Sheets of sandpaper with different grits (40, 80, 150, 240, 600).

Sandpaper is a form of paper where an abrasive material has been fixed to its surface. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away

Sandpaper is part of the "Coated abrasives" family of abrasive products. Coated abrasives are made of abrasive grains adhered to the surface of flexible or semi-flexible backings such as Paper, cloth vulcanized fiber Plastic films It is used to remove small amounts of material from surfaces, either to make them smoother (painting and wood finishing), to remove a layer of material (e. In Mathematics, specifically in Topology, a surface is a Two-dimensional Manifold. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Wood finishing refers to the process of embellishing and/or protecting the surface g. old paint), or sometimes to make the surface rougher (e. g. as a preparation to gluing). Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together

History

The first recorded instance of sandpaper was in 13th century China when crushed shells, seeds, and sand were bonded to parchment using natural gum. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Shark skin was also used as a sandpaper. Sharks ( Superorder Selachimorpha) are a type of Fish with a full cartilaginous Skeleton and a highly streamlined body Sandpaper was originally known as glass paper, as it used particles of glass.

The rough scales of the living fossil Coelacanth are used by the natives of Comoros as sandpaper. Living fossil is an informal term for any living Species (or Clade) of organism which appears Coelacanth (ˈsiːləkænθ adaptation of Modern Latin Cœlacanthus > cœl-us + acanth-us from Greek κοῖλ-ος + ἄκανθ-α) is the common name for

Glass paper was manufactured by John Oakey's company in London by 1833, who had developed new adhesive techniques and processes that could be mass-produced. John Oakey (1813 &ndash 1887 founder of John Oakey & Sons Ltd manufacturer of Sandpaper and polishing materials London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A process for making sandpaper was patented in the United States on June 14, 1834 by Isaac Fischer, Jr. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common , of Springfield, Vermont. Springfield is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States.

In 1916, 3M invented a type of waterproof sandpaper, known as Wetordry, and its first application was for automotive paint refinishing. 3M Company ( formerly Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company until 2002 is an American multinational conglomerate corporation with a worldwide

Sandpaper has occasionally been used as a surface for painting, as by Joan Miro. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Joan Miró i Ferrà ( April 20, 1893 &ndash December 25, 1983) was an ethnic Catalan (of Spanish nationality Sandpaper was even used as a musical instrument, in Leroy Anderson's Sandpaper Ballet. Leroy Anderson ( June 29 1908 – May 18 1975) was an American Composer of short light concert pieces many of which were

Types of sandpaper

320 grit silicon carbide sandpaper, with close-up view.

There are countless varieties of sandpaper, with variations in the paper or backing, the material used for the grit, grit size, and the bond.

Backing

In addition to paper, backing for sandpaper includes cloth (cotton, polyester, rayon), PET film, and "fibre". Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic Fiber. Rayon is produced from naturally occurring Polymers and therefore it is not a truly Biaxially-oriented Polyethylene terephthalate (boPET Polyester film is used for its high Tensile strength, Chemical and dimensional Stability Cloth backing is used for sandpaper discs and belts, while mylar is used as backing with extremely fine grits. Biaxially-oriented Polyethylene terephthalate (boPET Polyester film is used for its high Tensile strength, Chemical and dimensional Stability Fibre or vulcanized fibre is a strong backing material consisting of many layers of polymer impregnated paper. Vulcanization (or Vulcanisation refers to a specific curing process of Rubber involving high heat and the addition of Sulfur or other equivalent curatives The weight of the backing is usually designated by a letter. For paper backings, the weight ratings range from "A" to "F," with A designating the lightest and F the heaviest. Letter nomenclature follows a different system for cloth backings, with the weight of the backing rated J, X, Y , T, and M, from lightest to heaviest. A flexible backing allows sandpaper to follow irregular rounded contours of a given workpiece; relatively inflexible backing is optimal for regular rounded or plane surfaces. Sandpaper backings may be glued to the paper or form a separate support structure for moving sandpaper, such as used in sanding belts and discs.

Material

Materials used for the abrading particles are:

• flint — no longer commonly used
• garnet — commonly used in woodworking
• emery — commonly used to abrade or polish metal
• aluminium oxide — perhaps most common in widest variety of grits; can be used on metal (i. Flint (or flintstone) is a hard sedimentary Cryptocrystalline form of the Mineral Quartz, categorized as a variety of Chert The garnet group includes a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives Woodworking is the process of building making or carving something using Wood. Emery is a very hard rock type used to make abrasive powder It largely consists of the mineral Corundum ( Aluminum oxide) mixed with other species such as the iron-bearing e. body shops) or wood
• silicon carbide — available in very coarse grits all the way through to microgrits, common in wet applications
• alumina-zirconia — (an aluminium oxide - zirconium oxide alloy), used for machine grinding applications
• chromium oxide — used in extremely fine micron grit (micrometre level) papers
• ceramic aluminum oxide — used in high pressure applications, commonly known as CubitronTM a 3M Corp. Silicon carbide ( is a compound of Silicon and Carbon bonded together to form Ceramics but it also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral Zirconia redirects here For the Sailor Moon character see Dead Moon Circus. A micrometre ( American spelling: micrometer; symbol µm) is one millionth of a Metre, or equivalently one thousandth of a Millimetre Trademark who invented sol gel ceramic grains. Used in both coated abrasives, as well as in bonded abrasives.

As well, sandpaper may be "stearated" where a dry lubricant is loaded to the abrasive. Stearic acid (first syllable rhymes with either bear or gear) ( IUPAC Systematic name: octadecanoic acid) is a saturated Stearated papers are useful in sanding coats of finish and paint as the stearate "soap" prevents clogging and increases the useful life of the sandpaper. SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using Aluminium Oxide with stearate is also known as PS33.

Innovative abrading surfaces now include long-life stainless steel sanding discs.

Bonds

Different adhesives are used to bond the abrasive to the paper. Hide glue is still used, but this paper often cannot withstand the heat generated when machine sanding and is not waterproof. An animal glue is an Adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of Animal Connective tissue. Waterproof or wet/dry sandpapers use a resin bond and a waterproof backing.

Sandpapers can also be open coat, where the particles are separated from each other and the sandpaper is more flexible. This helps prevent clogging of the sandpaper. The wet and dry sandpaper is best used when wet and when using material like acrylic where it leaves a nice smooth feel afterwards.

Shapes

Sandpaper comes in a number of different shapes and sizes.

• sheet — usually 9 by 11 inches, but other sizes may be available
• belt — usually cloth backed, comes in different sizes to fit different belt sanders. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. A belt sander is a machine used to sand down Wood and other materials for finishing purposes
• disk — made to fit different models of disc and random orbit sanders. May be perforated for some models of sanders. Attachment includes Pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) and "hook-and-loop" (similar to velcro). Velcro is a brand name of fabric hook-and-loop fasteners. It consists of two layers a "hook" side which is a piece of Fabric covered with tiny hooks
• rolls

Grit sizes

Grit size refers to the size of the particles of abrading materials embedded in the sandpaper. A number of different standards have been established for grit size. These standards establish not only the average grit size, but also the allowable variation from the average. The two most common are the United States CAMI (Coated Abrasive Manufacturers Institute, now part of the Unified Abrasives Manufacturers' Association) and the European FEPA (Federation of European Producers of Abrasives) "P" grade. The FEPA system is the same as the ISO 6344 standard. ISO 6344 is an international Standard covering tve materials sizes and tests regarding Sandpaper and other similar coated Abrasives It has three parts Other systems used in sandpaper include the Japan Industrial Standards Committee (JIS), the micron grade (generally used for very fine grits). The "ought" system was used in the past in the United States. Also, cheaper sandpapers sometimes are sold with nomenclature such as "Coarse", "Medium" and "Fine", but it is not clear to what standards these names refer.

Grit size table

The following table, compiled from the references at the bottom, compares the CAMI and "P" designations with the average grit size in micrometres (µm).

See also

• Coated abrasive‎
• Steel wool
• Emery (mineral)
• Polishing
• Belt sander
• Dremel
• Grinding machine
• Sander

References

• Michael Dresdner (1992). Coated abrasives are made of abrasive grains adhered to the surface of flexible or semi-flexible backings such as Paper, cloth vulcanized fiber Plastic films Steel wool or 'wire wool' is a bundle of strands of very fine soft Steel filaments used in finishing and repairing work to polish wood or metal objects as well as for Emery is a very hard rock type used to make abrasive powder It largely consists of the mineral Corundum ( Aluminum oxide) mixed with other species such as the iron-bearing Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by using rubbing or a chemical action leaving a surface with significant Specular reflection and minimal A belt sander is a machine used to sand down Wood and other materials for finishing purposes Dremel is a brand of tools primarily Rotary tools developed by Albert J A grinding machine is a Machine tool used for producing very fine finishes or making very light cuts using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device A sander is a Power tool used to smooth Wood and automotive or wood finishes. The Woodfinishing Book. Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-037-6
• Federation of European Producers of Abrasives
• Klingspor reference pages
• sizes.com on sandpaper
• 3M Abrasives
• Vauxhall society John Oakey
• Sandpaper