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Sandro Botticelli

Alleged self-portrait of Botticelli, in his Adoration of the Magi. Uffizi, Florence. The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany
Birth name Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi
Born March 1, 1444(1444-03-01) or 1445
Florence, Italy
Died May 17, 1510 (aged 66)
Nationality Italian
Training Florentine school
Movement Renaissance
Works Primavera, 1478
The Birth of Venus, 1486

Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, better known as Sandro Botticelli or Il Botticello ("The Little Barrel"; March 1, 1445 – May 17, 1510)[1] was an Italian painter of the Florentine school during the Early Renaissance (Quattrocento). Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Primavera is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli, c The Birth of Venus is a Painting by Sandro Botticelli. It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the Sea as a full grown Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (from the Italian for '400 or from "millequattrocento" 1400 Less than a hundred years later, this movement, under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici, was characterized by Giorgio Vasari as a "golden age", a thought, suitably enough, he expressed at the head of his Vita of Botticelli. Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1 1449 &ndash 9 April 1492 was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance Giorgio Vasari ( 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter and Architect, who is today famous The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below His posthumous reputation suffered until the late 19th century; since then his work has been seen to represent the linear grace of Early Renaissance painting, and The Birth of Venus and Primavera rank now among the most familiar masterpieces of Florentine art. The Birth of Venus is a Painting by Sandro Botticelli. It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the Sea as a full grown The Primavera is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli, c

Contents

Biography

Youth

Details of Botticelli's life are sparse, but we know that he became an apprentice when he was about fourteen years old, which would indicate that he received a fuller education than did other Renaissance artists. Vasari reported that he was initially trained as a goldsmith by his brother Antonio. [2] Probably by 1462 he was apprenticed to Fra Filippo Lippi;[3] many of his early works have been attributed to the elder master, and attributions continue to be uncertain. Fra' Filippo Lippi (1406 &ndash October 8 1469 Influenced also by the monumentality of Masaccio's painting, it was from Lippi that Botticelli learned a more intimate and detailed manner. Masaccio (born Tommaso Cassai or in some accounts Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Mone; December 21, 1401 &ndash autumn 1428 was the first great As recently discovered, during this time, Botticelli could have traveled to Hungary, participating in the creation of a fresco in Esztergom, ordered in the workshop of Fra Filippo Lippi by Vitéz János, then archbishop of Hungary. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Esztergom (known by alternative names) is a City in northern Hungary, about 50 km north-west of the Capital Budapest. János Vitéz (in Croatian Ivan Vitez od Sredne; 1405 or 1408 – 1472 was the archbishop of Esztergom and a prominent humanist, Diplomat In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead

By 1470 Botticelli had his own workshop. Even at this early date his work was characterized by a conception of the figure as if seen in low relief, drawn with clear contours, and minimizing strong contrasts of light and shadow which would indicate fully modeled forms.

Masterworks

The masterworks Primavera (c. 1478) and The Birth of Venus (c. 1485) were both seen by Vasari at the villa of Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici at Castello in the mid-16th century, and until recently it was assumed that both works were painted specifically for the villa. Recent scholarship suggests otherwise: the Primavera was painted for Lorenzo's townhouse in Florence, and The Birth of Venus was commissioned by someone else for a different site. By 1499 both had been installed at Castello. [4]

In these works the influence of Gothic realism is tempered by Botticelli's study of the antique. This article is about Gothic art See also Gothic architecture Gothic art was a Medieval art movement that lasted about 200 But if the painterly means may be understood, the subjects themselves remain fascinating for their ambiguity. The complex meanings of these paintings continue to receive scholarly attention, mainly focusing on the poetry and philosophy of humanists who were the artist's contemporaries. The works do not illustrate particular texts; rather, each relies upon several texts for its significance. Of their beauty, characterized by Vasari as exemplifying "grace", and by John Ruskin as possessing linear rhythm, there can be no doubt. John Ruskin (8 February 1819 &ndash 20 January 1900 is best known for his work as an Art critic, sage writer, and Social critic, but is remembered

Primavera (1478): icon of the springtime renewal of the Florentine Renaissance, also at the summer palazzo of Pierfrancesco de' Medici, as a companion piece to the Birth of Venus and Pallas and the Centaur. Left to right: Mercury, the Three Graces, Venus, Flora, Chloris, Zephyrus.
Primavera (1478): icon of the springtime renewal of the Florentine Renaissance, also at the summer palazzo of Pierfrancesco de' Medici, as a companion piece to the Birth of Venus and Pallas and the Centaur. The Primavera is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Sandro Botticelli, c Left to right: Mercury, the Three Graces, Venus, Flora, Chloris, Zephyrus. In Greek mythology, a Charis (Χάρις is one of several Charites (Χάριτες Greek: " Graces " goddesses of charm beauty In Roman mythology, Flora was a Goddess of flowers and the season of spring. This article is about "Chloris" in Greek Mythology For the Genus of tufted grasses in the Poaceae family also known as "Finger grass" and In Greek Mythology, the Anemoi (in Greek, Άνεμοι &mdash " winds " were Wind gods who were each ascribed

Maturity and later life

The Adoration of the Magi for Santa Maria Novella (c. The Adoration of the Magi is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli, dating from 1475 or 1476 1475-1476, now at the Uffizi) contains the portraits of Cosimo de' Medici ("the finest of all that are now extant for its life and vigour"[5]), his grandson Giuliano de' Medici, and Cosimo's son Giovanni. Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici (September 27 1389 &ndash August 1 1464 was the first of the Medici political dynasty de facto rulers of Giuliano de' Medici (1453&ndash April 26, 1478) was the second son of Piero de' Medici (the Gouty Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici (July 3 1421-September 23 1463 was an Italian banker and patron of arts The quality of the scene was hailed by Vasari as one of Botticelli's pinnacles.

In 1481, Pope Sixtus IV summoned Botticelli and other prominent Florentine and Umbrian artists to fresco the walls of the Sistine Chapel. Pope Sixtus IV ( July 21, 1414 &ndash August 12, 1484) born Francesco Della Rovere, was Pope from 1471 to 1484 Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. The iconological program was the supremacy of the Papacy. Sandro's contribution was moderately successful. He returned to Florence, and "being of a sophistical turn of mind, he there wrote a commentary on a portion of Dante and illustrated the Inferno which he printed, spending much time over it, and this abstention from work led to serious disorders in his living. The Divine Comedy " Thus Vasari characterized the first printed Dante (1481) with Botticelli's decorations; he could not imagine that the new art of printing might occupy an artist. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press

In the mid-1480s Botticelli worked on a major fresco cycle with Perugino, Ghirlandaio, and Filippino Lippi, for Lorenzo the Magnificent's villa near Volterra; in addition he painted many frescoes in Florentine churches. Pietro Perugino (1446–1524 was the leading painter of the Umbrian school who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449 &ndash January 11, 1494) was a renowned Florentine Renaissance painter a contemporary of Botticelli Filippo Lippi (c 1457 &ndash April 1504 was a well-known painter working during the High Renaissance in Florence, Italy. Lorenzo de' Medici (January 1 1449 &ndash 9 April 1492 was an Italian statesman and de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance Volterra is a town in the Tuscany region of Italy. History The town was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center with an

In 1491 Botticelli served on a committee to decide upon a facade for the Florence Duomo. Duomo is a generic Italian term for a Cathedral church The formal word for a church that is presently a cathedral is cattedrale; a In 1502 he was accused of sodomy, though charges were later dropped. In 1504 he was a member of the committee appointed to decide where Michelangelo's David would be placed. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all David is a Masterpiece of Renaissance Sculpture sculpted by Michelangelo from 1501 to 1504 His later work, especially as seen in a series on the life of St. Zenobius, witnessed a diminution of scale, expressively distorted figures, and a non-naturalistic use of colour reminiscent of the work of Fra Angelico nearly a century earlier. Saint Zenobius (San Zanobi Zenobio (337 – 417 is venerated as the first bishop of Florence. Fra Angelico (c 1395 &ndash February 18 1455) born Guido di Pietro, was an Early Italian Renaissance painter referred to in Vasari

Venus and Mars, 1483.
Venus and Mars, 1483. Venus and Mars is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli, dating from c

Religion

In later life, Botticelli was one of Savonarola's followers, though the full extent of Savonarola's influence is uncertain. Girolamo Savonarola ( September 21, 1452 &ndash May 23, 1498) was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from [6] The story that he burnt his own paintings on pagan themes in the notorious "Bonfire of the Vanities" is not told by Vasari, who asserts that of the sect of Savonarola "he was so ardent a partisan that he was thereby induced to desert his painting, and, having no income to live on, fell into very great distress. Bonfire of the Vanities (Falò delle vanità refers to the burning of objects that are deemed to be occasions of sin. For this reason, persisting in his attachement to that party, and becoming a Piagnone[7] he abandoned his work. ". Botticelli biographer Ernst Steinman searched for the artist's psychological development through his Madonnas. In the "deepening of insight and expression in the rendering of Mary's physiognomy", Steinman discerns proof of Savonarola's influence over Botticelli. This means that the biographer needed to alter the dates of a number of Madonnas to substantiate his theory; specifically, they are dated ten years later than before. Steinman disagrees with Vasari's assertion that Botticelli produced nothing after coming under the influence of Girolamo Savonarola. Steinman believes the spiritual and emotional Virgins rendered by Sandro follow directly from the teachings of the Dominican monk.

Earlier, Botticelli had painted an Assumption of the Virgin for Matteo Palmieri in a chapel at San Pietro Maggiore in which, it was rumored, both the patron who dictated the iconic scheme and the painter who painted it, were guilty of unidentified heresy, a delicate requirement in such a subject. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief The heretical notions seem to be gnostic in character:

By the side door of San Piero Maggiore he did a panel for Matteo Palmieri, with a large number of figures representing the Assumption of Our Lady with zones of patriarchs, prophets, apostles, evangelists, martyrs, confessors, doctors, virgins, and the orders of angels, the whole from a design given to him by Matteo, who was a worthy and educated man. Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems He executed this work with the greatest mastery and diligence, introducing the portraits of Matteo and his wife on their knees. But although the great beauty of this work could find no other fault with it, said that Matteo and Sandro were guilty of grave heresy. Whether this be true or not, I cannot say. (Giorgio Vasari)

This is a common misconception based on an error by Vasari. The painting referred to here, now in the National Gallery in London, is by the artist Botticini. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Francesco di Giovanni Botticini (1446 &ndash July 22, 1498) was an Italian Early Renaissance painter Vasari confused their similar sounding names.

The Birth of Venus, 1486. Uffizi, Florence.
The Birth of Venus, 1486. The Birth of Venus is a Painting by Sandro Botticelli. It depicts the goddess Venus, having emerged from the Sea as a full grown Uffizi, Florence. The Uffizi Gallery (Galleria degli Uffizi one of the oldest and most famous Art Museums in the world is housed in the Palazzo degli Uffizi, a Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany

Posthumous eclipse

Botticelli was already little employed in 1502; after his death his reputation was eclipsed longer and more thoroughly than that of any other major European artist. His paintings remained in the churches and villas[8] for which they had been created, his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel upstaged by Michelangelo's. Sistine Chapel (Cappella Sistina is the best-known Chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. The first nineteenth century art historian to have looked with satisfaction at Botticelli's Sistine frescoes was Alexis-François Rio. Alexis-François Rio (b on the Island of Arz, Morbihan, 20 May 1797; d Through Rio Mrs Jameson and Sir Charles Eastlake were alerted to Botticelli, but, while works by his hand began to appear in German collections, both the Nazarenes and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood ignored him. Anna Brownell Jameson ( May 17, 1794 - March 17, 1860) British Writer, was born in Dublin. For the 19th century English painter see Sir Charles Lock Eastlake. Not to be confused with Nasoraeans The Nazarene sect ( Ναζωραίων from Hebrew נזרים) were an early The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters Poets, and critics founded in 1848 by Walter Pater created a literary picture of Botticelli, who was then taken up by the Aesthetic movement. Walter Horatio Pater ( August 4 1839 - July 30 1894) was an English Essayist and art and Literary critic. The first monograph on the artist was published in 1893; then, between 1900 and 1920 more books were written on Botticelli than any other painter. [9]

Recent discovery

Recently, one of four female figures on a fresco in the ruins of the Archbishop's studiolo in the castle of Esztergom, Hungary, was recognized (by Zsuzsanna Wierdl and Maria Prokopp) as possibly the first independent creation by Botticelli. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead A cabinet was one of a number of terms for a private room in the Domestic architecture and that of Palaces of Early Modern Europe, serving as Esztergom (known by alternative names) is a City in northern Hungary, about 50 km north-west of the Capital Budapest. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The figures representing four cardinal virtues were ordered from the workshop of Fra Filippo Lippi by Vitéz János, then Archbishop of Hungary. János Vitéz (in Croatian Ivan Vitez od Sredne; 1405 or 1408 – 1472 was the archbishop of Esztergom and a prominent humanist, Diplomat The figure attributed to Botticelli — the temperance — has many traits of his later works. [10] Some eminent scholars in the field such as Miklos Boskovits and Louis Waldman reject the frescoes' attribution to Botticelli.

Anthology of works

Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder, 1474.
Portrait of a Man with a Medal of Cosimo the Elder, 1474. Portrait of a Man with the Medal of Cosimo de Medici is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli, circa 1474-1475

Notes

  1. ^ Sandro Botticelli NNDB. The Last Miracle and Death of St Zenobius is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli, c The collection The Gemäldegalerie prides itself on its scientific methodology in collecting and displaying art Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German com
  2. ^ According to Vasari, he was still in school in February of 1458; an able pupil, he easily grew restless, and was initially apprenticed as a goldsmith. Lightbown, p. 19.
  3. ^ Lightbown, p. 20.
  4. ^ Smith, Webster: On the Original Location of the Primavera.
  5. ^ Vasari, Lives
  6. ^ Lightbown, pages 238-253; Return of a Forgotten Master, TIME
  7. ^ A "Weeper" or "Mourner", as the repentant followers of Savonarola were called. The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters Sculptors and Architects, or Le Vite delle più eccellenti pittori scultori ed architettori as it was originally known (Vasari text on-line).
  8. ^ Primavera and The Birth of Venus remained in the Grand Ducal Medici villa of Castello until 1815. (Levey 1960:292
  9. '^ This section is based on Michael Levey, "Botticelli and Nineteenth-Century England" Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 23. 3/4 (July 1960:291-306).
  10. ^ Possible Botticelli fresco found in Hungary, MSNBC, June 8, 2007

References

See also

External links

These are lists of painters: List of painters by name By religion List of Muslim painters By country or region Famous Italian painters (in alphabetical order Francesco Albani (1578–1660 Mariotto Albertinelli (1474–1515 This is a list of notable Italians in alphabetical order Scientists A-F Antonio Abetti, astronomer Renaissance painting bridges the period of European art history between the art of the Middle Ages and Baroque art. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th See also Western art, History of painting, Western art history, History of art, Art history, Painting, Outline of painting The history of Painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans and spans all cultures
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