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 Litchi chinensis leaves and fruit
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Over a hundred, see List of Sapindaceae genera |
Sapindaceae, also known as the soapberry family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Sapindales (pronounced /sæpɪn'deɪliz/ last two syllables just like the word dailies ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' p Antoine Laurent de Jussieu ( April 12, 1748 - September 17, 1836) was a French Botanist, notable as the first to propose In biology a type is that which fixes a name to a Taxon. Depending on the nomenclature code which is applied to the organism in question a type may be a specimen Sapindus is a genus of about five to twelve species of Shrubs and small Trees in the Sapindaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for There are approximatively 140 genera in the family Sapindaceae. In Biological classification, family ( Latin The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Sapindales (pronounced /sæpɪn'deɪliz/ last two syllables just like the word dailies ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' p There are about 140-150 genera with 1400-2000 species, including maple, horse chestnut and lychee. Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or The Lychee ( Litchi chinensis) also spelled Litchi (the US FDA spelling or Laichi and Lichu, Chinese: 荔枝
Sapindaceae members occur in temperate to tropical regions throughout the world. Many are lactiferous, i. e. they contain milky sap, and many contain mildly toxic saponins with soap-like qualities in either the foliage and/or the seeds, or roots. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Saponins are a class of chemical compounds one of very many Secondary metabolites found in natural sources with saponins found in particular abundance in various plant SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using The largest genera are Serjania, Paullinia, Acer and Allophyllus. UserPolbot. --> Serjania is a genus of Plant in family Sapindaceae. Paullinia is a genus of Shrubs small Trees and Lianas in the soapberry family Sapindaceae, native to tropical South America Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or
The largely temperate genera formerly separated in the families Aceraceae (Acer, Dipteronia) and Hippocastanaceae (Aesculus, Billia, Handeliodendron) were included within a more broadly circumscribed Sapindaceae by the APG. Aceraceae is a family of Flowering plants also called the Maple Family. Dipteronia is a Genus of two living and one extinct species regarded in the soapberry family Sapindaceae sensu lato after Angiosperm Hippocastanaceae is the name given to a small group of Trees and Shrubs, when this group is treated as a familiy For the South African Thoroughbred racehorse see Horse Chestnut (horse. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to two international groups of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus view of the Recent research has confirmed the inclusion of these genera in Sapindaceae. [1][2]
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Characteristics
Plants of this family have a variety of habits, from trees to herbaceous plants or lianas. A tree is a perennial Woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of The liana is any of various long-stemmed usually woody vines that are rooted in the soil at ground level and use trees as well as other means of vertical support to climb up to Their leaves usually spirally alternate, sometimes (in Acer, Aesculus, and a few other genera) opposite. They are most often pinnately compound, sometimes palmately, or just palmate (Acer, Aesculus), with a petiole lacking stipules, but having a swollen base. In Botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaves: Acicular ( acicularis) Slender and pointed needle-like In Botany, the petiole is the small stalk attaching the Leaf blade to the stem. In Botany, stipule ( Latin stipula: straw stalk is a term coined by Linnaeus [1]
Flowers are small and unisexual, or functionally unisexual, though plants may be either dioecious or monoecious. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also In Biology, gonochorism ( Greek offspring + disperse or unisexualism describes sexually reproducing species in which there are at Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom They are usually grouped in cymes grouped in panicles. An inflorescence is a group or cluster of Flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main Branch or a complicated arrangement of branches A panicle is a compound Raceme, a loose much-branched indeterminate Inflorescence with pedicellate Flowers (and Fruit They most often have four or five petals and sepals (petals are absent in Dodonaea). A petal (from Ancient Greek petalon "leaf" "thin plate" regarded as a highly modified leaf is one member or part of the corolla A sepal (from Latin separatus "separate" + petalum "petal" is a part of the flower of Angiosperms or flower plants Dodonaea is a genus of about 70 species of Flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae, with a Cosmopolitan distribution in tropical subtropical The stamens range from four to ten, usually on a nectar disc between the petals and stamen,their filaments are often hairy. The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male The most frequent number is eight, in two rings of four. The gynoecium contains two or three carpels, sometimes up to six. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. A gynoecium (from Ancient Greek gyne, "woman" is the Female reproductive part of a Flower. There is usually only one style with a lobed stigma. Most often pollinated by birds or insects,with a few species pollinated by wind. Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female [1]
The fruits are fleshy or dry,. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. They may be nuts, berries, drupes, schizocarps, capsules (Bridgesia), or samaras (Acer). The word berry has two meanings one based on a botanical definition the other on common identification In Botany, a drupe is a Fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( Exocarp, or skin and Mesocarp, or flesh surrounds a shell (the pit A schizocarp is a dry Fruit that develops from multiple Carpels When mature it splits up into one-seeded mericarps. In Botany a capsule is a type of simple dry Fruit produced by many species of Flowering plants A capsule is a dehiscent structure composed of two Bridgesia is a genus of Flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae. A samara is a type of Fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous papery tissue develops from the ovary wall The embryos are bent or coiled, without endosperm in the seed, but frequently with an aril. Endosperm is the tissue produced in the Seeds of most Flowering plants around the time of fertilization Distinguish from Aryl, which is a type of organic chemical radical [1]
Classification
Sapindaceae are related to Rutaceae, and both are usually placed in an order Sapindales or Rutales, depending on whether they are kept separate and which name is used for the order. Rutaceae, commonly known as the Rue or Citrus family is a family of Plants usually placed in the order Sapindales. Sapindales (pronounced /sæpɪn'deɪliz/ last two syllables just like the word dailies ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' p Sapindales (pronounced /sæpɪn'deɪliz/ last two syllables just like the word dailies ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'' p [1] The most basal member appears to be Xanthoceras. In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram Xanthoceras sorbifolium ( Yellowhorn) the sole species in the genus Xanthoceras, is a Flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae Some authors maintain some or all of Hippocastanaceae and Aceraceae, although this may result in paraphyly. Hippocastanaceae is the name given to a small group of Trees and Shrubs, when this group is treated as a familiy Aceraceae is a family of Flowering plants also called the Maple Family. In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all [1][2] The former Ptaeroxylaceae, now placed in Rutaceae, were sometimes placed in Sapindaceae. [3] The family is divided in 5 or 6 subfamily depending on treatment.
Notable species
- See also: List of Sapindaceae genera
Sapindaceae includes many species of economically valuable tropical fruit, including the lychee, the longan, the pitomba, the korlan, the rambutan, the mamoncillo and the ackee. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The Lychee ( Litchi chinensis) also spelled Litchi (the US FDA spelling or Laichi and Lichu, Chinese: 荔枝 The longan ( Cantonese long-ngan; literally " dragon eye" Thai ลำไย is a tropical Tree native to southern Talisia esculenta is a medium-sized Tree native to the Amazon Basin, and is found in Brazil, Colombia, Peru, The Korlan ( Nephelium hypoleucum) is a Tree in the family Sapindaceae and the fruit of this tree The rambutan (ramˈbut̪ɑn Nephelium lappaceum) is a medium-sized tropical Tree in the family Sapindaceae, and the fruit of this tree The mamoncillo ( Melicoccus bijugatus) also known as the mamón (although the word is considered obscene in some Spanish speaking countries where it translates The Ackee or Akee ( Blighia sapida) is a member of the Sapindaceae ( Soapberry family native to Tropical Other products include Guarana, soapberries and maple syrup. Guarana ( Portuguese guaraná) (ɡu̯ara'na or) Paullinia cupana ( syn Maple syrup is a sweetener made from the sap of Maple trees In Canada and the United States it is most often eaten with waffles and pancakes
Some species of Maple and Buckeye are valued for their wood, while several other genera, such as Koelreuteria, Cardiospermum and Ungnadia, are popular ornamentals. Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or Koelreuteria is a genus of three species in the family Sapindaceae, native to southern and eastern Asia. The Mexican Buckeye Ungnadia speciosa is a Shrub or small Tree native to northeastern Mexico and adjacent western Texas and southern Schleichera trijuga is the source of Indian macassar oil. Macassar oil is a compounded oil used primarily by men in Victorian and Edwardian times as a hair oil
References
- ^ a b c d e f Singh, Gurjaran (2004). Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach. Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers, pp. 438-440. ISBN 1-57808-342-7.
- ^ a b Harrington, Mark G. ; Karen J. Edwards, Sheila A. Johnson, Mark W. Chase & Paul A. Gadek (2005). "Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequences. ". Systematic Botany 30 (2): 366-382. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Watson, L. , and Dallwitz, M. J. (2007). Sapindaceae Juss.. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan
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