35 – ca 100 was a Roman Rhetorician from Hispania, widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and Lucilius is the Nomen of the gens Lucilia of ancient Rome. Gaius Lucilius, satirist 2nd century BC. In the 16th century, most believed that the term satire came from the Greek satyr; satyrs were the companions of Dionysos and central characters of the satyr plays of the Theatre of Ancient Greece. In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot In Classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos (in Greek, Διόνυσος or Διώνυσος; associated with Roman Satyr plays were an ancient Greek form of tragicomedy similar to the modern-day Burlesque style The theatre of ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical Culture that flourished in ancient Greece between c Its derivatives satirical and satirise are indeed, but the style of the Roman satire is rather linked to the satira, or satura lanx, a "dish of fruits" resembling the colourful mockings or figuratively a "medley". Pliny reports that the 6th century BC poet Hipponax wrote satirae that were so cruel that the offended hanged themselves. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek Iambic Poet. Expelled from Ephesus in 540 BC by the tyrant Athenagoras, he took refuge ^[14] The confusion with the satyr supported the understanding of satire as biting, like Juvenal, and not mild, like Horace, and this is reflected in literary criticism and method in Early Modern Europe until the 17th century.

Criticism of Roman emperors (notably Augustus) needed to be presented in veiled ironical terms - but the term when applied to Latin works actually titled as "satires" is much wider than in the modern sense of the word, including fantastic and highly coloured humorous writing with little or no real mocking intent. A veil is an article of clothing worn almost exclusively by women that is intended to cover some part of the head or Face.

Prominent satirists from Roman antiquity include Horace and Juvenal, who were active during the early days of the Roman Empire and are the two most influential Latin satirists. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, ( Venosa, December 8, 65 BC - Rome, November 27, 8 BC known in the English-speaking world as Horace The The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Other important Roman satirists are Lucilius and Persius. Lucilius is the Nomen of the gens Lucilia of ancient Rome. Gaius Lucilius, satirist 2nd century BC. Persius, in full Aulus Persius Flaccus ( Volterra, 34-62 was a Roman Poet and Satirist of Etruscan origin

Middle Ages

There are examples of satire from the Early Middle Ages, especially songs by goliards or vagants now best known as an anthology called Carmina Burana and made famous as texts of a composition by the 20th century composer Carl Orff. The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 The Goliards were a group of Clergy who wrote bibulous satirical Latin Poetry in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Carmina Burana (ˈkarmɪna buˈraːna also known as the Burana Codex, is a Manuscript collection found in 1803 in the Bavarian monastery of Carl Orff ( &ndash) was a 20th-century German Composer, most famous for Carmina Burana (1937 Satirical poetry is believed to have been popular, although little has survived. With the advent of the High Middle Ages and the birth of modern vernacular literature in the 12th century, it began to be used again, most notably by Chaucer. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 Vernacular literature is Literature written in the Vernacular - the speech of the "common people" Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. The disrespectful manner was considered "Unchristian" and ignored but for the moral satire, which mocked misbehavior in Christian terms. Examples are Livre des Manières (~1170), and in some of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century (two of them in Prose, the rest in verse) The epos was mocked, and even the feudal society, but there was hardly a general interest in the genre. An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation After the Middle Ages in the Renaissance reawakening of Roman literary traditions, the satires Till Eulenspiegel and Reynard the Fox were published, and also in Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiff (1494), Erasmus' Moriae Encomium (1509) and Thomas More's Utopia (1516). The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Till Eulenspiegel (tɪl ˈʔɔʏlənˌʃpiːgəl Low Saxon: Dyl Ulenspegel dɪl ˈʔuːlnˌspɛɪgl̩ was an impudent Trickster figure who originated Reynard the Fox, also known as Renard, Renart, Reinard, Reinecke, Reinhardus, Reynardt, Reynaerde Sebastian Brant (also Brandt) (1457 &ndash May 10, 1521) Alsatian humanist and Satirist, was born in Strasbourg The ship of fools is an Allegory that has long been a fixture in Western literature and art. The Praise of Folly ( Greek title Morias Enkomion (Μωρίας Εγκώμιον, Latin: Stultitiae Laus, sometimes translated as Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the

Persia

Main article: Persian satire

Obeid e zakani introduced satire into Persia during the 14th century. Persian satire refers to Satires in Persian language. History of Persian satire Ancient Persian satire Perhaps Nejam od-Din Obeyde Zâkâni (نجم الدین عبید زاکانی or simply Ubayd-i Zākāni (عبيد زاکانى d The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Between 1905 and 1911, Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi and other Iranian writers wrote notable satires. Bibi Khānoom Astarābādi ( بی بی خانوم استرآبادی) (1858 or 1859 – 1921 was a notable Iranian writer Satirist, and one of the pioneering

Early modern western satire

The Elizabethan (i. Romance and reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era e. 16th century English) writers thought of satire as related to the notoriously rude, coarse and sharp satyr play. Elizabethan "satire" (typically in pamphlet form) therefore contains more straight forward abuse than subtle irony. The French Huguenot Isaac Casaubon pointed out in 1605 that satire in the Roman fashion was something altogether more civilised. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Isaac Casaubon ( February 18 1559 &ndash July 1 1614) was a classical scholar and Philologist, first in France 17th century English satire once again aimed at the "amendment of vices" (Dryden).

Direct social commentary via satire returned with a vengeance in the 16th century, when farcical texts such as the works of François Rabelais tackled more serious issues (and incurred the wrath of the crown as a result). In the Age of Enlightenment, an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th century advocating rationality, began the breakthrough of English satire, largely due to the creation of Tory and Whig groups and the necessity to convey the true meaning of criticism, especially true for Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, John Dryden and Alexander Pope. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to Daniel Defoe (1659/1661 — April 24, 1731 was an English Writer, Journalist, and Pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 John Dryden (– was an influential English poet Literary critic, Translator and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744 is generally regarded as the greatest English Poet of the eighteenth century best known for his Satirical Here, astute and biting satire of institutions and individuals became a popular weapon. Although Isaac Casaubon discovered and published Quintilian's writing and presented the original meaning of the term (satira, not satyr), Early Modern satire was already an established genre, but the sense of wittiness (reflecting the "dishfull of fruits") became more important again. Isaac Casaubon ( February 18 1559 &ndash July 1 1614) was a classical scholar and Philologist, first in France

Jonathan Swift was one of the greatest of Anglo-Irish satirists, and one of the first to practice modern journalistic satire. Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 For instance, his A Modest Proposal suggests that poor Irish parents be encouraged to sell their own children as food, while his The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters says that dissenters (from established Church doctrine) are to be vigorously persecuted. A Modest Proposal For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public, The term dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, “to disagree” labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion belief etc In his book Gulliver's Travels he writes about the flaws in human society in general and English society in particular. Gulliver's Travels (1726 amended 1735 officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts Swift creates a moral fiction, for instance a world in which parents do not have their most obvious responsibility, which is to protect their children from harm, or in which freedom of religion is reduced to the freedom to conform. Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance His purpose is of course to attack indifference to the plight of the desperately poor, and to advocate freedom of conscience.

John Dryden also wrote an influential essay on satire that helped fix its definition in the literary world. John Dryden (– was an influential English poet Literary critic, Translator and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England

Anglo-American satire

Ebenezer Cooke, author of "The Sot-Weed Factor," was among the first to bring satire to the British colonies; Benjamin Franklin and others followed, using satire to shape an emerging nation's culture through shaping its sense of the ridiculous. For the Anglo-Australian artist see Ebenezer Wake Cook Ebenezer Cooke (ca Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.

Mark Twain was a great American satirist: his novel Huckleberry Finn is set in the antebellum South, where the moral values Twain wishes to promote are completely turned on their heads. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain. " Antebellum " is an expression derived from Latin that means "before war" ( ante, "before" and bellum His hero, Huck, is a rather simple but good-hearted lad who is ashamed of the "sinful temptation" that leads him to help a runaway slave. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another In fact his conscience – warped by the distorted moral world he has grown up in, often bothers him most when he is at his best. Ironically, he is prepared to do good, believing it to be wrong.

Twain's younger contemporary Ambrose Bierce gained notoriety as a cynic, pessimist and black humourist with his dark, bitterly ironic stories, many set during the American Civil War, which satirized the limitations of human perception and reason. Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce (June 24 1842 &ndash 1914? was an American Editorialist Journalist, short-story writer and Satirist. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Bierce's most famous work of satire is probably The Devil's Dictionary, in which the definitions mock cant, hypocrisy and received wisdom. The Devil's Dictionary, by Ambrose Bierce, is a satirical book published in 1911 Hypocrisy (or the state of being a hypocrite) is the act of preaching a certain belief religion or way of life but not in fact holding these same virtues oneself

Satire in Victorian England

Novelists such as Charles Dickens often used passages of satiric writing in their treatment of social issues. Several satiric papers competed for the public's attention in the Victorian era and Edwardian period, such as Punch and Fun. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Class and society Socially the Edwardian era was a period during which the British Class system was very rigid Punch was a British weekly Magazine of Humour and Satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002 Fun was a Victorian weekly Magazine, first published on September 21 1861.

Perhaps the most enduring examples of Victorian satire, however, are to be found in the Savoy Operas of W. S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur Sullivan. Savoy Operas denote a style of Comic opera that developed in Victorian England in the late 19th century with W Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 &ndash 29 May 1911 was an English Dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator best known for his fourteen Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan MVO (13 May 1842 &ndash 22 November 1900 was an English composer of Irish and Italian descent best known for his operatic In fact, in The Yeomen of the Guard, a jester is given lines that paint a very neat picture of the method and purpose of the satirist, and might almost be taken as a statement of Gilbert's own intent:

"I can set a braggart quailing with a quip,

The upstart I can wither with a whim;

He may wear a merry laugh upon his lip,

But his laughter has an echo that is grim!"

20th century satire

In the 20th century, satire was used by authors such as Aldous Huxley and George Orwell to make serious and even frightening commentaries on the dangers of the sweeping social changes taking place throughout Europe and United States. The Yeomen of the Guard, or The Merryman and his Maid, is a Savoy Opera, with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 &ndash 22 November 1963 was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer The film The Great Dictator (1940) by Charlie Chaplin is a satire on Adolf Hitler. The Great Dictator is a Comedy film directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Many social critics of the time, such as Dorothy Parker and H. L. Mencken, used satire as their main weapon, and Mencken in particular is noted for having said that "one horse-laugh is worth ten thousand syllogisms" in the persuasion of the public to accept a criticism. Dorothy Parker (August 22 1893&ndashJune 7 1967 was an American writer and poet best known for her caustic Wit, wisecracks and sharp eye for 20th century urban foibles A syllogism, or logical appeal, (συλλογισμός &mdash "conclusion" "inference" (usually the categorical syllogism) is a kind of Joseph Heller's most famous work, Catch-22, satirizes bureaucracy and the military, and is frequently cited as one of the greatest literary works of the twentieth century^[15]. Catch-22 is a satirical, historical Novel by the American author Joseph Heller, first published in 1961 Novelist Sinclair Lewis was known for his satirical stories such as Babbitt, Main Street, and It Can't Happen Here. Sinclair Lewis ( February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American Novelist, Short-story writer and Babbitt, first published in 1922, is a work of fiction by the American Novelist, Short-story writer and playwright Sinclair Main Street is a satirical Novel written by Sinclair Lewis, and published in 1920 It Can't Happen Here is a semi-satirical political Novel by Sinclair Lewis published in 1935 His books often explored and satirized contemporary American values.

The film Dr. Strangelove from 1964 was a popular satire on the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the A more humorous brand of satire enjoyed a renaissance in the UK in the early 1960s with the Satire Boom, led by such luminaries as Peter Cook, John Cleese, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller, David Frost, Eleanor Bron and Dudley Moore and the television programme That Was The Week That Was. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Peter Edward Cook (17 November 1937 &ndash 9 January 1995 was an English Satirist, Writer and Comedian. John Marwood Cleese (ˈkliːz born 27 October, 1939) is a British Actor, Comedian, Writer, Film producer Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934 is an English Author and Tony Award -winning Playwright. Sir Jonathan Wolfe Miller, CBE (born 21 July 1934) is a British Neurologist, Theatre and Opera director Sir David Paradine Frost, OBE (born 7 April 1939) is an English Satirist and Television presenter, famed as both a Eleanor Bron (born 14 March, 1938) is a British stage film and television actress and authoress Dudley Stuart John Moore, CBE (19 April 1935 &ndash 27 March 2002 was an English Actor, Comedian and Musician. That Was The Week That Was, also known as TW3, was a Satirical Television comedy programme that aired on BBC Television in 1962 and

Contemporary satire

Contemporary popular usage often uses the term "satire" in a very imprecise manner. While satire often uses caricature and parody; by no means all uses of these, and other humorous devices, are satiric. A caricature is either a Portrait that exaggerates or distorts the essence of a person or thing to create an easily identifiable visual likeness or in literature a description A parody (ˈpɛɹədiː US, [ˈpaɹədiː] UK) in contemporary usage is a work created to mock comment on or poke fun at an original work its subject Refer to the careful definition of satire that heads this article.

Stephen Colbert satirizes an opinionated and self-righteous television commentator on his Comedy Central program in the United States. Stephen Tyrone Colbert ( born May 13 1964 is an American Comedian, satirist, Actor and Writer, known for his ironic style Comedy Central is an American Cable television and Satellite television channel that carries predominantly Comedy programming

Stephen Colbert’s television program The Colbert Report is instructive in the methods of contemporary Western satire. Stephen Tyrone Colbert ( born May 13 1964 is an American Comedian, satirist, Actor and Writer, known for his ironic style The Colbert Report (/kolˈbɛr rəˈpɔr/&mdashthe t is silent in "Colbert" is a Peabody Award and Emmy Award winning American Colbert's character is an opinionated and self-righteous commentator who, in his TV interviews, interrupts people, points and wags his finger at them, and "unwittingly" uses every logical fallacy known to man. Dr Stephen T Colbert DFA (koʊɫˈbεɹ is the In doing so, he demonstrates the principle of modern American political satire: the ridicule of the actions of politicians and other public figures by taking all their statements and purported beliefs to their furthest (supposedly) logical conclusion, thus revealing their perceived hypocrisy. Other political satire includes various political causes in the past, including the relatively successful Polish Beer-Lovers' Party and the joke political candidates Molly the Dog^[16] and Brian Miner ^[17]. The Polish Beer-Lovers' Party ( PPPP; Polish: Polska Partia Przyjaciół Piwa) was founded in 1990, one of its leaders being the satirist Brian Daniel Miner (born March 27, 1981) is an American Comedian and satirist.

Cartoonists often use satire as well as straight humour. Garry Trudeau, whose comic strip Doonesbury has charted and recorded many American follies for the last generation, deals with story lines such as Vietnam (and now, Iraq), dumbed-down education, and over-eating at "McFriendly's". Garretson Beekman Trudeau (born July 21, 1948) is an American Cartoonist, best known for the Doonesbury comic strip A comic strip is a sequence of drawings that tells a story Currently in the Western world, most comic strips are written and drawn by a Comics artist Doonesbury is a Comic strip by G B Trudeau that chronicles the adventures and lives of a vast array of different characters of different ages professions The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Trudeau exemplifies humor mixed with criticism. Recently, one of his gay characters lamented that because he was not legally married to his partner, he was deprived of the "exquisite agony" of experiencing a nasty and painful divorce like heterosexuals. This, of course, satirized the claim that gay unions would denigrate the sanctity of heterosexual marriage. Doonesbury also presents an example of how satire can cause social change. The comic strip satirized a Florida county that had a law requiring minorities to have a passcard in the area; the law was soon repealed with an act nicknamed the Doonesbury Act. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the ^[18]

Like some literary predecessors, many recent television "satires" contain strong elements of parody and caricature; for instance the popular animated series The Simpsons and South Park both parody modern family and social life by taking their assumptions to the extreme; both have led to the creation of similar series. A caricature is either a Portrait that exaggerates or distorts the essence of a person or thing to create an easily identifiable visual likeness or in literature a description South Park is an animated American television comedy series created and written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central As well as the purely humorous effect of this sort of thing, they often strongly criticise various phenomena in politics, economic life, religion and many other aspects of society, and thus qualify as "satirical". Due to their animated nature, these shows can easily use images of public figures and generally have greater freedom to do so than conventional shows using live actors.

Other satires are on the list of satirists and satires. List of satirists and satires Below is a list of writers cartoonists and others known for their involvement in Satire - humorous social criticism

Misconception of satire

Because satire often combines anger and humour it can be profoundly disturbing - because it is essentially ironic or sarcastic, it is often misunderstood. In an interview with Wikinews, Sean Mills, President of The Onion, said angry letters about their news parody always carried the same message. Wikinews is a free-content News source Wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. For the vegetable see Onion. The Onion is an American " fake news " organization "It’s whatever affects that person," said Mills. "So it’s like, 'I love it when you make a joke about murder or rape, but if you talk about cancer, well my brother has cancer and that’s not funny to me. ' Or someone else can say, 'Cancer’s hilarious, but don’t talk about rape because my cousin got raped. ' I'm using extreme examples, but whatever it is, if it affects somebody personally, they tend to be more sensitive about it. "^[19]

Common uncomprehending responses to satire include revulsion (accusations of poor taste, or that it's "just not funny" for instance), to the idea that the satirist actually does support the ideas, policies, or people he is attacking. Taste in the general sense is the same as Preference. Taste is also a sociological concept in that it is not just personal but subject to Social pressures For instance, at the time of its publication, many people misunderstood Swift’s purpose in "A Modest Proposal" – assuming it to be a serious recommendation of economically-motivated cannibalism. A Modest Proposal For Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public, Again, some critics of Mark Twain see Huckleberry Finn as racist and offensive, missing the point that its author clearly intended it to be satire (racism being in fact only one of a number of Mark Twain's known pet bugbears attacked in Huckleberry Finn). Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (often shortened to Huck Finn) is a novel written by American Humorist Mark Twain. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that

Satire under fire

Because satire is stealthy criticism, it frequently escapes censorship. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor Periodically, however, it runs into serious opposition.

In 1599, the Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift and the Bishop of London George Abbot, whose offices had the function of licensing books for publication in England, issued a decree banning verse satire. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the John Whitgift (c 1530 &ndash February 29, 1604) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1583 to his death The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. George Abbot or George Abbott may refer to George Abbot (Archbishop of Canterbury (1562-1633 English clergyman George Abbot England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The decree ordered the burning of certain volumes of satire by John Marston, Thomas Middleton, Joseph Hall, and others; it also required histories and plays to be specially approved by a member of the Queen's Privy Council, and it prohibited the future printing of satire in verse. John Marston (baptised October 7, 1576 – June 25, 1634) was an English poet playwright and satirist during the late Elizabethan Thomas Middleton (1580 &ndash 1627 was an English Jacobean playwright and Poet. Joseph Hall may refer to Joseph Hall (bishop (1574–1656 Joseph Hall (metallurgist (1789–1862 Joseph N A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a ^[20] The motives for the ban are obscure, particularly since some of the books banned had been licensed by the same authorities less than a year earlier. Various scholars have argued that the target was obscenity, libel, or sedition. It seems likely that lingering anxiety about the Martin Marprelate controversy, in which the bishops themselves had employed satirists, played a role; both Thomas Nashe and Gabriel Harvey, two of the key figures in that controversy, suffered a complete ban on all their works. Martin Marprelate was the name used by the anonymous Author or authors of the Marprelate tracts. Gabriel Harvey (c 1545 &ndash 1630 was an English Writer. Harvey was a notable scholar though his reputation suffered from his quarrel with Thomas Nashe In the event, though, the ban was little enforced, even by the licensing authority itself.

In Italy the media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi attacked RAI Television's satirical series, Raiot, Daniele Luttazzi's Satyricon, Enzo Biagi, Michele Santoro's Sciuscià, even a special Blob series on Berlusconi himself, by arguing that they were vulgar and full of disrespect to the government. A business magnate, sometimes referred to as a mogul, tycoon, baron, or industrialist, is a person who has reached a prominent place in (born 29 September 1936 is an Italian politician, Entrepreneur, Real estate and Insurance Tycoon, Bank and Media proprietor Daniele Luttazzi (born January 26 1961 real name Daniele Fabbri, is an Italian comedian writer Satirist, illustrator and singer/songwriter Satyricon (or Satyrica) is a Latin work of fiction in a mixture of prose and poetry Enzo Biagi ( August 9, 1920 &ndash November 6, 2007) was an Italian journalist and writer Michele Santoro (born July 2, 1951) is an Italian journalist broadcaster and anchorman He claimed that he would sue the RAI for 21,000,000 Euros if the show went on. RAI stopped the show. Sabina Guzzanti, creator of the show, went to court to proceed with the show and won the case. Sabina Guzzanti (born July 25, 1963) is an Italian actress devoted to comedy and satire However, the show never went on air again.

In 2001 the British television network Channel 4 aired a special edition of the spoof current affairs series Brass Eye, which was intended to mock and satirize the fascination of modern journalism with child molesters and pedophiles. Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began Brass Eye is a UK television series of satirical spoof documentaries which aired on Channel 4 in 1997 and was re-run in 2001 Sexual abuse, also referred to as molestation, is the forcing of undesired sexual acts by one person upon another The term pedophilia or paedophilia has a range of definitions as found in Psychology, law enforcement and the popular vernacular The TV network received an enormous number of complaints from members of the public, who were outraged that the show would mock a subject considered by many to be too "serious" to be the subject of humour.

In 2005, the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy caused global protests by offended Muslims and violent attacks with many fatalities in the Near East. It was not the first case of Muslim protests against criticism in the form of satire, but the Western world was surprised by the hostility of the reaction: Any country's flag in which a newspaper chose to publish the parodies was being burnt in a Near East country, then embassies were attacked, killing 139 people in mainly four countries (see article); politicians throughout Europe agreed that satire was an aspect of the freedom of speech, and therefore to be a protected means of dialogue. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Iran threatened to start an International Holocaust Cartoon Competition, which was immediately responded to by Jews with a Israeli Anti-Semitic Cartoons Contest. International Holocaust Cartoon Contest was a cartoon competition sponsored by the Iranian newspaper The Israeli Anti-Semitic Cartoons Contest ( Hebrew תחרות קריקטורות אנטישמיות ישראלית was initiated by two Israeli artists in response Although not really satirical, the response to Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses from 1988 was similarly violent; Khomeinei responded with a fatwa, death sentence, for the author, resulting in a 10-year breach of Irano-British diplomatic relations and a continued threat to the author's life. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie Kt (born 19 June 1947 is an Indian - British novelist and essayist The Satanic Verses is Salman Rushdie 's fourth Novel, first published in 1988 and inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 A fatwā (فتوى plural fatāwā فتاوى in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an

In 2006 British comedian Sacha Baron Cohen released Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan a "mockumentary" that satirized everyone, from high society to frat boys. Sacha Noam Baron Cohen (born 13 October 1971 is a British Jewish Comedian, Writer and Golden Globe -winning Actor most noted Borat Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan is a 2006 Mockumentary (also known as a pseudo-documentary) a Portmanteau of Mock and documentary, is a film and TV Genre, or a single work Criticism of the film was heavy, from claims of antisemitism (despite the fact Cohen is Jewish), to the massive boycott of the film by the Kazakh government; the film itself had been a reaction to a longer quarrel between the government and the comedian. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility

Satirical prophecy

Satire is occasionally prophetic: the jokes precede actual events. ^[21][22] Among the eminent examples are:

• the 1784 presaging of modern Daylight saving time, later actually proposed in 1907. Daylight saving time ( DST While an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin anonymously published a letter in 1784 suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by arising earlier to use morning sunlight. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city ^[23]

• In the 1920s an English cartoonist imagined a very laughable thing for that time: a hotel for cars. A cartoonist is a person who specializes in drawing Cartoons Traditionally much of this work was and still is humorous and is intended primarily for entertainment purposes He drew a multi-story car park. ^[22]

• The second episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, which debuted in 1969, featured a skit entitled "The Mouse Problem" which depicted a cultural phenomenon eerily similar to modern Furry Fandom (which did not become widespread until the 1980s, over a decade after the skit was first aired)

See also

• Onomastì komodèin
• Parody religion
• List of satirists and satires

References

Sources

• Lee, Jae Num. "Scatology in Continental Satirical Writings from Aristophanes to Rabelais" and "English Scatological Writings from Skelton to Pope. For the Coil album see Scatology (album. In Medicine and Biology, scatology or coprology is the study of Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca " Swift and Scatological Satire. Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1971. 7-22; 23-53.
• Jacob Bronowski & Bruce Mazlish, The Western Intellectual Tradition From Leonardo to Hegel, p. Jacob Bronowski ( January 18 1908 – August 22 1974) was a British mathematician and biologist of Polish-Jewish origin 252 (1960; as repub. in 1993 Barnes & Noble ed. ).
• Theorizing Satire: A Bibliography [2], by Brian A. Connery, Oakland University
• Bloom, Edward A. . "Sacramentum Militiae: The Dynamics of Religious Satire. " Studies in the Literary Imagination 5 (1972): 119-42.
• The Modern Satiric Grotesque. When used in conversation grotesque commonly means strange fantastic ugly or bizarre and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as Halloween Lexington: U of Kentucky P, 1991.

Theories/Critical approaches to satire as a genre:

• Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism. (See in particular the discussion of the 4 "myths").
• Emil Draitser. Emil Draitser is an author and professor of Russian at Hunter College, New York. Techniques of Satire: The Case of Saltykov-Shchedrin. (Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994) ISBN 3110126249.
• Hammer, Stephanie. Satirizing the Satirist.
• Highet, Gilbert. Satire.
• Kernan, Alvin. The Cankered Muse

The Plot of Satire.

• Seidel, Michael. Satiric Inheritance.
• Entopia: Revolution of the Ants (2008), by Rad Zdero.