San Francisco Bay is a shallow, productive estuary through which water draining from approximately forty percent of California, flowing in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers from the Sierra Nevada mountains, enters the Pacific Ocean. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Sacramento River is the longest River entirely within the U The San Joaquin River ( 330 miles (530 km long is the second-longest River in California, United States. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there The Sierra Nevada ( Spanish for "Snowy Range" is a Mountain range located in the U A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Technically, both rivers flow into Suisun Bay, which flows through the Carquinez Strait to meet with the Napa River at the entrance to San Pablo Bay, which connects at its south end to San Francisco Bay, although the entire group of interconnected bays are often referred to as "San Francisco Bay. Suisun Bay (pronounced "soo-soon" is a shallow Tidal estuary located at in central California, USA. The Carquinez Strait is a narrow tidal Strait in northern California. The Napa River, approximately 55 miles (89 km long is a River in the U San Pablo Bay is a shallow tidal Estuary that forms the northern extension "
San Francisco Bay is located in the U.S. state of California, surrounded by a contiguous region known as the San Francisco Bay Area, dominated by the large cities San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The San Francisco Bay Area, commonly known as the Bay Area, or the Bay, is a geographically and ethnically diverse metropolitan region that surrounds the The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U
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Size
The Bay covers somewhere between 400[1] and 1,600[2] square miles (1,040 to 4,160 square kilometres), depending on which sub-bays (such as San Pablo Bay), estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog The main part of the Bay measures 3 to 12 miles (5 to 20 km) wide east-to-west and somewhere between 48 miles (77 km)1 and 60 miles (97 km)2 north-to-south.
The bay was navigable as far south as San Jose until the 1850s, when hydraulic gold mining released massive amounts of sediment from the rivers that settled in those parts of the bay that had little or no current. Later, wetlands and inlets were deliberately filled in, reducing the Bay's size since the mid-1800s by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the Bay's size. Despite its value as a waterway and harbor, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands forming the edges of the bay were considered for many years to be wasted space. A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog As a result, soil excavated for building projects or dredged from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands and other parts of the bay as landfill. From the mid-1800s through the late 1900s, more than a third of the original bay was filled and often built on. The deep, damp soil in these areas is subject to liquefaction during earthquakes, and most of the major damage close to the Bay in the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 occurred to structures on these areas. Soil liquefaction describes the behavior of loose saturated unconsolidated soils i An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer The Loma Prieta earthquake, also known as the Quake of '89 and the World Series Quake, was a major Earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay The Marina District of San Francisco, hard hit by the 1989 earthquake, was built on fill that had been placed there for the San Francisco Exposition, although liquefaction did not occur on a large scale. The Marina District is one of the northern districts of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s, San Francisco International Airport proposed filling in hundreds more acres to extend its overcrowded international runways in exchange for purchasing other parts of the bay and converting them back to wetlands. San Francisco International Airport is a major international Airport located south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States adjacent to the A runway ( RWY) is a strip of land on an Airport, on which Aircraft can take off and land. The idea was, and remains, controversial. (For further details, see the "Bay Fill and Depth Profile" section. )
There are four large islands in San Francisco Bay. Isolated in the center of the Bay is Alcatraz, the site of the famous federal penitentiary. Alcatraz Island, sometimes informally referred to as simply Alcatraz or locally as the Rock, is a small island located in the middle of San Francisco Bay Mountainous Yerba Buena Island is pierced by a tunnel linking the east and west spans of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. "Sea Bird Island" and "Seabird Island" redirect here Attached to the north is the artificial and flat Treasure Island, site of the 1939 World's Fair. Treasure Island is an Artificial island in the San Francisco Bay between San Francisco and Oakland. Expo (short for "exposition" and also known as World Fair and World's Fair) is the name given to various large public exhibitions held since the Closest to shore, Angel Island was known as "Ellis Island West" because it served as the entry point for immigrants from East Asia. Angel Island is an island in San Francisco Bay that offers spectacular views of the San Francisco skyline the Marin County Headlands and Mount Ellis Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor Raccoon Strait, between Tiburon and Angel Island, is the deepest part of the Bay. Tiburon is an affluent incorporated town in Marin County California. The federal prison on Alcatraz Island no longer functions, and the complex is now a popular tourist site. Alcatraz Island, sometimes informally referred to as simply Alcatraz or locally as the Rock, is a small island located in the middle of San Francisco Bay
Geology
San Francisco Bay is thought to represent a down-warping of the earth's crust between the San Andreas Fault to the west and the Hayward Fault to the east, although the precise nature of this continues to be studied. The San Andreas Fault is a geologic Transform fault that runs a length of roughly 800 miles (1300 km through California in the United States. The Hayward Fault Zone is a Geologic fault zone capable of generating significantly destructive Earthquakes About 60 kilometers long it lies mainly along the During the last ice age, the basin now filled by the bay was a large linear valley with small hills, similar to most of the valleys of the Coast Ranges. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets The Pacific Coast Ranges are the series of Mountain ranges that stretch along the west coast of North America from Alaska to northern and central Mexico The rivers of the Central Valley ran out to sea through a canyon which is now the Golden Gate. As the great ice sheets melted, sea level rose 300 feet over 4,000 years, and the valley filled with water from the Pacific, becoming a bay. The small hills became islands.
History
The first recorded European discovery of San Francisco Bay was on November 4, 1769 when Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portolà, unable to find the port of Monterey, California, continued north close to what is now Pacifica. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Gaspar de Portolà i Rovira (1716 1784 was a soldier Governor of Baja and Alta California (1767&ndash1770 Explorer and founder of Pacifica is a city in San Mateo County California, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean between San Francisco and Half Moon Bay. Short on water and food, Portolà and an expedition of 63 men and 200 horses left the coast to journey inland, reaching the summit of the 1,200-foot (370 m) high Sweeney Ridge, where he sighted San Francisco Bay. Sweeney Ridge, a national park in Pacifica California is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Sweeney Ridge is located in northern San Mateo County and is now a part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area where a monument marks the discovery site. San Mateo County ( "san muh-TAY-o") ( Spanish for: St The Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA is a US National Recreation Area administered by the National Park Service that surrounds the San Francisco The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-68000022) as No. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of 394: Site of the Discovery of San Francisco Bay.
The first European to enter the bay is believed to have been the Spanish explorer Juan de Ayala, who passed through the Golden Gate on August 5, 1775 in his ship the San Carlos, and moored in a bay of Angel Island now known as Ayala Cove. Juan Manuel de Ayala ( 28 December 1745 &ndash 30 December 1797) was a Spanish naval officer who played a significant role The Golden Gate is the North American Strait connecting San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Angel Island is an island in San Francisco Bay that offers spectacular views of the San Francisco skyline the Marin County Headlands and Mount
This famous bay was the center of American settlement in the Far West during the 19th century. From the 1820s onward, American presidents and expansionists coveted the bay as a great natural harbor in the Pacific. After many failed efforts to buy the bay and varying areas around it, the US Navy and Army seized the region from Mexico during the Mexican-American War (1845-1848). The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. On February 2, 1848 California was annexed to the U. S. with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish) is the Peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to A year and a half later, California requested to join the United States on December 3, 1849 and was accepted as the 31st State of the union on September 9, 1850. During the California gold rush of 1848-1850s, San Francisco Bay instantly became one of the world's greatest seaports, dominating shipping and transportation in the American West until the last years of the nineteenth century. A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of Gold. The bay's regional importance became paramount when the transcontinental railroad reached its western terminus in Alameda on September 6, 1869 [3]. Transcontinental Railroad is a Railroad that crosses a Continent from "coast-to-coast" Alameda is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. The terminus was switched to the Oakland Long Wharf two months later on November 8, 1869. The Oakland Long Wharf, later known as the Oakland Pier or the SP Mole was a massive railroad Wharf and Ferry pier in Oakland California [1]
San Francisco Bay continues to support some of the densest industrial production and urban settlement in the United States. The San Francisco Bay Area is the American West's second-largest urban area with approximately 8 million residents.
Ecology
Despite its urban and industrial character, San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta remain perhaps California's most important ecological habitats. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta is an expansive inland River delta and Estuary in northern California in the United States. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. California's Dungeness crab, Pacific halibut, and Pacific salmon fisheries rely on the bay as a nursery. The Dungeness crab is a species of Crab that inhabits Eelgrass beds and water bottoms from the Aleutian Islands in Alaska to Santa A halibut is a type of Flatfish Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. The few remaining salt marshes now represent most of California's remaining salt marsh, supporting a number of endangered species and providing key ecosystem services such as filtering pollutants and sediments from the rivers. A salt marsh is a type of Marsh that is a transitional intertidal between land and salty or Brackish water (e In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of Most famously, the bay is a key link in the Pacific Flyway. The Pacific Flyway is a major north-south route of travel for Migratory birds in the Americas, extending from Alaska to Patagonia. Millions of waterfowl annually use the bay shallows as a refuge. See also UK Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust USA Ducks Unlimited Two endangered species of birds are found here: the California least tern and the California clapper rail. An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The California Least Tern, Sternula antillarum brownii, is a subspecies of Least Tern that breeds primarily in bays of the Pacific Ocean within a very The California Clapper Rail ( Rallus longirostris obsoletus) is an endangered Subspecies of the Clapper Rail ( R Exposed bay muds provide important feeding areas for shorebirds, but underlying layers of bay mud pose geological hazards for structures near many parts of the bay perimeter. Bay mud consists of thick deposits of soft unconsolidated Silty Clay, which is saturated with Water; these soil layers are situated at the bottom of Waders, called shorebirds in North America (where "wader" is used to refer to long-legged wading Birds such as Storks and San Francisco Bay provided the nation's first wildlife refuge, Oakland's artificial Lake Merritt (constructed in the 1860s) and America's first urban National Wildlife Refuge, the San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (SFBNWR) (1972). Lake Merritt is a large tidal lagoon that lies just east of downtown Oakland California. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge is a US National Wildlife Refuge located in the southern part of San Francisco Bay, California
Tellingly, much of the SFBNWR consists of salt evaporation ponds purchased or leased from Leslie Salt Company and its successor, Cargill Corporation. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e Cargill Incorporated is a privately held, Multinational corporation, and is based in the state of Minnesota in the United States. These salt ponds produce salt for a variety of industrial purposes, including chlorine bleach and plastics manufacture, as well as supporting dense populations of brine shrimp, and therefore serving as feeding areas for waterfowl. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and A bleach is a Chemical that removes color or whitens often via Oxidation. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Brine shrimp are a species of aquatic Crustaceans of the Genus Artemia. In 2003, California and Cargill entered one of the largest private land purchases in American history, with the state and federal governments paying about $200 million for 16,000 acres (65 km²) of salt ponds in the south bay. SFBNWR and state biologists hope to restore some of the recently purchased ponds as tidal wetlands. Characteristics A tide is a repeated cycle of sea level changes in the following stages Over several hours the water rises or advances up a beach in the flood
The seasonal range of water temperature in the Bay is from about 8 °C (46 °F) to about 23 °C (73 °F).
Humphrey the whale, entered San Francisco Bay twice on errant migrations, and was successfully rescued and redirected each time in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Humphrey the Whale is arguably the most widely publicized Humpback whale in history having errantly entered San Francisco Bay twice departing from his Mexico This occurred again with Dawn and Delta [4]a mother a baby calf in 2007.
Industrial, mining, and other uses of mercury have resulted in a widespread distribution in the bay, with uptake in the bay's phytoplankton and contamination of its sportfish. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Phytoplankton are the Autotrophic component of the Plankton community [5] In November 2007, a ship named Cosco Busan collided with the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge and spilled over 58,000 gallons of bunker fuel, creating the largest oil spill in the region since 1996. The 2007 San Francisco Bay oil spill was an Oil spill that occurred on on 7 November 2007 at San Francisco California, in which 58000 gallons For the fictional character see Oil Slick (Transformers. An oil spill is the release of a Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbon into [6]
Bay Fill and Depth Profile
San Francisco Bay's profile changed dramatically in the late nineteenth century and again with the initiation of dredging by the US Army Corps of Engineers in the twentieth century. The United States Army Corps of Engineers ( USACE) is a federal agency and a major Army command made up of some 34600 Civilian and 650 Military personnel Before about 1860, most bay shores (exception: rocky shores such as those in Carquinez Strait, along Marin shoreline, Point Richmond, Golden Gate area) contained extensive wetlands that graded nearly invisibly from freshwater wetlands to salt marsh and then tidal mudflat. A deep channel ran through the center of the bay, following the ancient drowned river valley.
In the 1860s and continuing into the early twentieth century, miners dumped staggering quantities of mud and gravel from hydraulic mining operations into the upper Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. Hydraulic mining, or hydraulicking, is a form of Mining that employs Water to dislodge rock material or move sediment GK Gilbert's estimates of debris total more than eight times the amount of rock and dirt moved during construction of the Panama Canal. This material flowed down the rivers, progressively eroding into finer and finer sediment, until it reached the bay system. Here some of it settled, eventually filling in Suisun Bay, San Pablo Bay, and San Francisco Bay, in decreasing order of severity.
By the end of the nineteenth century, these "slickens" had filled in much of the shallow bay flats, raising the entire bay profile. Tailings (also known as slimes, gangue, tailings pile, tails, leach residue, or slickens) are the materials left over New marshes were created in some areas.
In the last years of the nineteenth and first decades of the twentieth century, at the behest of local political officials and following Congressional orders, the US Army Corps began dredging the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and the deep channels of San Francisco Bay. This work has continued without interruption ever since, an enormous federal subsidy of San Francisco Bay shipping. Some of the dredge spoils were initially dumped in the bay shallows (including helping to create "Treasure Island" on the former shoals to the north of Yerba Buena Island) and used to raise an island in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Treasure Island is an Artificial island in the San Francisco Bay between San Francisco and Oakland. A shoal or sandbar (also called sandbank) is a somewhat Linear Landform within or extending into a body of Water, "Sea Bird Island" and "Seabird Island" redirect here The net effect of dredging has been to maintain a narrow deep channel - deeper perhaps than the original bay channel - through a much shallower bay. At the same time, most of the marsh areas have been filled or blocked off from the bay by dikes. LeveeEmbankmentDitch A dike (or dyke) levee, levée, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is a natural or artificial
Transportation
San Francisco Bay has been traversed by watercraft since the coming of Europeans. The following is a list of transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area. The indigenous peoples used their canoes to fish and clam along the shoreline. The era of sail brought ships which communicated with the rest of the world as well as serving as early ferries and freighters within the Bay and also between the Bay and inland ports such as Sacramento and Stockton. These were gradually replaced by steam-powered vessels starting in the late 19th century. Several shipyards were early established around the Bay, augmented during wartime. (See e. g. Kaiser Shipyards)
San Francisco Bay is spanned by five bridges: the Golden Gate Bridge (which was the largest single span suspension bridge ever built at the time of its construction), the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge, the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, the Hayward-San Mateo Bridge, and the Dumbarton Bridge. The Kaiser Shipyards were seven major shipbuilding yards located on the U The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension Bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay onto the Pacific Ocean This article is concerned with a particular type of suspension bridge the suspended-deck type The Richmond-San Rafael Bridge (officially the John F McCarthy Memorial Bridge is the northernmost of the east-west crossings of the San Francisco Bay in The San Mateo-Hayward Bridge (commonly called the San Mateo Bridge) is a Bridge crossing California 's San Francisco Bay in the United The Dumbarton Bridge is the southernmost of the highway Bridges that span the San Francisco Bay in California. The bay is also spanned by the Transbay Tube, an underwater tunnel in which BART runs through. The Transbay Tube is the part of BART which runs under San Francisco Bay in California and is the longest underwater tube for Rapid transit Prior to the construction of these infrastructures, transbay transportation was dominated by fleets of ferryboats operated by the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Key System transit company. San Francisco Bay in California has been served by ferries of all types for over 150 years The Key System (or Key Route) was a privately owned company which provided Mass transit in the cities of Oakland, Berkeley, Alameda However, in recent decades, ferries have returned, primarily serving commuters from Marin County, relieving the traffic bottleneck of the Golden Gate Bridge. (See article Ferries of San Francisco Bay). San Francisco Bay in California has been served by ferries of all types for over 150 years
The Bay also continues to serve as a major international shipping port, served by a large container facility operated by the Port of Oakland, and two smaller facilities in Richmond and San Francisco. The Port of Oakland was the first major port on the Pacific Coast of the United States to build terminals for Container ships It is now the fourth busiest container
Recreation
San Francisco Bay is a mecca for sailors (boats, as well as windsurfing and kitesurfing), due to consistent strong westerly/northwesterly thermally-generated winds (Beaufort force 6 (15-25 knots) is common on summer afternoons) and protection from large open ocean swells. The Beaufort scale (ˈboʊfət is an Empirical measure for describing Wind speed based mainly on observed sea conditions Yachting and yacht racing are popular pastimes and the San Francisco Bay Area is home to many of the world's top sailors. Yachting is an activity involving boats It may be racing Sailing boats cruising to distant shores or day-sailing along a coast Yacht racing is the sport of competitive Sailing. There is a broad variety of kinds of races and sailboats used for racing
Kite boarding and wind surfing are also popular in the bay. Kite landboarding also known as Kiteboarding or Land kiteboarding or flyboarding is based on the ever-growing sport of Kitesurfing, where a rider on a surf-style board is pulled Windsurfing is a surface water sport using a windsurf board also commonly called a sailboard usually two to five meters long and powered by a single sail
Gallery
 The City of Berkeley, the Bay and Marin County in the background as seen from the Claremont Canyon reserve |
 Mount Tamalpais view across San Pablo Bay at Point Pinole Regional Shoreline in Richmond |
 San Pablo Bay portion of San Francisco Bay at the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge |
 Alcatraz at dawn on San Francisco Bay |
 People also swim recreationally, at Kellar Beach in Richmond's Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline. March 11, 1889 | Mount Tamalpais (tæməlˈpaɪəs MWCD, known locally as "Mount Tam" is a peak in Marin County, California, USA, often The Point Pinole Regional Shoreline is a Regional park on the shores of the San Pablo Bay, California (the northern arm of the San Francisco Bay Richmond (ˈɹɪtʃmənd is a city in western Contra Costa County, California, United States. Miller/Knox Regional Shoreline is a park in the Point Richmond neighborhood of Richmond California. |
 Oil Spill in the Bay |
 RMS Queen Mary 2 in San Francisco Bay |
See also
- Islands of San Francisco Bay
- Golden Gate
- Mount Tamalpais State Park
- Mount Diablo State Park
- Napa Sonoma Marsh
- Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary
- Point Pinole Regional Shoreline, Richmond
- Eastshore State Park
- Hydrography of the San Francisco Bay Area
References
- ^ Symphonies in Steel: San Francisco Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate
- ^ San Francisco Bay Watershed Database and Mapping Project
- ^ Alta California, September 7, 1869
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_the_whale#Two_More_.22Wayward_Whales.22
- ^ Conaway CH, Black FJ, Grieb TM, Roy S, Flegal AR (2008). Characteristics The Queen Mary 2 is the current Cunard Flagship and makes regular Transatlantic crossings There are many islands in San Francisco Bay. This list includes Alameda Island Alcatraz Island Angel Island The Golden Gate is the North American Strait connecting San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Mount Tamalpais (tæməlˈpaɪəs MWCD, known locally as "Mount Tam" is a peak in Marin County, California, USA, often Mount Diablo is a mountain in Contra Costa County California in the San Francisco Bay Area, located south of the town of Clayton and northeast of The Napa Sonoma Marsh is a Wetland at the northern edge of San Pablo Bay, which is a northern arm of the San Francisco Bay in California, Pelagic organisms spend all or part of their lives in the open water where Habitat isdefined not by edges but by physiological tolerance to salinity and temperature The Point Pinole Regional Shoreline is a Regional park on the shores of the San Pablo Bay, California (the northern arm of the San Francisco Bay Eastshore State Park is a state park and wildlife refuge along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of the East Bay between Richmond, Berkeley, and The Hydrography of the San Francisco Bay Area is a complex network of watersheds marshes rivers creeks reservoirs and bays predominantly draining into the San Francisco "Mercury in the San Francisco Estuary". Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 194: 29–54. PMID 18069645.
- ^ http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-bay9nov09,1,1303799.story?coll=la-headlines-california
- 1999 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.
- 1988 Encyclopedia Britannica.
External links
- San Francisco Bay: Portrait of an Estuary, David Sanger and John Hart, University of California Press
- Barging In - A Short History of Liveaboards on the Bay
- Army Corps of Engineers Bay Model: Working scale model of the Bay
- BoatingSF.com: Photos of SF Bay and its boats, plus online cruising guide
- SF Estuary Institute: San Francisco Bay Historical View Maps
- Save San Francisco Bay: Protect and Restore San Francisco Bay
- San Francisco Bay Wildlife Guide to San Francisco Bay wildlife
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