Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health. Sanitization (also ' Redaction ' is the process of removing sensitive information from a document or other medium so that it may be distributed to a broader audience The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes, and agricultural wastes and now appliances in disuse wastes like cars, computers,household appliances, electronic appliances(bulbs, regulators) Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e. g. sewerage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e. g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e. g. simple handwashing with soap). Hand washing is the act of cleansing the Hands with Water or another Liquid, with or without the use of Soap or other Detergents

The term "sanitation" can be applied to a specific aspect, concept, location, or strategy, such as:

• Basic sanitation - refers to the management of human feces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation.
• On-site sanitation - the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and imhoff tanks.
• Food sanitation - refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.
• Environmental sanitation - the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.
• Ecological sanitation - a concept and an approach of recycling to nature the nutrients from human and animal wastes.

Contents 1 Sanitation and wastewater 1.1 Wastewater collection 1.2 Wastewater treatment 1.3 Reuse of wastewater 1.4 Ecological sanitation 1.5 Sanitation and public health 1.6 Global access to improved sanitation 2 Solid waste disposal 3 Sanitation in developed countries 4 Sanitation in the developing world 5 Sanitation in the food industry 6 History 7 References 8 See also 9 External links

Sanitation and wastewater

Wastewater collection

For more details on this topic, see Wastewater. Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England

The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of wastewater in sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England Wastewater treatment plant also called wastewater treatment works Sewage treatment – treatment and disposal of human waste Reuse is using an item more than once This includes conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function and new-life reuse where it is used for a new function Sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them as sanitary sewers. A storm drain, storm sewer ( US) stormwater drain ( Australia and New Zealand) or surface water system ( UK) A sanitary sewer (also called especially in the UK a foul sewer) is a type of underground carriage system for transporting Sewage from houses or industry to Combined sewers are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy rainfall and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or sanitary sewer overflows, i. Sanitary sewer overflow (SSO is a condition whereby untreated Sewage is discharged into the environment prior to reaching treatment facilities thereby escaping Wastewater e. more or less diluted raw sewage being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges. ^[1]

The high investment cost of conventional wastewater collection systems are difficult to afford for many developing countries. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties Some countries have therefore promoted alternative wastewater collection systems such as condominial sewerage, which uses smaller diameter pipes at lower depth with different network layouts from conventional sewerage.

Wastewater treatment

For more details on this topic, see Sewage treatment. Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents

In developed countries treatment of municipal wastewater is now widespread,^[2] but not yet universal (for an overview of technologies see wastewater treatment). Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents In developing countries most wastewater is still discharge untreated into the environment. Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties For example, in Latin America only about 15% of collected sewerage is being treated (see water and sanitation in Latin America)

Reuse of wastewater

The reuse of untreated wastewater in irrigated agriculture is common in developing countries. Water supply and sanitation in Latin America is characterized by insufficient access and in many cases by poor service quality with detrimental impacts on Public health. The reuse of treated wastewater in landscaping (esp. on golf courses), irrigated agriculture and for industrial use is becoming increasingly widespread.

In many peri-urban and rural areas households are not connected to sewers. They discharge their wastewater into septic tanks or other types of on-site sanitation.

Ecological sanitation

For more details on this topic, see Ecological sanitation. Ecological sanitation, also known as ecosan or eco-san, is a new paradigm in sanitation that recognises human excreta and household wastewater not as waste but as

Ecological sanitation is sometimes presented as a radical alternative to conventional sanitation systems. Ecological sanitation, also known as ecosan or eco-san, is a new paradigm in sanitation that recognises human excreta and household wastewater not as waste but as Ecological sanitation is based on the separation of urine and feces at the source for sanitization and recycling. It thus eliminates fecal pathogens from the wastewater flow. If ecological sanitation is practiced municipal wastewater consists of greywater, which can be recycled for gardening. Greywater, also known as sullage, is non-industrial wastewater generated from domestic processes such as dish washing However, in most cases greywater continues to be discharged to sewers.

Sanitation and public health

The importance of waste isolation lies in an effort to prevent water and sanitation related diseases, which afflicts both developed countries as well as developing countries to differing degrees. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties It is estimated that up to 5 million people die each year from preventable water-borne disease^[3], as a result of inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.

Global access to improved sanitation

The Joint Monitoring Program for water and sanitation of WHO and UNICEF has defined improved sanitation as

• connection to a public sewer
• connection to a septic system
• pour-flush latrine
• simple pit latrine
• ventilated improved pit latrine

According to that definition, 59% of the world population had access to improved sanitation in 2004. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 Description A septic tank generally consists of tanks between the size of 1000 and 2000 gallons (4000 - 7500 litres which is connected to an inlet wastewater pipe at one end and A latrine (from Latin lavatrina a privy is a structure (usually small holding a single person for Defecation. [1] Only slightly more than half of them or 31% of the world population lived in houses connected to a sewer. Overall, 2. 6 billion people lacked access to improved sanitation and thus had to resort to open defecation or other unsanitary forms of defecation, such as public latrines or open pit latrines. This outcome presents substantial public health risks as the waste could contaminate drinking water and cause life threatening forms of diarrhea to infants. Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea

In developed countries, where less than 20% of the world population lives, 99% of the population has access to improved sanitation and 81% were connected to sewers.

Solid waste disposal

For more details on this topic, see Waste management. Waste management is the collection Transport, processing, Recycling or disposal of Waste materials

Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but incineration, recycling, composting and conversion to biofuels are also avenues. For other uses see Water treatment and Land reclamation. A landfill, also known as a dump (and historically as Recycling involves processing used materials into new products in order to prevent the waste of potentially useful materials reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials reduce Compost (ˈkɒmpɒst or US /ˈkɒmpoʊst/ also known as brown manure is the aerobically decomposed remnants of Organic matter. In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped countries customarily rely upon less stringent proocols^[4]. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors Daily cover is the name given to the layer of compressed Soil or earth which is laid on top of a day's deposition of Waste on an operational Landfill site Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens. A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious Daily cover also minimises odour emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of leachate that could contaminate groundwater (and hence jeopardize some drinking water supplies). Leachate is the liquid that drains or 'leaches' from a Landfill; it varies widely in composition regarding the age of the landfill and the type of Waste that Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not

For incineration options, the release of air pollutants, including certain toxic components is an attendant adverse outcome. Air pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of Chemicals Particulate matter, or Biological materials that cause harm or discomfort Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Recycling and biofuel conversion are the sustainable options that generally have superior life cycle costs, particularly when total ecological consequences are considered^[5]. Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product.

Sanitation in developed countries

In US, sanitation is a legislative requirement of OSH, which is governed by 29 CFR Part 1910. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the 141 ^[6].

Sanitation in the developing world

The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) include a target to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation by 2015. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security In December 2006, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2008 'The International Year of Sanitation', in recognition of the slow progress being made towards the MDGs sanitation target. Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members The year aims to develop awareness and action to meet the target. Particular concerns are:

• Removing the stigma around sanitation, so that the importance of sanitation can be more easily and publicly discussed.
• Highlighting the poverty reduction, health and other benefits that flow from better hygiene, household sanitation arrangements and wastewater treatment. Poverty reduction (or poverty alleviation) is any process which seeks to reduce the level of Poverty in a community or amongst a group of people or countries Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness

Research from the Overseas Development Institute suggests that sanitation and hygiene promotion needs to be better 'mainstreamed' in development, if the MDG on sanitation is to be met. The Overseas Development Institute (ODI is the United Kingdom 's leading independent Think tank on International development and humanitarian issues At present, promotion of sanitation and hygiene is mainly carried out through water institutions. The research argues that there are, in fact, many institutions that should carry out activities to develop better sanitation and hygiene in developing countries. For example, educational institutions can teach on hygiene, and health institutions can dedicate resources to preventative works (to avoid, for example, outbreaks of cholera). Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium ^[7]

Sanitation in the food industry

Sanititation within the food industry means to the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of microorganisms of public health significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the product or its safety for the consumer (FDA, Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA). A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures are indispensable for food industries in US, which are regulated by 9 CFR part 416 in conjunction with 21 CFR part 178. "SSOP" redirects here For the integrated circuit packaging see Shrink small-outline package. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 1010. Similaly in Japan, food hygiene has to be reached through the compliance of Food Sanitation Law ^[8].

Additionally, in the food and Biopharmaceutical industries, the term sanitary equipment means equipment that is fully cleanable using Clean-in-place (CIP), and Sterilization in place (SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other liquids. The term Biopharmacology describes a field of research closely related to Pharmacokinetics, sometimes called biopharmacy CIP (Clean-in-Place is a method of cleaning the interior surfaces of pipes vessels process equipment and associated fittings without disassembly Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg^[9] or areas where the turbulence during cleaning is not enough to remove product deposits. In Fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a fluid regime characterized by chaotic Stochastic property changes In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from Stainless Steel 316L, (an alloy containing small amounts of molybdenum). In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo The surface is usually electropolished to an effective surface roughness of less than 0. Electropolishing, also referred to as Electrochemical polishing is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece 5 micrometre, to reduce the possibility of bacterial adhesion to the surface. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have

History

The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi of Indus Valley civilization. Harappa ( Urdu:, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a City in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles southwest Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Rakhigarhi, or Rakhi Garhi, is a village in Hisar District in the northwest Indian state of Haryana, around 150 kilometers from Delhi The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin This urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems. Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets. Houses opened only to inner courtyards and smaller lanes.

Roman cities and villas had elements of sanitation systems, delivering water in the streets of towns such as Pompeii, and building stone and wooden drains to collect and remove wastewater from populated areas - see for instance the Cloaca Maxima into the River Tiber in Rome. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Distinguish from Wastwater (a lake in the Lake District in northwest England But there is little record of other sanitation in most of Europe until the High Middle Ages. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 Unsanitary conditions and overcrowding were widespread throughout Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages, resulting periodically in cataclysmic pandemics such as the Plague of Justinian (541-42) and the Black Death (1347-1351), which killed tens of millions of people and radically altered societies. ^[10]

Very high infant and child mortality prevailed in Europe throughout medieval times, due not only to deficiencies in sanitation but to insufficient food for a population which had expanded faster than agriculture^[11]. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture This was further complicated by frequent warfare and exploitation of civilians by brutal rulers. Life for the average person at this time was indeed 'nasty, brutish and short. '

References

See also

• Carl Rogers Darnall
• Disinfectant
• Ecological sanitation
• National Sanitation Foundation
• Public water supply and sanitation in Germany
• Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures
• Sanitary sewer overflow
• Sewage collection and disposal
• Sewerage
• Trap (plumbing)
• Water crisis
• Water supply
• Water supply and sanitation in France
• Water supply and sanitation in Latin America
• Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom
• Water supply and sanitation in the United States
• Wastewater treatment
• World Plumbing Council
• World Toilet Organization

External links

• Central Asia Health Review (CAHR). Brigadier General Carl Rogers Darnall ( December 25, 1867, Weston Texas, USA - January 18, 1941, Washington Disinfectants are Antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy Microorganisms, the process of which is known as disinfection. Ecological sanitation, also known as ecosan or eco-san, is a new paradigm in sanitation that recognises human excreta and household wastewater not as waste but as NSF International, formerly National Sanitation Foundation, is a not-for-profit non-governmental organization that develops standards and provides product certification and Access to water and sanitation Water use About 80 percent of public water use is accounted for by residential and small commercial users "SSOP" redirects here For the integrated circuit packaging see Shrink small-outline package. Sanitary sewer overflow (SSO is a condition whereby untreated Sewage is discharged into the environment prior to reaching treatment facilities thereby escaping Wastewater Urban areas require some methods for collection and disposal of Sewage. In Plumbing, a trap is a U- S- or J-shaped Pipe located below or within a Plumbing fixture. Water Crisis is a term that refers to the status of the world’s Water resources relative to human demand Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties of water of various qualities to different users Access Access to improved water supply and to adequate sanitation in France is universal Water supply and sanitation in Latin America is characterized by insufficient access and in many cases by poor service quality with detrimental impacts on Public health. Access Water use and sources Household water use in England and Wales stood at 150 liters/capita/day in 2004/05 Access Water use According to a 1999 study by the AWWA Research Foundation residential end use of water in the United States is equivalent to Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents The World Plumbing Council is an international organization which aims to develop and promote the image and standards of the Plumbing Industry worldwide About WTO World Toilet Organization (WTO is a global non-profit organization committed to improving toilet and sanitation conditions worldwide The Central Asia Health Review (CAHR is a New York based independent online magazine covering public health and Human rights issues in Central Asia. Poor Sanitation Causes Death among Children under Five in Afghanistan
• The 2006 UNDP Human Development Report: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis - Chapter 3: The vast deficit in sanitation accessed on August 22, 2007
• Water Supply and Sanitation, World Bank accessed on August 22, 2007
• Early urban sanitation in ancient India
• Sanitation coverage vs. population growth: an encouraging trend
• Daily cover in landfills

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