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Saruman the White is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J The Two Towers is the second volume of J R R Tolkien 's High fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. The Return of the King is the third and final volume of J R R The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories and essays by J Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J Tolkien's Legendarium (ISBN 0-313-30530-7 is a collection of scholarly essays edited by Verlyn Flieger and Carl F He is a key figure in the novel The Lord of the Rings, but only appears in person in a few chapters. The Lord of the Rings is an epic He is mentioned in the first volume of the novel, but does not appear in person until halfway through the second.
He is described as the first of his order of Wizards (or Istari), who came to Middle-earth as emissaries of the Valar in the Third Age. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Wizards of Middle-earth are a group of five beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical The Valar (singular Vala) are characters in J R R Tolkien 's legendarium. The Third Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings He is introduced as the chief of the Istari, and the leader of the White Council. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Wizards of Middle-earth are a group of five beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the White Council is a group of Eldar Lords and Wizards of Middle-earth, formed to contest the In The Fellowship of the Ring, he casts himself as a rival of Sauron, the main villain of the novel. Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy
His name in Tolkien's fictional language of Sindarin is Curunír, which Tolkien gave variously as 'man of skill', 'man of craft' and 'the one of cunning devices'. Fictional languages are by far the largest group of Artistic languages Fictional languages are intended to be the languages of a fictional world and are often designed with Sindarin is an Artificial language developed by J R R Tolkien.
Contents |
Concept and creation
Saruman first appears in 1954's The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of the fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting The Lord of the Rings is an epic Unlike some of the other characters in the novel, Saruman had not appeared in Tolkien's 1937 children's book, The Hobbit, or in his then-unpublished Quenta Silmarillion and related mythology, which date back to 1917. The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy Quenta Silmarillion is a collection of fictional legends written by the Fantasy writer J [2] The Lord of the Rings describes a quest to destroy the One Ring, a powerful and evil talisman created by the Dark Lord Sauron to control Middle-earth (Tolkien's term for the world in which his story takes place). Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J An important early plot point is the failure of the wizard Gandalf to arrive as agreed to accompany the hobbit Frodo Baggins, who bears the Ring lost by Sauron thousands of years before. Concept and creation Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a Postcard entitled Der Berggeist ("the mountain In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth.
When he started writing The Lord of the Rings in late 1937, Tolkien had very little idea of the story ahead and Saruman's character did not emerge until several years later. Tolkien later wrote of this early phase: "Most disquieting of all, Saruman had never been revealed to me, and I was as concerned as Frodo at Gandalf's failure to appear". [3] Tolkien tended to write in waves, proceeding so far before returning to rewrite, sometimes significantly, from the start. He had in this fashion produced a fairly complete version of the first half of The Fellowship of the Ring before Saruman appeared. A rough narrative outline dated August 1940, intended to account for Gandalf's absence, describes how a wizard titled 'Saramond the White' or 'Saramund the Grey', who has fallen under the influence of Sauron, lures Gandalf to his stronghold and traps him. [4] This character developed fairly quickly into Saruman the White, traitorous leader of the White Council that opposes Sauron, and the most powerful of the five wizards. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the White Council is a group of Eldar Lords and Wizards of Middle-earth, formed to contest the
Appearances
The Lord of the Rings
Early in the The Fellowship of the Ring, the wizard Gandalf describes Saruman as "the chief of my order" and notes his great knowledge of the magic rings created by Sauron and by the Elven-smiths. [5] After Frodo and Gandalf are reunited at Rivendell midway through Fellowship, the wizard explains why he failed to join Frodo: he had been summoned to consult with Saruman. Believing Sauron's victory to be inevitable, Saruman had proposed an alliance with Sauron. When Gandalf refused, Saruman imprisoned him in the tower of Orthanc at Isengard, hoping to learn from him the location of the Ring. For the assault on Isengard by the Ents see Destruction of Isengard. Gandalf observed that Saruman was creating his own army of orcs and wolves, "in rivalry of Sauron, and not in his service yet. In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy writings Orcs or Orks are a race of creatures who are used as soldiers and henchmen by both the greater and lesser villains " [6] This is an evolution from the earliest outline, in which Saruman was apparently directly serving Sauron. The knowledge of Saruman's treachery became a key point in the decisions taken on how to deal with the Ring.
Most of the action in the first half of the The Two Towers, is provided by the conflict between Saruman's forces and the Kingdom of Rohan. The Two Towers is the second volume of J R R Tolkien 's High fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. Rohan, is a fictional realm in J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy era of Middle-earth. Orcs from Saruman's army attack Frodo and his companions at the start of the book, searching for the Ring. Having betrayed Sauron by attempting unsuccessfully to seize the Ring for himself, Saruman's ruin is completed when his army is defeated by the Rohirrim and Isengard destroyed by the Ents—ancient herders of trees—who were outraged by Saruman's destruction of their forests to feed his forges. In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth, the Rohirrim were a Horse people, settling in the land of Rohan, named after them Ents are a fictional race of humanoid Trees from J R R Tolkien 's fantasy world of Middle-earth. Saruman himself is not directly involved, and only appears again in chapter X, The Voice of Saruman, trapped in Orthanc. He fails in his attempt to make peace with the Rohirrim and with Gandalf, and rejects Gandalf's conditional offer to let him go free. Gandalf casts him from the White Council and the order of the wizards.
Saruman's final appearance is at the end of The Return of the King, after Sauron's defeat. The Return of the King is the third and final volume of J R R He persuades the Ents to release him from Orthanc, and travels on foot as a beggar to the Shire, the Hobbits' homeland, where his agents have already started forcing it through a wilfully destructive process of modernisation. The Shire is a region of J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, described in The Lord of the Rings and other works In the chapter The Scouring of the Shire, the Hobbits rebel under the leadership of Frodo and his companions and defeat the intruders. Saruman is set free, even after attempting to kill Frodo, but is murdered by his own much-abused servant Gríma Wormtongue. Gríma, called (the Wormtongue, is a fictional character in J [7]
Other books
Accounts of Saruman's earlier history appear in several places: Appendix B of The Lord of the Rings (1955), 'Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age' in The Silmarillion (1977) and 'The Istari' in Unfinished Tales (1980). The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories and essays by J For the most part, the material was written at the same time as the later stages of The Lord of the Rings (some of the material in Unfinished Tales is later, from 1972), and these sources generally agree on the details. Saruman, like Gandalf, was one of five 'wizards', known as the Istari, who arrived in Middle-earth 2000 years before the beginning of The Lord of the Rings. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Wizards of Middle-earth are a group of five beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical Although they appeared to be elderly men, they were Maiar, supernatural beings regarded by Tolkien as being somewhat like angels. The Maiar (singular Maia) are beings from J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition [8] Like other Maiar such as Sauron and Melian, they assumed more or less human-seeming bodies. Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy Character Overview A visual description of Melian is given in the Lay of Leithian There Melian came the Lady grey and dark and long her The Istari are said to have come "out of the Far West and to be messengers sent to contest the power of Sauron. " Saruman was appointed head of the White Council, but eventually succumbed to the desire for the Ring. About 50 years before the start of The Lord of the Rings, Saruman helped the White Council drive Sauron from Dol Guldur, albeit to expedite his own search for the Ring; but he eventually fell under Sauron's direct influence. Dol Guldur ( Sindarin: "Hill of Sorcery" was Sauron 's stronghold in Mirkwood in the fictional world of J The expulsion of Sauron (called 'the Necromancer') is mentioned briefly in The Hobbit (1937), but Saruman is not named. [9]
Unfinished Tales details Saruman's obstruction of Sauron's search for the Ring. Further detail on the textual history of the books, including Saruman's development, can be found in the later books of the History of Middle-earth series edited by Tolkien's son, Christopher. The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published from 1983 through 1996 that collect and analyse material relating to the fiction of J Christopher Reuel Tolkien (born 21 November 1924 is the youngest son of the Author J
Characteristics
Tolkien described Saruman at the time of The Lord of the Rings as having a long face and a high forehead, "…he had deep darkling eyes … His hair and beard were white, but strands of black still showed around his lips and ears. " His hair is elsewhere described as having been black when he first arrived in Middle-earth. He is said to have originally worn white robes, but on his first entry in The Lord of the Rings they instead appear to be "woven from all colours [, they] shimmered and changed hue so that the eye was bewildered. " [10][11] Saruman's resemblance to Gandalf is remarked on several times in Book III; most notably, after Gandalf is resurrected, he is mistaken for Saruman by his former companions, and says that he is now "Saruman as he should have been". [12]
| "We can bide our time, we can keep our thoughts in our hearts, deploring maybe evils done by the way, but approving the high and ultimate purpose: Knowledge, Rule, Order; all the things that we have so far striven in vain to accomplish, hindered rather than helped by our weak or idle friends. There need not be, there would not be, any real change in our designs, only in our means. " Saruman's proposed treachery, as reported by Gandalf[10] |
The Lord of the Rings is written in a third person narrative, with infrequent comment from the narrator on the thoughts and feelings of characters. Saruman is most often described by other characters as a traitor or treacherous; the terms are used by Gandalf, Elrond, Treebeard and even by Sauron's Orc Grishnákh. Character overview Elrond was Lord of Rivendell, one of the mighty rulers of old that remained in Middle-earth in its Third Age. Gandalf describes him as proud, cold and scornful. Pippin Took, having witnessed the destruction of Saruman's stronghold of Isengard, thinks that he "had not much grit, not much plain courage alone in a tight place without a lot of slaves and machines and things…" [13]
After the defeat of his armies, having been caught in the betrayal of Sauron, he is offered refuge by Gandalf, in return for his aid. Biography Pippin was the only hobbit who had not yet reached his 'coming of age' when the Fellowship set out (being eight years younger than Merry while Frodo himself was 50 Saruman rejects the offer quickly and angrily, but leaves "the anguish of a mind in doubt, loathing to stay and dreading to leave its refuge" plain to see. [14]
The Ent Treebeard gives a different view of Saruman in earlier times, saying that he was polite and always eager to learn, although providing nothing in return. Literature Spirits were sent by Eru Ilúvatar to inhabit the trees which the Vala Yavana had created along with other plants or olvars However, in Tolkien's other writings on Saruman's background, he is again reported to be proud and jealous, in particular of Gandalf. [15]
The power of Saruman's voice is noted several times. It was "low and melodious, its very sound an enchantment … it was a delight to hear the voice speaking, all that it said seemed wise and reasonable, and desire woke in them by swift agreement to seem wise themselves … for those whom it conquered the spell endured while they were far away and ever they heard that soft voice whispering and urging them. "[11] Shippey has said that "Saruman talks like a politician … No other character in Middle-earth has Saruman's trick of balancing phrases against each other so that incompatibles are resolved, and none comes out with words as empty as 'deploring', 'ultimate', worst of all, 'real'. What is 'real change'?"[16] This speech pattern is contrasted with the stoicism and directness that Shippey believes represent Tolkien's ideal of heroism.
Saruman is also said to have a deep knowledge of "the arts of the Enemy" and of "ring lore"; when he imprisons Gandalf he wears a ring and calls himself "Saruman Ring-maker". Treebeard says: "He has a mind of metal and wheels; and he does not care for growing things, except insofar as they serve him for the moment. "[17] Throughout the trilogy, machinery and engines characterize both Saruman's stronghold of Isengard and his altered Shire. The Shire is a region of J R R Tolkien 's fictional Middle-earth, described in The Lord of the Rings and other works The damage done to the Shire by Saruman and his agents is widely assumed to reflect the destruction of Tolkien's semi-rural home in the West Midlands. Tolkien seemed to have negative feelings about the use of such power, writing in a 1954 letter to the author Naomi Mitchison that "I am not a 'reformer' (by exercise of power) since it seems doomed to Sarumanism. Naomi May Margaret Mitchison CBE (née Haldane 1 November 1897 Edinburgh – 11 January 1999 at Carradale) was a Scottish Novelist "[18]
| "…about the body of Saruman a grey mist gathered, and rising slowly to a height like smoke from a fire, as a pale shrouded figure it loomed over the Hill. For a moment it wavered, looking to the West; but out of the West came a cold wind, and it bent away, and with a cold sigh dissolved into nothing.
…long years of death were suddenly revealed in [the body], and it shrank, and the shrivelled face became rags of skin upon a hideous skull. " |
A frequent criticism of The Lord of the Rings is that all of its characters are either good or bad, with no shades of grey. Noting this, in the same letter, Tolkien proposed Saruman, along with Denethor and Boromir, as examples of characters with more nuanced loyalties. Appearances Literature As stated in the early chapters and the Appendices of The Return Boromir is a supporting character in J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium. [18] Tolkien later wrote that the Istari, although supernatural in origin, were incarnated in the bodies of men and were therefore subject to the same possibility of sin as men. (Tolkien was a Roman Catholic and although The Lord of the Rings contains almost no reference to religion of any kind, he felt that it was nonetheless a religious work. [20]) In The Fellowship of the Ring, Elrond suggests that Saruman fell through studying the "arts of the Enemy" too closely; later, during The Two Towers Gandalf surmises that it was specifically the use of the palantír, a seeing stone, which brought Saruman under the dominion of Sauron. A palantír is a magical artifact from J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium. [21] Tolkien later wrote that the Istari's chief temptation (and that to which Saruman fell) was impatience, leading to a desire to force others to do good, and then to a simple desire for power; in Middle-earth both the Ring and the palantír are artefacts which confer power. [22] In J. R. R. Tolkien : Author of the century, Shippey identifies Saruman as the best example in the book of what he calls 'wraithing', of individuals "'eaten up inside' by devotion to some abstraction", a distinctive 20th century view of evil that he attributes to Tolkien. Saruman's devotion to the goals of knowledge, organization and control is his weakness. [19]
Names and titles
Tolkien was by profession a philologist, and by inclination an inventor of languages. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Like most of his characters, Saruman was given names in more than one of the languages Tolkien created or adopted for his purpose. Saruman, the name most often used in the book and films of The Lord of the Rings, is in the Mercian dialect of Anglo-Saxon. Tolkien, who grew up in and around Birmingham, in an area that once formed part of Mercia, used this dialect to represent the Language of Rohan in the novel. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Mercia (ˈmɝsiə was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. In the fictional world of Middle-earth by J R R Tolkien, Rohirric (also Rohirian and Rohanese, see below is the language of the Rohirrim [23] The Anglo-Saxon root word searu means "skill" or "cunning". Saru is the presumed Mercian form. It has associations with metal and treasure, but it also has ominous overtones: in the poem Beowulf, the hero denies seeking out 'cunning malices', searo-niþas, for example. Beowulf is an Old English Heroic epic poem of anonymous authorship dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between [24]
Elvish names for the character with similar meanings are used in the character's other appearances: Curunír is a name in the invented Elvish language of Sindarin. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. Sindarin is an Artificial language developed by J R R Tolkien. This was 'translated' variously by Tolkien as 'man of skill', 'man of craft' and 'the one of cunning devices'. In the essay The Istari, which appears in Unfinished Tales, the full name is given as Curunír Lân, which is equivalent to Saruman the White. [25] Curumo is another elvish name, this time in the Quenya language, and appears only in Unfinished Tales. Quenya 'kwɛɲa is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when Another name, Sharkey, is used by Saruman's henchmen in the Shire towards the end of The Return of the King. Its meaning is explained in a footnote as a corruption of the Orkish sharkû, which is said to mean "old man". [26] These other names do not appear in the film adaptations.
His original title as a wizard was "the White," and he wore matching robes. Later he declared himself to be "Saruman of Many Colours," and the colour of his robes changed accordingly. He also declared himself "Saruman Ring-maker".
Adaptations
Saruman has appeared in film, audio and stage adaptations of The Lord of the Rings. JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated Fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. BBC Radio produced the first adaptation in 1956, which has not survived. BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927 Tolkien was apparently disappointed by it. [27] Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated adaptation of The Lord of the Rings is the first surviving adaptation, atlhough it proceeds no further than chapter 7 of Book III (Helm's Deep). Ralph Bakshi (born October 29 1938 is an American director of animated and occasionally live-action films JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated Fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. Because of this, Saruman (voiced by Fraser Kerr) has only one major scene, his attempt to persuade Gandalf to join him. This proceeds much as in the novel, albeit in compressed form. He appears again briefly during the battle of the Hornburg. The character is called 'Saruman' and 'Aruman' at different points. Smith and Matthews suggest that the use of 'Aruman' was intended to avoid confusion with 'Sauron'. [28] The character wears red robes, rather than the white or many-coloured ones Tolkien describes. The character does not appear in the 1980 Rankin/Bass TV animated version of The Return of the King, which begins roughly where Bakshi's film ends but is utterly different in tone, matching Rankin/Bass's earlier children's film of The Hobbit in style. Rankin/Bass Productions Inc (formerly Videocraft International Ltd The Return of the King is an animated adaptation of the novel by J J R R Tolkien 's The Hobbit was adapted into an animated Television movie by Rankin/Bass Productions in 1977 [29]
BBC Radio's second adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, from 1981, presents Saruman much as in the books. In 1981 the UK radio station BBC Radio 4 broadcast a dramatisation of J Unlike the film adaptations, it retains the Scouring of the Shire and Saruman's role in it. [30] Smith and Matthews report Peter Howell's performance as Saruman as "brilliantly ambiguous […], drifting from mellifluous to almost bestially savage from moment to moment without either mood seeming to contradict the other. Peter Howell (born 1919 is a British Actor. A regular in 1950s television hospital drama series Emergency Ward 10, he has made "[31]
In Peter Jackson's film trilogy (2001–2003), Saruman is significantly more active in the first two films than in their equivalent books, and he appears in several scenes that are not depicted in the novel. Peter Robert Jackson, CNZM (born 31 October 1961 is a three-time Academy Award -winning New Zealand director producer and writer best known for directing The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 Smith and Matthews suggest that Saruman's role is built up as a substitute for the story's primary antagonist (Sauron), who never appears directly in the book, and only once in the films. Jackson confirms this view in the commentary to the DVD. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is [32] They also suggest that having secured veteran British horror actor Christopher Lee to play Saruman, it made sense to make greater use of his star status. Christopher Frank Carandini Lee CBE, CStJ (born 27 May 1922 is a two-time Screen Actors Guild Award-nominated Saturn Award-winning English Actor [33] Despite his increased role in the first two films, Saruman does not appear in the theatrical release of The Return of the King. Jackson reasoned that it would be anticlimactic to show Saruman's fate in the second movie (after the Battle of Helm's Deep) and too retrospective for it to be in the third one. The Battle of the Hornburg is a fictional Battle in J R R Tolkien 's novel The Lord of the Rings. [34] The Scouring of the Shire, and therefore Saruman's role in it, was only touched upon in Galadriel's Mirror and did not include Saruman. The extended DVD version of The Return of the King starts with a scene including Saruman, before he is killed by Gríma Wormtongue.
Lee's Saruman appears very much as described in the book. Although Ian McKellen, who played Gandalf, and Lee, who had also auditioned for the role, are not particularly similar in appearance, a degree of confusion between them is attempted on Gandalf's reappearance in The Two Towers; Lee's voice is used initially for the mysterious 'White Rider' instead of McKellen's. Sir Ian Murray McKellen, CH, CBE (born 25 May 1939 is an English stage and screen actor the The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers is a 2002 Fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second volume of J Apart from this, no comparison is made. Because of the slightly different role played by Saruman in the films, Smith and Matthews have suggested that the film character is simpler than that of the book, acting purely as a servant of Sauron. [35] Contradicting this, screenplay writer Fran Walsh suggests in the DVD commentary that Lee's role as finally written was intended to retain the book's ambiguity over Saruman's allegiance. Frances Walsh, MNZM, (born January 10, 1959) is a Grammy and Academy Award -winning Screenwriter, Film producer [36] The commentary also introduces the idea that Saruman's fall in the film was due to his desire for the power to create life, eventually achieved in the giant Uruk-hai that form his army. Although he did not attach the idea to Saruman, Tolkien was deeply interested in 'sub-creation' (creation by an individual within the "real primary world"). [37]
Between 2002 and 2007, Phil Cornwell played a comedic version of Saruman in the UK sketch series Dead Ringers, in appearance much like the version in the contemporary Peter Jackson films. Phil Cornwell (born 5 October 1957 in Southend-on-Sea, Essex) is an English Comedian, Actor, impressionist Dead Ringers was a UK Radio and Television Comedy impressions show which first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 and
A stage musical production of The Lord of the Rings debuted in Toronto in 2006, before transferring to London in 2007. This article is about the theatrical productions For other uses see The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The role of Saruman is non-singing, and includes "The Scouring of the Shire".
Notes
- ^ In Tolkien's legendarium, the physical death of the body of a Maiar does not necessarily end that spirit's existence (cf. The Maiar (singular Maia) are beings from J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium. Sauron and Gandalf). Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy Concept and creation Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a Postcard entitled Der Berggeist ("the mountain However, Tolkien wrote no accounts of Saruman's existence after his death, described at the end of the The Lord of the Rings.
- ^ The volume published as The Silmarillion in 1977 contains four books in addition to the Quenta Silmarillion. The Silmarillion is a collection of J R R Tolkien 's mythopoeic works edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in The last of these—Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age—covers Saruman's earlier history, but was written after The Lord of the Rings.
- ^ Letters no. 163 p. 217
- ^ The Treason of Isengard Chapter IV p. 70–71 The outline suggests that Saruman is assisted by the 'giant' Treebeard, an early and evil iteration of the Ent Treebeard from the finished book. Ents are a fictional race of humanoid Trees from J R R Tolkien 's fantasy world of Middle-earth. Literature Spirits were sent by Eru Ilúvatar to inhabit the trees which the Vala Yavana had created along with other plants or olvars
- ^ The Fellowship of the Ring, Book I, Chapter II, p. 63.
- ^ The Fellowship of the Ring Book II Chapter II pp. 338-347
- ^ The Return of the King, Book VI, Chapters VI, VII, and VIII, pp. 311-312, 315-317 and 360-363.
- ^ Letters, No. 156, p. 202: "[of Gandalf] I would venture to say that he was an incarnate 'angel'-strictly an [angelos]: that is, with the other Istari, wizards, 'those who know', an emissary from the Lords of the West, sent to Middle-earth, as the great crisis of Sauron loomed on the horizon. "
- ^ The Hobbit, Chapter 19, p. 278.
- ^ a b The Fellowship of the Ring Book II Chapter II p. 338–339
- ^ a b The Two Towers Book III Chapter X p. 222
- ^ The Two Towers Book III Chapter V pp. 112–113. Some of the confusion in the two arose in the process of writing, Christopher Tolkien guesses that the mysterious old man who appears to Aragorn, Legolas and Gimli at the end of chapter 2 of Book 3, who appears to be Saruman in the published version, was in earlier drafts intended to be Gandalf. (Tolkien, C. (1989, 2002) pp. 403 & 428)
- ^ The Two Towers Book III Chapter IX p. 207
- ^ The Two Towers Book III Chapter X p. 226
- ^ Unfinished Tales Part Four Chapter II p. 504 & Part Three Chapter IV p. 451
- ^ The Road to Middle-earth Chapter IV 'The Council of Elrond' pp. 135–136
- ^ The Two Towers Book III Chapter IV p. 84
- ^ a b Letters no. 154 p. 197
- ^ a b Author of the Century Chapter IV 'Saruman and Denethor: technologist and reactionary' pp. 121–128
- ^ Letters no. 142 p. 172 Tolkien wrote in 1953: "The Lord of the Rings is of course a fundamentally religious and Catholic work; unconsciously so at first, but consciously so in the revision. "
- ^ Fellowship of the Ring Book II Chapter II p. 347 & The Two Towers Book III Chapter XI p. 248–249
- ^ Letters no. 181 p. 237
- ^ The Road to Middle-earth Chapter 4 'The horses of the Mark' pp. 139–140 Shippey notes that Tolkien uses 'Mercian' forms of Anglo-Saxon, e. g. "Saruman, Hasufel, Herugrim for 'standard' [Anglo-Saxon] Searuman, Heasufel and Heorugrim" Footnote page 140
- ^ The Road to Middle-earth Chapter 5 'Just allegory and large symbolism' pp. This is a list of all animals that appear in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium The following list of weapons and armour of Middle-earth includes all weaponry and Armour directly taken from J 193—194
- ^ Curunír is given as 'man of skill' in Appendix B to The Lord of the Rings. 'The one of cunning devices' appears in the index of names to the The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales. 'Man of craft' appears in The Istari, section II of Part 4 of Unfinished Tales.
- ^ Return of the King Book VI Chapter VIII p. 360, footnote
- ^ The films, the books, the radio series 'Of the beginning of days' pp. 15-16
- ^ The films, the books, the radio series 'JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings' p. 54
- ^ The films, the books, the radio series 'JRR Tolkien's The Return of the King - A Tale of Hobbits' pp. 63-70
- ^ The films, the books, the radio series 'An Unexpected Party' p. 87
- ^ The films, the books, the radio series 'An Unexpected Party p. 83
- ^ Jackson, Peter. The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring (Director and Writers' commentary) [DVD]. New Line Cinema.
- ^ The films, the books, the radio series 'The Return of the King' (2003) p. 177
- ^ Hey, what happened to Saruman?cnn. com Retrieved 23 January 2008
- ^ The films, the books, the radio series 'The Return of the King' (2003) p. 178
- ^ Walsh, Fran. The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Extended Edition (Director and Writers' commentary) [DVD]. New Line Cinema.
- ^ Boyens, Phillipa. The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Extended Edition (Director and Writers' commentary) [DVD]. New Line Cinema. cf Tolkien on sub-creation: "[The sub-creative desire] is wedded to a passionate love of the real primary world, and hence filled with the sense of mortality, and yet unsatisfied by it. It may become possessive, clinging to the things made as 'its own', the sub-creator wishes to be Lord and God of his private creation. He will rebel against the laws of the creator — especially against mortality. [This] will lead to the desire for Power […] and so to the Machine (or Magic)". Letters 131 p. 145. See also 153 pp. 187-189
Note: For ease of reference, citations of Letters include the number of the letter before the page number.
References
- Carpenter, Humphrey (ed. ) (1981, 2006). The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-261-10265-6.
- Shippey, Prof. Tom (1982, 2005). The Road to Middle-Earth. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-261-10275-3.
- Shippey, Prof. Tom (2000). J. R. R. Tolkien : Author of the century. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-261-10401-2.
- Smith, Jim; Matthews, J Clive (2004). The Lord of the Rings : the films, the books, the radio series. Virgin books. ISBN 0-7535-0874-5.
- Tolkien, Christopher (1989, 2002). The Treason of Isengard. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-261-10220-6.
- Tolkien, Christopher (1988). The Return of the Shadow. Unwin Hyman. ISBN 0-04-440669-X.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1937, 1986). The Hobbit. Unwin Paperbacks. ISBN 0-04-823188-6.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954, 1999). The Fellowship of the Ring. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-261-10235-4.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954, 1999). The Two Towers. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-261-10236-2.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955, 1999). The Return of the King. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-261-10237-0.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1980, 1998). Unfinished Tales. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-261-10362-8.
External links
- Saruman at the Internet Movie Database
- Saruman at the Tolkien Gateway
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