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The Sarasvati River (Sanskrit: सरस्वती नदी sárasvatī nadī) is one of the chief Rigvedic rivers mentioned in ancient Hindu texts. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Rivers play a prominent part in the hymns of the Rigveda, and consequently in early Vedic religion. Literature regarded as central to the Hindu literary tradition was predominantly composed in Sanskrit, Indeed much of the morphology and linguistic The Nadistuti hymn in the Rigveda (10. The Nadistuti sukta (Sanskrit नदिस्तुति सुक्त,"hymn of praise of Rivers quot is hymn 10 The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" 75) mentions the Sarasvati between the Yamuna in the east and the Sutlej in the west, and later Vedic texts like Tandya and Jaiminiya Brahmanas as well as the Mahabharata mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert. For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest The goddess Sarasvati was originally a personification of this river, but later developed an independent identity and meaning. Saraswati (pronounced as; Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती sarasvatī; Malay: Saraswati Thai: สุรัสวดี is the

Most scholars agree that at least some of the references to the Sarasvati in the Rig Veda refer to the Ghaggar-Hakra River, while the Helmand is often quoted as the locus of the early Rig Vedic river. The Ghaggar-Hakra River is a believed to be an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the Monsoon season Whether such a transfer of the name has taken place, either from the Helmand to the Ghaggar-Hakra, or conversely from the Ghaggar-Hakra to the Helmand, is a matter of dispute.

There is also a small present-day Sarasvati River (Sarsuti) that joins the Ghaggar river.

Contents

Etymology

The name Sárasvatī is descended from Proto-Indo-Iranian sáras-wn̥t-iH (virtually PIE *séles-wn̥t-ih2), meaning "she with many pools". Proto-Indo-Iranian, is the reconstructed Proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. Sanskrit saras- means "pool, pond"; the feminine sarasī́ means "stagnant pool, swamp" (e. g. RV 7. The seventh Mandala of the Rigveda has 104 hymns Most hymns in this book are attributed to {{IAST|vasiṣṭha maitravaurṇi}}. 103. 2b). Cognate with Greek ἕλος "swamp", the Rigvedic term refers mostly to stagnant waters, and Mayrhofer considers unlikely a connection with the root sar- "run, flow". Manfred Mayrhofer (born 26 September 1926 in Linz, Austria) is an Indo-Europeanist specialized on Indo-Iranian languages [1]

Sarasvatī is the Devi feminine of an adjective sarasvant- (which in the masculine occurs in the Rigveda as the name of the keeper of the celestial waters, e. In Vedic Sanskrit, the Devī and Vṛkīs inflections are two types of inflection of feminine ī -stems Several mythologies have the notion of a celestial ocean or river, enveloping the World both above the heavenly sphere and below the Underworld g. 7. 96. 4, 10. 66. 5); it is cognate to Avestan *Haraxwaitī, speculated by Lommel (1927)[2] to refer to Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā, the Avestan mythological world river, which would point to an already Proto-Indo-Iranian myth of a cosmic or mystical *Sáras-vn̥t-iH River. ae Aredvi Sura Anahita ( ae Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā) is the Avestan language name of an Indo-Iranian Cosmological figure venerated as the divinity In the younger Avesta, Haraxwaitī is identified with a region described to be rich in rivers, and the Old Persian cognate Hara[h]uvatiš was the name of the Helmand river system, the origin of the Greek name Arachosia. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) The Helmand River (also spelled Helmend Helmund Hirmand; Pashto: fa هیرمند هلمند fa-Latn Hīrmand Helmand, Latin: Arachosia (ˌærəˈkoʊʒə, Arakhōsia) or Arachotae (əˈrækəˌtiː, Arakhōtai) is the latinized form of Greek name of an Achaemenid

Rigvedic Sarasvati

The Sarasvati River is mentioned a total of 72 times in the Rigveda, appearing in all books except for book four.

Sarasvati is mentioned both as the chief of the Sapta Sindhu, the seven holy rivers of the early Rigveda, and listed in the geographical list of ten rivers in the Nadistuti sukta of the late Rigveda, and it is the only river with hymns entirely dedicated to it, RV 6. The Sapta Sindhu ( Sanskrit: सप्त सिंधु also Hapta Hindu in Avestan "seven rivers" are the seven sacred rivers in Indian mythology The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge" The Nadistuti sukta (Sanskrit नदिस्तुति सुक्त,"hymn of praise of Rivers quot is hymn 10 The sixth Mandala of the Rig Veda has 75 hymns mainly to Agni and Indra. 61, 7. The seventh Mandala of the Rigveda has 104 hymns Most hymns in this book are attributed to {{IAST|vasiṣṭha maitravaurṇi}}. 95 and 7. 96.

Praise for the Sarasvati

The Rigveda describes the Sarasvati as the best of all the rivers (RV 2. 41. 16-18; also 6. 61. 8-13; 7. 95. 2). Rigveda 7. 36. 6 calls it "the Seventh, Mother of Floods" sárasvatī saptáthī síndhumātā[3]. RV 2. 41. 16 ámbitame nádītame dévitame sárasvati "best mother, best river, best goddess" expresses the importance and reverence of the Vedic religion for the Sarasvati river, and states that all life spans (āyuṣ) abide on the Sarasvati. Other hymns that praise the Sarasvati River include RV 6. 61; 7. 96 and 10. 17.

Rigveda 7. 95. 2. and other verses (e. g. 8. 21. 18) also tell that the Sarasvati poured "milk and ghee. Ghee ( Hindi घी ghī, Urdu گھی ghī, Punjabi ਘਿਉ/گھیو ghiu, Kashmiri ग्याव/گیاو " Rivers are often likened to cows in the Rigveda, for example in 3. 33. 1cd,

Like two bright mother cows who lick their youngling, Vipas and Sutudri speed down their waters. The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest

The course of the Sarasvati

Some Rigvedic verses (6. 61. 2-13) indicate that the Sarasvati river originated in the hills or mountains (giri), where she "burst with her strong waves the ridges of the hills (giri)". It is a matter of interpretation whether this refers not merely to the Himalayan foothills like the present-day Sarasvati (Sarsuti) river. Foothills are geographically defined as gradual increases in hilly areas at the base of a Mountain range. The Sarasvati is described as a river swollen (pinvamānā) by the rivers (sindhubhih) (RV 6. 52. 6).

In RV 8. 21. 18ab mentions a number of petty kings dwelling along the course of Sarasvati,

Citra is King, and only kinglings [rājaka] are the rest who dwell beside Sarasvati. The Sarasvati River is also associated with the five tribes (e. g. RV 6. 61. 12), with the Paravatas and with the Purus (RV 7. 95; 7. 96).

Another reference to the Sarasvati is in the geographical enumeration of the rivers in the late Rigvedic Nadistuti sukta (10. The Nadistuti sukta (Sanskrit नदिस्तुति सुक्त,"hymn of praise of Rivers quot is hymn 10 75. 5, this verse enumerates all important rivers from the Ganges in the east up to the Indus in the west in a strict geographical order), as "Ganga, Yamuna, Sarasvati, Shutudri", the Sarasvati is placed between the Yamuna and the Sutlej, consistent with the Ghaggar identification. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest It is clear, therefore, that even if she has unmistakably lost much of her former prominence, Sarasvati remains characterized as a river goddess throughout the Rigveda.

In RV 3. 23. 4, the Sarasvati River is mentioned together with the Drsadvati River and the Apaya (Āpayā) River. The Drsadvati River ( dṛṣad-vatī, meaning "she with many stones" is a river already mentioned in the Rig Veda ( RV 3.

In some hymns, the Indus river seems to be more important than the Sarasavati, especially in the Nadistuti sukta. The Nadistuti sukta (Sanskrit नदिस्तुति सुक्त,"hymn of praise of Rivers quot is hymn 10 In RV 8. 26. 18, the white flowing Sindhu 'with golden wheels' is the most conveying or attractive of the rivers.

In the Rig Veda (7. 95. 1-2, tr. Griffith) the Sarasvati is described as flowing to the samudra, which is usually translated as ocean. Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith (1826-1906 scholar of Indology, B Samudra is a Sanskrit term for " Ocean " literally the "gathering together of waters" ( Saṃ - meaning "together"

This stream Sarasvati with fostering current comes forth, our sure defence, our fort of iron.
As on a car, the flood flows on, surpassing in majesty and might all other waters. The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of Carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples
Pure in her course from mountains to the ocean, alone of streams Sarasvati hath listened.
Thinking of wealth and the great world of creatures, she poured for Nahusa her milk and fatness. Nahusha ( Sanskrit: नहुष was son of Ayu the eldest of Pururavas and father of Yayati. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes.

Sarasvati as a goddess

Painting of Goddess Saraswati by Raja Ravi Varma
Painting of Goddess Saraswati by Raja Ravi Varma
Main article: Saraswati

The name Sarasvati already in the Rigveda does not always relate to a river and its personification exclusively; and in some hymns, the goddess Saraswati (the Hindu goddess of knowledge) is becoming abstracted from the river. Raja Ravi Varma ( April 29, 1848 - October 2, 1906) was an Indian painter who achieved recognition for his depiction of scenes Saraswati (pronounced as; Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती sarasvatī; Malay: Saraswati Thai: สุรัสวดี is the Devi ( Devanagari: देवी) is the Sanskrit word for Goddess, used mostly in Hinduism. Saraswati (pronounced as; Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती sarasvatī; Malay: Saraswati Thai: สุรัสวดี is the A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical

In the 1 and 10 of the Rigveda, the Sarasvati is mentioned in 13 hymns (1. 3, 13, 89, 164; 10. 17, 30, 64, 65, 66, 75, 110, 131, 141). Only two of these references are unambiguously to the river, 10. 64. 9 calling for the aid of three "great rivers", Sindhu, Sarasvati and Sarayu, and the geographical Nadistuti list (10. The Sarayu (also Sarju; Dev सरयु saráyu- f later Dev 75. 5) discussed above. The others invoke Sarasvati as a goddess without direct connection to a specific river. In 10. 30. 12, her origin as a river goddess may cause the rishi invokes her as protective deity as he composes a hymn to the celestial waters. Similarly, in 10. 135. 5, as Indra drinks Soma he is described as refreshed by Sarasvati. Soma ( Sanskrit: सोम) or Haoma ( Avestan) from Proto-Indo-Iranian * sauma-, was a ritual drink of importance The invocations in 10. 17 address Sarasvati as a goddess of the forefathers as well as of the present generation. In 1. 13, 1. 89, 10. 85, 10. 66 and 10. 141, she is listed with other gods and goddesses, not with rivers. In 10. 65, she is invoked together with "holy thoughts" (dhī) and "munificence" (puraṃdhi), consistent with her role as the goddess of both knowledge and fertility.

Other Hindu texts

In post rigvedic literature, Vinasana (the place of disappearance of the Sarasvati), is mentioned. Plaksa Prasravana denotes the place where the Sarasvati appears. The Sacred Fig ( Ficus religiosa) or Bo-Tree (from the Sinhala bo) is a Species of Banyan Fig [4] In the Rigveda Sutras, Plaksa Prasravana refers to the source of the Sarasvati. [5]

Yajur Veda

The Vajasaneyi-Samhita of the Yajurveda 34. The Yajurveda ( Sanskrit यजुर्वेदः, a Tatpurusha compound of yajus "sacrificial formula' + veda 11 says: "Five rivers, with their flow, go to the Sarasvati. The Sarasvati however became a fivefold stream in the land. " The commentator Uvata wrote that the five tributaries of the Sarasvati were the Punjab rivers Drishadvati, Satudri (Sutlej), Chandrabhaga (Chenab), Vipasa (Beas) and the Iravati (Ravi). The Drsadvati River ( dṛṣad-vatī, meaning "she with many stones" is a river already mentioned in the Rig Veda ( RV 3. The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest HeadMarala3jpg|200px|right|thumb|A View of Marala Headworks on Chenab near Sialkot]] The Chenab River (ਚਨਾਬ, चनाब چناب literally 'Moon( HeadMarala3jpg|200px|right|thumb|A View of Marala Headworks on Chenab near Sialkot]] The Chenab River (ਚਨਾਬ, चनाब چناب literally 'Moon( Iravati ( irāvatī in IAST transliteration is a character in the mythology of India. The Ravi River (रवि ਰਾਵੀ راوی is a River in Pakistan and India. According to V. S. Wakankar and Parchure, "the five mouths can be identified at Jaisalmer/Badmer. 'Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar' ( 4 May 1919 – 3 April 1988) was an Indian Archeologist. It is significant to note that dried-up remnants of the following five rivers are presently observable near the holy place called Panchabhadra. . . " [6]

Atharva Veda

The Atharva Veda (6. The Atharvaveda ( Sanskrit: अथर्ववेद atharvaveda, a Tatpurusha compound of {{IAST|atharvan}}, an ancient Rishi 30. 1) and some later texts (Taittiriya Brahmana 2. 4. 8. 7, Sutras) say that farming of barley (yava) 'combined with honey' was practiced on the banks of the Sarasvati River.

Brahmanas

The first reference to a drying up of the Sarasvati is from the Brahmanas, texts that are composed in Vedic Sanskrit, but dating to a later date than the Veda Samhitas. The Brāhmaṇa s ( Devanagari: sa ब्राह्मणं are part of the Hindu śruti literature Vedic Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language, the language of the Vedas, the oldest Shruti texts of Hinduism. The Jaiminiya Brahmana (2. 297) speaks of the 'diving under (upamajjana) of the Sarasvati', and the Tandya Brahmana calls this the 'disappearance' (vinasana). The same text (25. 10. 11-16) records that the Sarasvati is 'so to say meandering' (kubjimati) as it could not sustain heaven which it had propped up. The distance between the Plaksa Prasravana (place of appearance/source of the river)[7] and the Vinasana (place of disappearance of the river) is said to be 44 asvina (between several hundred and 1600 miles) (Tandya Br. 25. 10. 16; cf. Av. 6. 131. 3; Pancavimsa Br. [8]). [9][10]

In the Shatapatha Brahmana (1. The Shatapatha Brahmana (sa शतपथ ब्राह्मण śatapatha brāhmaṇa, " Brahmana of one-hundred paths" abbreviated ŚB 4. 1. 10 sqq) there is a description of the god Agni burning out rivers, which may be a reference to the drying up of rivers. Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word agni is Sanskrit for "fire" (noun cognate with Latin ignis

Post-Vedic

Identification

Ghaggar-Hakra River

Main article: Ghaggar-Hakra River

Both 19th and 20th century fieldwork (Marc Aurel Stein and recent satellite imagery suggest that the Ghaggar-Hakra river in the undetermined past had the Sutlej and the Yamuna as its tributaries. The Ghaggar-Hakra River is a believed to be an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the Monsoon season The Ghaggar-Hakra River is a believed to be an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the Monsoon season The Ghaggar-Hakra River is a believed to be an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the Monsoon season The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना Geological changes diverted the Sutlej towards the Indus and the Yamuna towards the Ganga, and the formerly great river (the Rann of Kutch is likely the remains of its delta) did not have enough water to reach the sea anymore and dried up in the Thar desert. The Rann of Kutch is a seasonally marshy region located in the Thar Desert biogeographic province in Gujarat state of northwestern India A delta is a Landform where the mouth of a River flows into an Ocean, Sea, Estuary, Lake or another river The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is This change is estimated by geologists to have occurred between 5000 and 3000 BC,[18] that is, before the Mature Harappan period. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin It is sometimes proposed that the Sarasvati of the early Rigveda corresponds to the Ghaggar-Hakra before these changes took place (the "Old Ghaggar"), and the late Vedic end Epic Sarasvati disappearing in the desert to the Ghaggar-Hakra following the diversion of Sutlej and Yamuna, but the 4th millennium date of the event far predates even high estimates of the age of the Rigveda.

The identification of the Vedic Sarasvati River with the Ghaggar-Hakra River was already accepted by Christian Lassen[19] and Max Müller[20] and Marc Aurel Stein. Christian Lassen ( October 22, 1800 - May 8, 1876) was a Norwegian - German Orientalist. For the Danish Colonel Max Müller see Second War of Schleswig. However, an alternate view has located the early Sarasvati River in Afghanistan. The identity of the dried-up Ghaggar-Hakra with the late Vedic and post-Vedic Sarasvati is widely accepted. The identification of the early Rigvedic Sarasvati with the Old Ghaggar is another matter, and the subject of dispute. Kochhar (1999) lists a number of reasons conflicting with the identification:

Helmand river

Main article: Helmand River

Suggestions for the identity of the early Rigvedic Sarasvati River include the Helmand River in Afghanistan, separated from the watershed of the Indus by the Sanglakh Range. The Helmand River (also spelled Helmend Helmund Hirmand; Pashto: fa هیرمند هلمند fa-Latn Hīrmand Helmand, Latin: The Helmand River (also spelled Helmend Helmund Hirmand; Pashto: fa هیرمند هلمند fa-Latn Hīrmand Helmand, Latin: Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Sanglakh Range is an offshoot of the Hindukush, just west of Kabul. The Helmand historically besides Avestan Haetumant bore the name Haraxvaiti, which is the Avestan form corresponding to Sanskrit Sarasvati. Avestan is an Eastern Old Iranian language that was used to compose the sacred hymns and canon of the Zoroastrian Avesta. The Old Persian form is Hara[h]uvati, in Achaemenid times the name of the Arghandab River, the chief tributary of the Helmand. The Old Persian language is one of the two attested Old Iranian languages (besides Avestan) The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ( haχɒmaneʃijɒn (558–330 BC was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Arghandab is a river in Afghanistan, about 400 kilometers (250 miles in length This name was in turn Hellenized to Arachosia. Arachosia (ˌærəˈkoʊʒə, Arakhōsia) or Arachotae (əˈrækəˌtiː, Arakhōtai) is the latinized form of Greek name of an Achaemenid The 1st century CE geographer Isidore of Charax referred to Arachosia, the land where the Arghandab (Sarasvati) and Helmand (Setumanta) flow, as White India. Isidore of Charax, also known as Isidorus Characenus, was a 1st century geographer from the city of Charax in Characene, on the northern end of the present

The Avesta extols the Helmand in similar terms to those used in the Rigveda with respect to the Sarasvati: "the bountiful, glorious Haetumant swelling its white waves rolling down its copious flood" (Yasht 10. The Avesta is the primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the Avestan language. 67). Kocchar (1999) argues that the Helmand is identical to the early Rigvedic Sarasvati of suktas 2. 41, 7. 36 etc. , and that the Nadistuti sukta (10. 75) was composed centuries later, after an eastward migration of the bearers of the Rigvedic culture to the western Gangetic plain some 600 km to the east. The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent The Sarasvati by this time had become a mythical "disappeared" river, and the name was transferred to the Ghaggar which disappeared in the desert, which under the influence of the early hymns was made into an invisible river joining the Ganga and Yamuna. The Ghaggar-Hakra River is a believed to be an intermittent river in India and Pakistan that flows only during the Monsoon season The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent For the goddess of the river who is sometimes called Yamuna see Yami The Yamuna (Sanskrit यमुना

The possibility of an inverse transfer of the name from India to Iran is proposed by several scholars, who argue that "it would be just as plausible to assume that Sarasvati was a Sanskrit term indigenous to India and was later imported by the speakers of Avestan into Iran. " [21] A transfer of the name from India to Iran, would have taken place in pre-Proto-Iranian times, since the initial *s was regularly changed to h- in proto-Iranian. Proto-Iranian, is the reconstructed Proto-language of the Iranian languages branch of Indo-European language family [22]

Criticism of the Helmand identification with early Rig Vedic Sarasvati typically points out that the Helmand flows into a swamp in the Iranian plateau (the extended wetland and lake system of Hamun-i-Helmand), which allegedly does not match the Rigvedic description of samudra meaning ocean. The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog Hāmun-e Helmand (also known as Hāmun-e Hīrmand or Sistan Lake) is a marshy lake located in southeast Iran near the Afghan border and fed Samudra is a Sanskrit term for " Ocean " literally the "gathering together of waters" ( Saṃ - meaning "together"

Present-day Sarasvatis

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mayrhofer, EWAia, s. The Sapta Sindhu ( Sanskrit: सप्त सिंधु also Hapta Hindu in Avestan "seven rivers" are the seven sacred rivers in Indian mythology Saraswat Brahmins are descended from a Brahmin caste mentioned in ancient Hindu scriptures as inhabiting the Saraswati River valley the geographic Saraswati River ( সরস্বতী নদী refers to a River, that was a Distributary of the Bhagirathi and is now no more there but was Manfred Mayrhofer (born 26 September 1926 in Linz, Austria) is an Indo-Europeanist specialized on Indo-Iranian languages v. ; the root is otherwise often connected with rivers (also in river names, such as Sarayu or Susartu); the suggestion has been revived in the connection of an "out of India" argument, N. Kazanas, "Rig-Veda is pre-Harappan", p. The Sarayu (also Sarju; Dev सरयु saráyu- f later Dev Rivers play a prominent part in the hymns of the Rigveda, and consequently in early Vedic religion. The Out of India theory ( OIT, also called the Indian Urheimat Theory) is the proposition that the Indo-European language family originated in 9.
  2. ^ Lommel, Herman (1927), Die Yašts des Awesta, Göttingen-Leipzig: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht/JC Hinrichs
  3. ^ Hans Hock (1999) translates síndhumātā as a bahuvrihi, "whose mother is the Sindhu", which would indicate that the Sarasvati is here a tributary of the Indus. A bahuvrīhí (बहुव्रीहि or bahuvrihi compound (also exocentric compound) is a type of nominal compound that refers to something that A translation as a tatpurusha ("mother of rivers", with sindhu still with its generic meaning) would be less common in RV speech. In Sanskrit grammar a tatpuruṣa (तत्पुरुष compound is a dependent determinative compound, i
  4. ^ Pancavimsa Brahmana, Jaiminiya Upanisad Brahmana, Katyayana Srauta Sutra, Latyayana Srauta; Macdonell and Keith 1912
  5. ^ Asvalayana Srauta Sutra, Sankhayana Srauta Sutra; Macdonell and Keith 1912, II:55
  6. ^ V. S. Wakankar and C. 'Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar' ( 4 May 1919 – 3 April 1988) was an Indian Archeologist. N. Parchure: The Lost Vedic Sarasvati River, Mysore 1994, p. 45)
  7. ^ This place may refer to a spring in the Siwalik mountains in this text. It is possible that the source of the Rigvedic Sarasvati was not in the Siwalik Hills, but in the Himalayan mountains. Agarwal, Vishal (2003), "A Reply to Michael Witzel’s ‘Ein Fremdling im Rgveda’", Journal of Indo-European Studies 31 (1-2): 107-185, <http://www.omilosmeleton.gr/english/documents/ReplytoWitzelJIES.pdf>
  8. ^ 40 asvins in the Pancavimsa Br. Subhash Kak. Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy. In Astronomy across cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy, Helaine Selin (ed), Kluwer, 2000
  9. ^ D. S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B. P. and Merh, S. S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati 1999. According to this reference, 44 asvins may be over 2600 km
  10. ^ Vishal Agarwal points out that 44 Asvinas could be according to one calculation 880 miles (1400 km) or at least several hundred miles. Agarwal, Vishal (2003), "A Reply to Michael Witzel’s ‘Ein Fremdling im Rgveda’", Journal of Indo-European Studies 31 (1-2): 107-185, <http://www.omilosmeleton.gr/english/documents/ReplytoWitzelJIES.pdf>
  11. ^ Agarwal, Vishal (2003), "A Reply to Michael Witzel’s ‘Ein Fremdling im Rgveda’", Journal of Indo-European Studies 31 (1-2): 107-185, <http://www.omilosmeleton.gr/english/documents/ReplytoWitzelJIES.pdf>
  12. ^ Mhb. 3. 82. 111; 3. 130. 3; 6. 7. 47; 6. 37. 1-4. , 9. 34. 81; 9. 37. 1-2
  13. ^ Mhb 3. 130. 3-5; 9. 37. 1-2
  14. ^ Subhash Kak. Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy. In Astronomy across cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy, Helaine Selin (ed), Kluwer, 2000
  15. ^ D. S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B. P. and Merh, S. S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati, 1999, p. 35-44
  16. ^ compare also with Yajurveda 34. 11, D. S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B. P. and Merh, S. S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati, 1999, p. 35-44
  17. ^ D. S. Chauhan in Radhakrishna, B. P. and Merh, S. S. (editors): Vedic Saraswati, 1999, p. 35-44
  18. ^ Valdiya, K. S. , in Dynamic Geology, Educational monographs published by J. N. Centre for Advanced Studies, Bangalore, University Press (Hyderabad), 1998.
  19. ^ Indische Alterthumskunde
  20. ^ Sacred Books of the East, 32, 60
  21. ^ George Erdosy (1989): cited after Bryant 2001: 133
  22. ^ e. g. Bryant (2001: 133)

References

External links

David Frawley (or Vāmadeva Śāstrī वामदेव शास्त्री is an author on Hinduism, Yoga and Ayurveda, and the founder
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