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This article is about the concept of Satan. For the concept of "devil", see Devil. The Devil is the For other uses, see Satan (disambiguation).
Gustave Doré's depiction of Satan from John Milton's Paradise Lost.
Gustave Doré's depiction of Satan from John Milton's Paradise Lost. John Milton ( 9 December, 1608 – 8 November, 1674) was an English Poet, Prose Polemicist and Paradise Lost is an Epic poem in Blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton.

Satan is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally applied to an angel in Judeo-Christian belief, and to a jinn in Islamic belief. An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition GEnie (General Electric Network for Information Exchange was an online service For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

While Hebrew ha-Satan is "the accuser" and Satan itself means "to overcome" — the one who challenged the religious faith of humans in the books of Job and Zechariah — Abrahamic religious belief systems other than Judaism relate this term to a demon, a rebellious fallen angel, devil, minor god and idol, or as an allegory for evil. The Book of Job ( איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. The Book of Zechariah is a book of the Bible Old Testament and Jewish Tanakh attributed to the Prophet Zechariah. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut In most Christian traditions a fallen angel is an Angel that has been Exiled or banished from Heaven. The Devil is the Idolatry is usually defined as Worship of any Cult image, Idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. Evil, in many cultures is used to describe acts or thoughts which are contrary to some particular religion

'Satan' is שָׂטָן Satan in Standard Hebrew, Śāṭān in Tiberian Hebrew, סטנא Saṭänä in Aramaic, Σατανάς Satanás in Koine Greek, شيطان Šeytân in Persian, شيطان Šayṭān in Arabic, ሳይጣን Sāyṭān in Ge'ez, Şeytan in Turkish, and شيطان Shāiṭān in Urdu. Tiberian Hebrew is an extinct (yet very well documented Oral tradition of pronunciation for ancient Hebrew, especially the Hebrew of the Tanakh, that was Aramaic is a Semitic language with Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Ge'ez (gez ግዕዝ) also called Ethiopic, is an Abugida script that was originally developed to write Ge'ez, a Semitic language Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised

Contents

Etymology

Satan as seen in Codex Gigas.
Satan as seen in Codex Gigas. The Codex Gigas (Giant Book is the largest extant medieval Manuscript in the world

The word 'Satan', and the Arabic شيطان "shaitan", may derive from a Northwest Semitic root śṭn, meaning "to be hostile", "to accuse. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language "[1] An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in Job 1:7. When God asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (mi'ŝuṭ) the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The root ŝuṭ signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer".

Appearance

Satan has many appearances, depending on the source. Many people connect the term Satan with the more goat-like appearance of the devil, with cloven hooves, goat legs, and horns. This image of Satan may be related to the notion of the Satyr, a half-man/half-goat in Greek Mythology, but evidence for this connection is lacking. In Greek mythology, satyrs (Σάτυροι Satyroi) are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus – " Satyresses quot Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance The name Satan can be used to describe all forms of the devil. For example, people may believe that Satan is invisible, that he resembles the Minotaur, that he is a small devilish spirit, or that he looks like a man. In Greek mythology, the Minotaur ( Greek:, Mīnṓtauros) was a creature that was part man and part bull. The human-like form is the one most commonly known as Mephistopheles. Mephistopheles (also Mephistophilus Mephistophilis Mephostopheles Mephisto and variants is a name often given to one representation of The devil or Satan In many descriptions, he looks like a dark angel. An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition He is typically depicted with horns, a pointed tail, bat-like wings, and a staff or trident. In the biblical Book of Revelation, he is described as a dragon. The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου

In Judaism

In the Hebrew Apocrypha

The Apocrypha are religious writings which are not generally accepted as scripture by many mainstream sects of Christianity and Judaism. The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut These works usually bore the names of ancient Hebrew worthies in order to establish their validity among the true writers' contemporaries. To reconcile the late appearance of the texts with their claims to primitive antiquity, alleged authors are represented as "shutting up and sealing" (Dan. XII. 4:9) the works until the time of their fulfillment had arrived; as the texts were not meant for their own generations but for far-distant ages (also cited in Assumption of Moses I. The Assumption of Moses (otherwise called the Testament of Moses) is a Jewish Apocryphal pseudepigraphical work of uncertain date and 16:17).

In the Book of Wisdom, the devil is represented as the being who brought death into the world. Book of Wisdom or Wisdom of Solomon or simply Wisdom is one of the Deuterocanonical books of the Bible. [2]

The 2nd Book of Enoch, also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch, contains references to a Watcher Grigori called Satanael. The Second Book of Enoch (usually abbreviated 2 Enoch, and otherwise variously known as Slavonic Enoch or The Secrets of Enoch) is a pseudepigraphic The Grigori are a group of Fallen angels told of in Biblical apocrypha who mated with mortal women giving rise to a race of hybrids known as the Nephilim [3] It is a pseudepigraphic text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. Pseudepigrapha (from Ancient Greek ψευδής The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven[4] and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful". [5] A similar story is found in the book of 1 Enoch; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called Semjâzâ. The Book of Enoch is any of several works that attribute themselves to Enoch, the great-grandfather of Noah and son of Jared ( Samyaza ( Aramaic: שמיחזה Greek: Σεμιαζά also Semihazah, Shemyazaz, Sêmîazâz, Semjâzâ, Samjâzâ

In the apocryphal literature, Satan rules over a host of angels. [6] Mastema, who induced God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature. Mastema is the name of an arch-demon who first appears in the literature of Israel's Second Temple Period, as a personification of the Hebrew word "mastemah" [7]

For the Chasidic Jews of the eighteenth century, Ha-satan was Baal Davar. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew [8]

As the "accuser"

Where Satan does appear in the Bible as a member of God's court, he plays the role of the Accuser, much like a prosecuting attorney for God.

According to the article on 'Satan' in the Jewish Encyclopedia, Satan's role as the accuser is found:

“ in the prologue to the Book of Job, where Satan appears, together with other celestial beings or 'sons of God,' before the Deity, replying to the inquiry of God as to whence he had come, with the words: 'From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. ' (Job 1:7) Both question and answer, as well as the dialogue which follows, characterize Satan as that member of the divine council who watches over human activity, but with the evil purpose of searching out men's sins and appearing as their accuser. He is, therefore, the celestial prosecutor, lawyer who sees only iniquity; for he persists in his evil opinion of Job even after the man of Uz has passed successfully through his first trial by surrendering to the will of God, whereupon Satan demands another test through physical suffering. (ib. ii. 3-5. ) ”
“ Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest Joshua, and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God. Joshua, Jehoshuah, or Yehoshua ( 'יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, Tiberian: jə ”
“ In both of these passages Satan is a mere accuser who acts only according to the permission of the Deity; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke David to destroy Israel. David, Arabic: داوود or داود dawud, "beloved" was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible The Chronicler (third century B. C. ) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of Israel. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even Zechariah, were influenced by Zoroastrianism, even though in the case of the prophet Jewish monism strongly opposed Iranian dualism. Zechariah was a person in the Hebrew Bible ( Jewish Tanakh and Christian Old Testament) Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings Monism is the metaphysical and Theological view that all is one that all reality is subsumed under the most fundamental category of being or existence For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Dualism denotes a state of two parts The word's origin is the Latin duo, "two". (Stave, Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum, pp. 253 et seq. ) An immediate influence of the Babylonian concept of the 'accuser, persecutor, and oppressor' (Schrader, K. A. T. 3d ed. , p. 463) is impossible, since traces of such an influence, if it had existed, would have appeared in the earlier portions of the Bible. "[9] ”

In Christianity

Main article: Devil in Christianity
See also: War of Heaven

In Christianity, terms that are synonymous with 'Satan' include:

Satan as depicted in the Ninth Circle of Hell in Dante Alighieri's Inferno, illustrated by Gustave Doré.
Satan as depicted in the Ninth Circle of Hell in Dante Alighieri's Inferno, illustrated by Gustave Doré. Cocytus or Kokytos, meaning "the river of wailing" (from the Greek κωκυτός, "lamentation" is a river in the underworld in The Divine Comedy

In mainstream Christianity's understanding of the holy Hebrew scriptures, the Torah, Satan is a synonym for the Devil. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to The Devil is the For most Christians, he is believed to be an angel who rebelled against God— and also the one who spoke through the serpent and seduced Eve into disobeying God's command. An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Serpent is a word of Latin origin (from serpens serpentis "something that creeps snake" that is commonly used in a specifically mythic or His ultimate goal is to lead people away from the love of God — to lead them to fallacies which God opposes. Satan is also identified as the accuser of Job, the tempter in the Gospels, the secret power of lawlessness in 2 Thessalonians 2:7, and the dragon in the Book of Revelation. The Book of Job ( איוב) is one of the books of the Hebrew Bible. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου Before his alleged insurrection, Satan was among the highest of all angels and the "brightest in the sky. Lucifer is a name frequently given to Satan in Christian belief " His pride is considered a reason why he would not bow to God as all other angels did, but sought to rule heaven himself. The popularly held beliefs that Satan was once a prideful angel who eventually rebels against God, however, are barely portrayed explicitly in the Bible and are mostly based on inference. Moreover, in mainstream Christianity he is called "the ruler of the demons" (Matt. 12:24), "the ruler of the world" and even "the god of this world. " (2 Cor. 4:4). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan will be cast out of Heaven, down to the earth, having "great anger" and waging war against "those who obey God's commandments and hold to the testimony of Jesus". Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) Ultimately, Satan is thrown into the "lake of fire" (Revelation 20:10), not as ruler, but as one among many, being tormented day and night for all eternity.

In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs (e. g. the beliefs of the Christadelphians) the word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any 'adversary' and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation. mainstream Christianity, the Devil is named Satan, sometimes Lucifer. [13]

In Islam

Main articles: Shaitan and Iblis

Shaitan (شيطان) is the equivalent of Satan in Islam. In Islam, Shayṭān (شيطان is an entity analogous to Satan. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

While Shaitan (شيطان, from the root šṭn شطن) is an adjective (meaning "astray" or "distant", sometimes translated as "devil") that can be applied to both man ("al-ins", الإنس) and Jinn. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the A man is a Male Human. The term man (irregular plural Iblis (pronounced [ˈibliːs]) is the personal name of the Devil who is mentioned in the Qur'anic account of Genesis. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [14]

Whenever the Qur'an refers to the creature who refused to prostrate before Adam at the time of the latter's creation, it refers to him as Iblis. Adam (אָדָם ʼĀḏām, "dust man mankind" آدم; Ge'ez: አዳ and Eve (חַוָּה Ḥawwā, "living The Islamic view of Iblis has both similarities and differences with Christian and Jewish views. The character of Satan is generally similar to the one presented in Judeo-Christian thought. However, according to Islamic belief, Satan is not considered to be a 'fallen' angel, but a jinn who was among the ranks of angels due to his wisdom and piety; in Islamic belief, angels always follow God's commands, but jinns (like humans) have free will, which explains why Satan was able to rebel against God's command of bowing to Adam[15].

Other instances of Satan

Although some other faiths may have an evil figure or entity likened to Satan (see Devil), few have a figure actually named 'Satan'. The Devil is the

Yezidism

An alternate name for the main deity in the tentatively Indo-European pantheon of the Yezidi, Malek Taus, is Shaitan. The Yazidi (also Yezidi, Kurdish: ئزیدی or Êzidî, Arabic: يزيدي or ايزدي Assyrian/Syriac: ܓ̰ܠܟܝܐ is a [16]

In the Bahá'í Faith

In the Bahá'í Faith, 'Satan' is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths, but signifies the "base nature" of humans. The Bahá'í Faith is a Religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in nineteenth-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind `Abdu'l-Bahá explains: "This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan -- the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá ( ar عبد البهاء &lrm (23 May 1844 - 28 November 1921 born `Abbás Effendí, was the son of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the "[17]

In Satanism

Main articles: Satanism and LaVeyan Satanism

Much "Satanic" lore does not originate from actual Satanists, but from Christians. For other uses of the word see Satanism (disambiguation. Satanism can refer to a number of belief systems depending on the user and context For other uses of the word see Satanism and Satanism (disambiguation. Best-known would be the medieval folklore and theology surrounding demons and witches. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers A more recent example is the so-called Satanic ritual abuse scare of the 1980s; beginning with the memoir Michelle Remembers – which depicts Satanism as a vast conspiracy of elites with a predilection for child abuse and human sacrifice. Satanic ritual abuse ( SRA, sometimes known as ritual abuse, cult related abuse, ritualized abuse, sadistic ritual abuse, ritual Michelle Remembers is a book published in 1980 co-written by Canadian Psychiatrist Dr Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children Human sacrifice is the act of Homicide (the Killing of one or several Human beings in the context of a Religious ritual ( ritual killing This genre regularly describes Satan as actually appearing in person in order to receive worship. Claims of Satanic child-molesting or murder rings are largely unsubstantiated.

People claiming to be Satanists – or outsiders claiming to describe Satanism – ascribe a wide variety of beliefs to this movement. These range from the literal worship of a spiritual being (Theistic Satanism); to a kind of subversive ritual performance stressing the mockery of Christian symbols (most notably the Black Mass); to the claimed rediscovery of an ancient but misunderstood religion (e. Theistic Satanism also known as Traditional Satanism, is the belief that Satan is an actual Deity or force worthy of reverence or worship LaVeyan g. Setianism, which conflates Satan with the Egyptian god Set). The Temple of Set is an initiatory Occult society claiming to be the world's leading left-hand path religious organization In Ancient Egyptian mythology, Set (also spelled Seth, Sutekh or Seteh) is an ancient god who was originally the god of the Desert

The most prominent and widely known Satanist in recent years was Anton Szandor LaVey, who founded the Church of Satan in 1966. Anton Szandor LaVey, (April 11 1930 &ndash October 24 1997 born Howard Stanton Levey, was the American Founder and High Priest of the LaVeyan LaVey wrote The Satanic Bible (1969) and other works which remain highly influential (though controversial) among avowed Satanists. The Satanic Bible was written by Anton LaVey in 1969 It is a collection of essays observations and basic Satanic Rituals and outlines LaVey's Satanic LaVey rejects the Black Mass, cruelty to animals, or a literal belief in (or worship of) Satan, instead considering Satan as the human instinct within ourselves, which is what LaVeyan Satanism celebrates. For other uses of the word see Satanism and Satanism (disambiguation. Instead he supports a view of human beings as animals and rejects many social structures that he believes inhibit human instincts.

Images of Satan

A typical modern depiction of Satan in likeness of a goat with horns and goatee
A typical modern depiction of Satan in likeness of a goat with horns and goatee

In art and literature, Satan has been depicted in numerous ways throughout history. According to one interpretation of the book of Genesis, Satan is identified as the serpent who convinced Eve to eat the forbidden fruit; thus, Satan has often been depicted as a serpent. Adam (אָדָם ʼĀḏām, "dust man mankind" آدم; Ge'ez: አዳ and Eve (חַוָּה Ḥawwā, "living This interpretation goes back at least as far as the time of the writing of the book of Revelation, which specifically identifies Satan as being the serpent (Rev. 20:2). In truth, Genesis makes no direct reference to the serpent having another identity, Satan or any other. It has been postulated by many Biblical scholars that Eden's snake is just a snake, able to speak, reason, and tempt Eve because it serves the explanatory purpose.

In popular culture

For a discussion of the guy called Satan in fiction and pop culture, see

In international relations

America is frequently referred to by its opponents as "The Great Satan", dating back to the time of the late Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who referred to the United States as the "Great Satan" in the aftermath of the 1979 Islamic Revolution of Iran. Satan appears frequently as a character in works of literature and popular culture Satan appears frequently as a character in works of literature and popular culture [18] Some Islamic fundamentalists claim that the U. Islamic fundamentalism Arabic: usul (from usul the "fundamentals"] is a term used to describe religious ideologies seen as advocating a return to the S. A. is Satan himself. [19] They perceive they are on the side of God in a struggle against Satan who is personified by the U. S. A.

Pope Benedict XVI stated that "the red dragon"[20] was responsible for the Nazi dictatorship and the dictatorship of Stalin. Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger [21] With respect to the international relations in 2007, the Pope charged that "the red dragon" is active currently in "new and different ways"[22]. Satan is held responsible for much of the world's troubles primarily by those who take a religious view of history.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ American Heritage® Dictionary: Semitic roots: sn. Yazdânism is a term introduced by Mehrdad Izady to denote a group of native Kurdish monotheistic religions Alevism Yarsan and Yazidism Izady Retrieved on 2006-05-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  2. ^ "But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of Wisdom II. 24
  3. ^ 2 Enoch 18:3
  4. ^ "And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless" - 2 Enoch 29:4
  5. ^ "The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things" - 2 Enoch 31:4
  6. ^ Martyrdom of Isaiah, 2:2; Vita Adæ et Evæ, 16)
  7. ^ Book of Jubilees, xvii. The Second Book of Enoch (usually abbreviated 2 Enoch, and otherwise variously known as Slavonic Enoch or The Secrets of Enoch) is a pseudepigraphic The Second Book of Enoch (usually abbreviated 2 Enoch, and otherwise variously known as Slavonic Enoch or The Secrets of Enoch) is a pseudepigraphic The Second Book of Enoch (usually abbreviated 2 Enoch, and otherwise variously known as Slavonic Enoch or The Secrets of Enoch) is a pseudepigraphic The book Ascension of Isaiah is one of the Pseudepigrapha, dating probably the first half of 2nd century AD and compiled by an unknown Christian scholar The Life of Adam and Eve is a Jewish pseudepigraphical writing Jubilee The Book of Jubilees (ספר היובלים sometimes called the Lesser Genesis ( Leptogenesis) is an ancient Jewish religious work considered 18
  8. ^ The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, © 1967
  9. ^ Jewish Encyclopaedia.
  10. ^ American Heritage® Dictionary: Devil. Retrieved on 2006-05-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  11. ^ Revelation 12:9
  12. ^ 2 Corinthians 2:2
  13. ^ Do you Believe in a Devil?. Retrieved on 2007-05-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
  14. ^ Iblis
  15. ^ [Qur'an 17:61]; [Qur'an 2:34]
  16. ^ Drower, E. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran S. The Peacock Angel. Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and their Sanctuaries. London: John Murray, 1941. [1]
  17. ^ From The Promulgation of Universal Peace p. 470 [2]
  18. ^ Nasser Karimi, AP, "Iran pres. rejects Stone documentary as part of 'Great Satan'", 07/03/2007.
  19. ^ "We also call on Muslim ulema, leaders, youths, and soldiers to launch the raid on Satan's U. S. troops and the devil's supporters allying with them, and to displace those who are behind them so that they may learn a lesson. " Osama Bin Laden, Saudi Arabia Text of Fatwa Urging Jihad Against Americans London Al-Quds al-'Arabi in Arabic -- 23 Feb 98
  20. ^ Apocalypse 12: 7-9 Satan is referred to as "the red dragon"
  21. ^ Pope Benedict XVI (CHS) Castel Gandolfo, Italy, August 15, 2007
  22. ^ Pope exhorts Catholics to fight the "dragon" of materialism

References

External links

Dictionary

Satan

-proper noun

  1. The Devil.
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