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Sammy Reshevsky
Sammy Reshevsky
Full name Samuel Herman Reshevsky
Country Flag of the United States United States
Born November 26, 1911 (1911-11-26)
Ozorków, Poland
Died April 4, 1992 (aged 80)
New York
Title Grandmaster
This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Ozorków is a town in central Poland with 20731 inhabitants (2004 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Algebraic chess notation is used to record and describe the moves in a game of Chess.

Samuel Herman (Sammy) Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków near Lodz, (then Russian Empire, today Poland) - died April 4, 1992, New York, USA) was a leading American chess Grandmaster. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Ozorków is a town in central Poland with 20731 inhabitants (2004 Łódź is Poland 's third largest city with population of 753192 in 2007 (lost its second rank to Krakow in 2007 The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. He won the U.S. Chess Championship six times outright, and lost a playoff for the title in 1973. The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament held to determine the national Chess champion Reshevsky was a Candidate for the World Chess Championship three times (1948, 1953, and 1968). A candidate is the prospective recipient of an Award or honor or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position for example to be elected See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Reshevsky was also a chess author. An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created

Contents

Life

Young Sammy Reshevsky
Young Sammy Reshevsky

Reshevsky learned to play chess at age four, and was soon acclaimed as a child prodigy. Chess prodigies are children who play Chess so well that they are able to beat Masters and even Grandmasters often at a very young age At age eight he was beating accomplished players with ease, and giving simultaneous exhibitions. A simultaneous exhibition or simultaneous display (often abbreviated to "simul" is an event where one player (commonly a Chess master or grandmaster In November 1920 his parents moved to the US to make a living exhibiting their child. Events in November All Saints' Day (formerly All Hallows Day a Christian holy day is celebrated on November 1, the day after Halloween Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar He played in the 1922 New York Masters tournament. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous

As an adult however, Reshevsky was never a professional chess player. He temporarily gave up chess to enter the University of Chicago, and graduated in 1934 with a degree in accounting. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Accountancy or accounting is the measurement statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by Lenders managers, He supported himself and his family by working as an accountant. His 1941 marriage to the former Norma Mindick produced three children. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Reshevsky was a devout Orthodox Jew and did not play on the Jewish Sabbath. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath His games were scheduled accordingly.

Chess career

Reshevsky won the U.S. Chess Championship in 1936, 1938, 1940, 1942, 1946, and 1969. The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament held to determine the national Chess champion As well, Reshevsky tied for that tournament title in 1972, but lost the playoff in 1973 to Robert Byrne. Robert Eugene Byrne (born April 20, 1928, New York City) is a leading American Chess player a Grandmaster, and a He competed in a record 21 U. S. Championships, and achieved a plus score every time. He also holds U. S. Championship records for most finishes in the top three places (15), most games played (269), and most games won (127). [1]

He won the U.S. Open Chess Championship in 1931 at Tulsa. The US Open Championship is an open national Chess championship that has been held in the United States annually since 1900 [2] Reshevsky shared the 1934 U. S. Open title with Reuben Fine at Chicago. Reuben Fine ( October 11 1914  &ndash March 26 1993) was one of the best Chess players in the world from the mid 1930s through Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. [3] Reshevsky's international career began in 1935 with a trip to England, where he won at Yarmouth with 10/11. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [4] He then won first place at the Margate tournament where he beat, among others, former world champion José Raúl Capablanca. Margate is a Seaside resort town within the Thanet district of East Kent, England. The game transcript follows. Reshevsky has the white pieces:

1. d4 Nf6 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 d5 4. Bg5 Nbd7 5. cxd5 exd5 6. e3 Be7 7. Bd3 O-O 8. Qc2 c5 9. Nf3 c4 10. Bf5 Re8 11. O-O g6 12. Bh3 Nf8 13. Bxc8 Rxc8 14. Bxf6 Bxf6 15. b3 Qa5 16. b4 Qd8 17. Qa4 a6 18. b5 Re6 19. Rab1 Rb8 20. Rb2 Be7 21. bxa6 Rxa6 22. Qc2 Ne6 23. Rfb1 Ra7 24. a4 Nc7 25. Ne5 Qe8 26. f4 f6 27. Ng4 Qd7 28. h3 Kg7 29. Nf2 Ba3 30. Ra2 Bd6 31. Nfd1 f5 32. Nb5 Ra5 33. Nxc7 Bxc7 34. Nc3 Qd6 35. Qf2 b6 36. Qf3 Rd8 37. Rab2 Qe7 38. Rb4 Rd7 39. Kh1 Bd8 40. g4 fxg4 41. hxg4 Qd6 42. Kg1 Bc7 43. Kf2 Rf7 44. g5 Bd8 45. Ke2 Bxg5 46. Rxb6 Qa3 47. Kd2 Be7 48. Rb7 Rxa4 49. Qxd5 Ra5 50. Qxc4 Rh5 51. Kd3 Qa8 52. Qe6 Qa3 53. Rd7 Rhf5 54. Rb3 Qa1 55. Rxe7 Qf1+ 56. Kd2 1-0

A year later he shared third place at the Nottingham 1936 chess tournament. Nottingham 1936 is often considered one of the strongest chess tournaments of all time "reminiscent of the unsurpassed quality of the of the first great Hastings tournament In 1937 he shared first at Kemeri, Latvia, and in 1938 shared fourth in the AVRO tournament in the Netherlands, which featured arguably the eight strongest players in the world. Jūrmala (jurmala) meaning "seaside" or "beach" in Latvian, is a city in Latvia, not far from Riga. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Reshevsky won his third U. S. Open title at Boston 1944.

Reshevsky was a serious contender for the World Championship from roughly the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s. See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess He was one of the five chess grandmasters to compete in the World Championship match tournament in The Hague/Moscow 1948 and finished in joint third place with Paul Keres, behind Mikhail Botvinnik and Vasily Smyslov. The 1948 World Chess Championship was a tournament played to determine a new World Chess Champion following the death of the previous champion Alexander Alekhine in Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess

In 1950, Reshevsky was awarded the title of International Grandmaster by FIDE, the World Chess Federation, on its inaugural list. The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national Chess federations around the Although eligible, he did not play in the Candidates Tournament in Budapest. The Candidates Tournament was a triennial Chess tournament organized by the world chess federation FIDE as the final contest to determine the challenger for the Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, It has generally been believed that he was barred from attending by the U. S. State Department due to the Cold War,[5] and this is consistent with the fact that the only other eligible active player from a NATO country, Max Euwe of the Netherlands, also did not play. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The North Atlantic Treaty Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands But in 1991 Reshevsky said the decision not to go was his. [6] The following Candidates in Zurich 1953, was probably his best chance to qualify for a World Championship match, but he finished in joint second place with David Bronstein and Keres, behind Smyslov. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the David Ionovich Bronstein (Дави́д Ио́нович Бронште́йн February 19 1924 &ndash December 5 2006) was renowned as a leading Reshevsky qualified for one more Candidates', in 1967, but lost the subsequent quarterfinal to Viktor Korchnoi the following year. Viktor Lvovich Korchnoi (also Korchnoy Kortchnoy Kortschnoi etc

He was a regular top board for the USA at the Chess Olympiads. The Chess Olympiad is a Biennial Chess tournament in which teams from all over the world compete against each other Overall he played in eight events, helping the U. S. team to win the gold in 1937 and bronze in 1974, and winning an individual bronze medal for his performance on board one in 1950. His complete results were (+39 =49 -12) in 100 games, for 63. 5 percent; he appeared on board one for the United States six times. He played in 1937, 1950, 1952, 1958, 1964, 1968, 1970, and 1974, a 37-year span. [7]

In 1952, New York hosted the first eight games of an informal match for "The Championship of the Free World" between Reshevsky and Polish-Argentine grandmaster Miguel Najdorf. The City of New York Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Miguel Najdorf (born Mendel (Mieczysław Najdorf in Grodzisk Mazowiecki near Warsaw, Poland, April 15, 1910 &ndash An additional five games were played in Mexico City and five more in San Salvador. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico San Salvador is the Capital and largest city of the nation of El Salvador. Reshevsky won the match, 11–7. The following year a rematch took place in Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern Reshevsky again won, 9½–8½.

In his long career, Reshevsky proved to be a very formidable match player. In 1941, he defeated I.A. Horowitz in a U. Israel Albert Horowitz (often known as Al Horowitz or I A Horowitz) ( November 15 1907, in Brooklyn New York – January S. Championship playoff match by (+3 =13 -0). In 1942, he defeated Isaac Kashdan by (+6 =3 -2). Isaac Kashdan ( 19 November, 1905, New York – 20 February, 1985, Los Angeles) was an American Chess In 1952, he defeated Svetozar Gligoric by (+2 =7 -1). Svetozar Gligorić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Светозар Глигорић) (born February 2 1923) is a Serbian Chess In 1956, he defeated William Lombardy by (+1 =5 -0). William James Lombardy (born December 4, 1937) is an American Grandmaster of Chess, writer teacher and one time Roman Catholic priest In 1957, he defeated Arthur Bisguier by (+4 =4 -2). Arthur Bernard Bisguier (born 8 October 1929) is an American Chess International Grandmaster, chess promoter and writer In 1957, he defeated Donald Byrne by (+7 =0 -3). Donald Byrne ( June 12, 1930 – April 8, 1976) was one of the USA 's strongest Chess players during the 1950s and 1960s In 1960, he defeated Pal Benko by (+3 =5 -2). Pal Benko ( Hungarian: Benkő Pál, born July 14, 1928 in Amiens) is a Chess grandmaster, author and [8] Only in 1968, in his 57th year, did he finally lose a match, to Viktor Korchnoi, in Amsterdam in the first round of the Candidates. Viktor Lvovich Korchnoi (also Korchnoy Kortchnoy Kortschnoi etc Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west

Reshevsky played on top board for the USA in the 1955 team match against the USSR, held in Moscow, and defeated world champion Mikhail Botvinnik over four games, winning one and drawing three. Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May

Sammy Reshevsky, 1960
Sammy Reshevsky, 1960

In 1961 in New York and Los Angeles, Reshevsky began a 16-game match with the then-current U. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West S. Champion Bobby Fischer. Robert James "Bobby" Fischer ( March 9 1943 – January 17 2008) was an American -born Chess Grandmaster Despite Fischer's recent meteoric rise, consensus opinion favored Reshevsky. After eleven games and a tie score (two wins apiece with seven draws) the match ended due to a dispute between Fischer and match organizer Jacqueline Piatigorsky, with Reshevsky receiving the winner's share of the prize fund. Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild (born November 6, 1911 in Paris France) is a French - American Chess and Tennis [9] There was little love lost between the two players. Ahead of the Buenos Aires 1960 tournament, Reshevsky reportedly said, "I would settle for 19th place - if Fischer placed 20th. Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern "[10] In the 1967 Sousse Interzonal, Fischer turned up 53 minutes late for his game with Reshevsky and made his opening move without a word of apology. Sousse ( Arabic سوسة Sousa) is a city of Tunisia. Located 140 km south of Tunis, the city has 173 047 inhabitants (2004 Interzonal chess tournaments were tournaments organized by FIDE, the World Chess Federation Reshevsky, who had been convinced that Fischer had withdrawn from the tournament, lost the game badly and complained furiously to the organisers. [11] He also refused to play for the US team in the Chess Olympiads of 1960, 1962 and 1966 because Fischer was chosen ahead of him for the top board. He did, however, play on a lower board in 1970, the only time the two men appeared in the same team.

During his long chess career, Reshevsky played eleven of the first twelve World Champions, from Emmanuel Lasker to Anatoly Karpov, the only player to do so (he met Garry Kasparov but never played him). For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (Анатолий Евгеньевич Карпов born May 23, 1951) is a Russian Chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet He defeated seven World Champions: Lasker, Jose Raul Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, and Bobby Fischer. Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess Robert James "Bobby" Fischer ( March 9 1943 – January 17 2008) was an American -born Chess Grandmaster The first six players held the world title continuously from 1894 until 1960, and Fischer held it from 1972 to 1975.

Aside from U. S. Championships, Reshevsky's important tournament titles included Syracuse 1934, Hastings 1937-38, Leningrad/Moscow 1939, Hollywood 1945 (Pan American Championship), New York 1951 (Maurice Wertheim Memorial), Havana 1952, New York 1956 (Rosenwald Trophy), Dallas 1957, Haifa/Tel Aviv 1958, Buenos Aires 1960, Netanya 1969, and the Reykjavík Open 1984 at age 72. Syracuse, as a place name may refer to In Italy Syracuse Sicily the Province of Syracuse In the United States The Hastings International Chess Congress is an annual Chess congress which takes place in Hastings, England, around the turn of the year Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The first Pan-American Championship was held in Hollywood 28 July - 12 August 1945 New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Maurice Wertheim (born New York 1886 died Cos Cob, May 27 1950 was an American Investment banker, Chess player chess patron Environmentalist Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Haifa (חֵיפָה; حَيْفَا) is the largest City in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country with Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern For the Greater Reykjavík Area see the Greater Reykjavík Area. [12]

Reshevsky competed seriously at least semi-regularly, virtually until his death in 1992. He defeated old rival Vasily Smyslov in a tournament game in 1991. Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess

Reshevsky's books include Reshevsky on Chess (1948), How Chess Games Are Won (1962), Great Chess Upsets (1976), and The Art of Positional Play (1978). He also authored columns in chess magazines and The New York Times.

Reshevsky was a tough and forceful player who was superb at positional play but could also play brilliant tactical chess when warranted. He used huge amounts of time in the opening, a dangerous tactic which sometimes forced him to play the rest of the game in a very short amount of time. In Chess the word " opening " has two common meanings both of which are discussed in this article That sometimes unsettled Reshevsky's opponents but at other times resulted in blunders on his part. In Chess, a blunder is a very bad move which is quickly recognised as a very bad move by the player who made it typically before or directly after his opponent has made Reshevsky's inadequate study of the opening and his related tendency to fall into time-pressure may have been the reasons that, despite his great talent, he was never able to become world champion; he himself acknowledged this in his book on chess upsets.

Quotes

References

  1. ^ Soltis, Andy and Gene H. Andrew Soltis (born May 28 1947) is a Chess author and columnist as well as a Grandmaster. McCormick (1997). The United States Chess Championship 1845–1996, Second Edition, McFarland, pp. 223–225. ISBN 0-7864-0258-2.  
  2. ^ Nice 1931
  3. ^ GER-ch 2nd Aachen 1934
  4. ^ http://www.rogerpaige.me.uk/tables6.htm.
  5. ^ From Morphy to Fischer, Israel Horowitz, Batsford, 1973
  6. ^ An Interview with Reshevsky, Part 1, by Hanon W. Israel Albert Horowitz (often known as Al Horowitz or I A Horowitz) ( November 15 1907, in Brooklyn New York – January Russell, 1991, page 9
  7. ^ http://www.olimpbase.org/players.mgmygkuo.html.
  8. ^ Great Chess Upsets, by Samuel Reshevsky, Arco Publishing, New York 1976, p. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous 167.
  9. ^ Profile of a Prodigy, by Frank Brady
  10. ^ Soltis, Andrew (2003). This is a disambiguation page Frank Brady may refer to Frank Brady (writer Frank Brady Sr Andrew Soltis (born May 28 1947) is a Chess author and columnist as well as a Grandmaster. Bobby Fischer Rediscovered. Batsford, 69. ISBN 0-7134-8846-8.  
  11. ^ (1994) Russians vs Fischer. Chess World, 151. ISBN 5-900767-01-9.  
  12. ^ chessmetrics. Chessmetrics is a system for rating Chess players devised by Jeff Sonas. com, the Reshevsky player file

Further reading

External links

Preceded by
Frank Marshall		 United States Chess Champion
1936–1944		 Succeeded by
Arnold Denker
Preceded by
Arnold Denker		 United States Chess Champion
1946–1948		 Succeeded by
Herman Steiner
Preceded by
Larry Evans		 United States Chess Champion
1969–1972		 Succeeded by
Robert Byrne
Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Everyman Chess is a major publisher of books and CDs about Chess. ChessGamescom is a large Chess community on the Internet with over 100000 members Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament held to determine the national Chess champion Arnold Sheldon Denker ( February 20 1914 – January 2 2005) was an American Chess player a Grandmaster Arnold Sheldon Denker ( February 20 1914 – January 2 2005) was an American Chess player a Grandmaster The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament held to determine the national Chess champion Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US For the football player of the same name see Larry Evans (football player. The US Chess Championship is an invitational tournament held to determine the national Chess champion Robert Eugene Byrne (born April 20, 1928, New York City) is a leading American Chess player a Grandmaster, and a
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