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For other uses, see Sami. SAMI (Synchronized Accessible Media Interchange is a Microsoft accessibility initiative released in 1998
Sámi
Mari Boine • Nils Gaup • Anni-Kristiina Juuso • Lars Levi Læstadius
Joni Mitchell • Isak Saba • Nils-Aslak Valkeapää • Renée Zellweger
Total population

c. Mari Boine Persen is a Norwegian Sami musician known for having added Jazz and rock to the Yoiks of her native people Nils Gaup (born April 12, 1955) is a Sámi Film director from Norway. Anni-Kristiina Juuso (Ánne Risten Juuso b May 4, 1979 in Ivalo, Finland) is a Sámi Actress, who played the leading Lars Levi Læstadius ( October 1 1800 - February 21 1861) was a Swedish Lutheran pastor of partly Sami ancestry Joni Mitchell, CC (born Roberta Joan Anderson on November 7 1943) is a Canadian Musician, Songwriter, and Isak Mikal Saba (born November 15, 1875 in Nesseby, Norway, died June 1, 1921) was a Sami teacher and politician Nils-Aslak Valkeapää, known as Áillohaš in the Sami language ( March 23 1943 - November 26 2001) was a Sami Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an Academy Award - BAFTA - SAG Award - and Golden Globe -winning 100,000
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Norway Norway 60 000 [1]
Flag of Sweden Sweden 35 000
Flag of Finland Finland 6 400
Flag of Russia Russia 2 000
Languages
Southern Sami, Ume Sami, Pite Sami, Lule Sami, Northern Sami, Inari Sami, Skolt Sami, Kildin Sami, Ter Sami
Religions
Sami religion
Related ethnic groups
Finns, Estonians
Sami flag.
Sami flag. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Southern Sami is the south-westernmost of the Sami languages. Ume Sami is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and Norway. It is a dying language with only about 10 native speakers left and is spoken mainly along Pite Sami, also known as Arjeplog Sami is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and Norway. Lule Sami (julevsámegiella is a Finno-Ugric, Sami Language spoken in Lule Lappmark i Northern or North Sami ( Davvisápmi, formerly Davvisámi or Davvisaami; improperly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely Inari Sámi ( anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami Language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people the majority of which Kildin Sami (also spelled Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish) is a Sami language spoken by approximately 500 people on the Kola Peninsula Ter Sami is the easternmost of the Sami languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a dying language The knowledge of the mythology and religious practices of the Sami people is primarily based on archeological remains and written sources The terms Finns and Finnish people ( Finnish: suomalaiset, Swedish: finländare) are used in English to Estonians ( Estonian: eestlased, previously maarahvas) are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns and inhabiting primarily the country

The Sami people are an indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway, Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. Etymology Sápmi (and corresponding terms in other Sámi languages refers to both the Sámi land and the Sámi people "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. The Kola Peninsula (from Sami language Guoládat) (Кольский полуостров Kol'skij poluostrov) is a Peninsula in the far Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Their ancestral lands span across an area the size of Sweden in the Nordic countries. The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, The Sami people are among the largest indigenous groups in Europe. Their languages are the Sami languages, which are classified as Finno-Ugric. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and

The cultural assimilation over many years of the Sami people in the four countries makes it difficult to estimate the numbers of Sami. However, the population is estimated to be between 80,000 and 100,000. The Norwegian state recognizes any Norwegian as Sami if he or she has one great-grandparent whose home language was Sami, but there is not, and has not been, any registration of the home language spoken by Norwegian people. Roughly half of all Sami live in Norway, but many live in Sweden as well. Finland and Russia are also home to smaller groups located in the far north. The Sami in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called Lovozero/Lujávri, in the central part of the Kola Peninsula. The Kola Peninsula (from Sami language Guoládat) (Кольский полуостров Kol'skij poluostrov) is a Peninsula in the far

Traditionally, the Sami had a variety of livelihoods; fishing on the coast and in the inland, trapping animals for fur, sheep herding, etc. The best known livelihood is reindeer herding, but only a small percentage of the Sami have been mainly reindeer herders over the last centuries. Today, many Sami lead modern lives in the cities inside and outside the traditional Sápmi area, with modern jobs. Some 10% still practice reindeer herding, which for traditional and cultural reasons is reserved for Sami people in some parts of Nordic countries.

Contents

Etymologies

For more details on this topic, see Sápmi (area). Etymology Sápmi (and corresponding terms in other Sámi languages refers to both the Sámi land and the Sámi people
Map of the Sami people
Map of the Sami people

The Sami were previously known in other languages as "Lap", "Lapp", or "Laplanders. " This name was originally used in Norway, Sweden and Finland, and from there the word was exported to all major European languages (English: Lapps, German, Dutch: Lappen, Russian, Ukrainian: Loparie, French: Lapons, Greek: Λάπονες, Italian: Lapponi, Polish: Lapończycy, Spanish: Lapones, Portuguese: Lapões). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The widely accepted etymology is the Finnish word lape, which in this case means 'periphery'. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Originally it meant any person living from the wilderness, not only the Sami people. In Scandinavian lapp also means a patch of cloth for mending, and one explanation of the name suggests that the Sami wear patched clothes out of poverty, or a derogatory word for their clothing called a gakti. The North Germanic languages or Scandinavian languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages Gakti or gákti, as it is written in Northern Sámi, is a piece of traditional Clothing worn by the Sámi in northern areas of Norway Sweden It is unknown how the word Lapp came into the Norse language, but it seems to have been introduced by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus to distinguish between Fish-Fennians (coastal tribes) and Lap-Fennians (forest tribes). Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age "Saxo" redirects here For the car see Citroën Saxo and for the bank see Saxo Bank Saxo Grammaticus (c It was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of Johannes Schefferus “Acta Lapponica” (1673), but was also used earlier by Olaus Magnus in his "Description of the Northern peoples" (1555). Johannes Schefferus ( February 2, 1621 - March 26, 1679) was one of the most important Swedish humanists of his time Lapponia is a book written by Johannes Schefferus (1621 - 1679 covering a very comprehensive history of Northern Scandinavia topology environment and Sami living Olaus Magnus ( Olaus Magni or Olaus Magni Gothus) was a Swedish Ecclesiastic and Writer, who did pioneering work for the interest of There is another suggestion that it originally meant wilds. An alternative interpretation made by Damião de Góis in 1540 derives Lapland from “the dumb and lazy land”, because the land where no vegetables grow is lazy and does not speak. Damiao de Góis (dɐmiˈɐ̃ũ dɨ gɔiʃ ( February 2, 1502 - January 30, 1574) born in Alenquer, Portugal, was an important

Another term for Sami used locally in Northern Norway is Finn whereas local Finnish speakers are called kvæn. Kvens ( kveeni in Kven language / Finnish; kvener in Norwegian, and láddelažžat in Northern Sami “Finn” seems to have been in much wider use in ancient times, judging from the names Fenni and Phinnoi in classical Roman and Greek works. Fenni were a people living in Fennoscandia in the 1st century mentioned by Cornelius Tacitus in Germania in 97 A Phinnoi were one of the people living in Scandinavia (Scandia mentioned by a Greek scientist Ptolemy in his Geographia around 150 Latin literature, the body of written works in the Latin language remains an enduring legacy of the culture of Ancient Rome. Ancient Greek literature refers to Literature written in the Greek language until the 4th century AD

Sami refer to themselves as Sámit (the Samis) or Sápmelaš (of Sami kin), the word Sámi being inflected into various grammatical forms. It has been proposed that Sami, Suomi (Finnish for Finland), and Häme (Finnish for Tavastia) are of the same origin, the source of which might be related to the Baltic word *ẑeme meaning "land". The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic [2] The Sami institutions – notably the parliaments, the radio and TV stations, theatres, etc. – all use the term Sami, also when addressing outsiders in Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or English. In a Sami context, the terms Lapp and Finn – especially if used by people considered to be well informed – are easily considered derogatory in Norway and Sweden.

Terminological issues in Finland are somewhat different. Finns living in Finnish Lapland generally call themselves lappilainen, whereas the similar word for the Sami people is lappalainen. The Province of Lapland ( Lappi in Finnish and Sami Lappland in Swedish is one of the Provinces of Finland. It would be politically incorrect not to call Lapland Finns with that name and similarly incorrect to use the latter name about the Sami people. This might become troublesome for foreign visitors because of the similar lives Finns and Sami people today live in Lapland. “Lappalainen” is also a common family name in Finland. Furthermore, using the term “Finn” about Finns is completely acceptable in Lapland.

The word “Laplander” is sometimes used to refer to the Sami people. Laplander, however, means anyone living in the area of Lapland, especially in the Finnish Lapland, and is not specifically a Sami term.

History

Main article: Sami history
A Sami family in Norway around 1900
A Sami family in Norway around 1900

The Sami people have inhabited the northern regions of Fenno-Scandinavia and Russia for at least 2500 years. The Sami peoples ( originally known as Saami) have inhabited the northern regions of Fenno-Scandinavia and Russia for a long time in coexistence Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Fennoscandia and Fenno-Scandinavia are geographic and geological terms used to describe the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula, Karelia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Since the Sami are the earliest of the contemporary ethnic groups represented in the area, they are consequently considered an indigenous population of the area. [3]

Up to around 1500 the Sami were mainly fishermen and trappers, usually in a combination, leading a semi-nomadic or nomadic lifestyle determined by the migrations of the reindeer. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Around 1500, due to excessive hunting, again provoked by the fact that the Sami had to pay taxes to Norway, Sweden and Russia, the number of reindeer started to decrease. The Kalmar Union ( Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: Kalmarunionen) is a historiographical term meaning a series of Personal The Early Vasa era is a period that in Swedish history lasted between 1523&ndash1611 The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and Most Sami then settled along the fjords, on the coast and along the inland waterways to pursue a combination of cattle raising, trapping and fishing. A fjord or fiord (fjɔːd|fiːɔːd or fiːɔːd is a long narrow Inlet with steep sides created in a valley carved by glacial activity. A small minority of the Sami then started to tame the reindeer, becoming the well-known reindeer nomads (often portrayed by outsiders as following the archetypical Sami lifestyle).

Traditional raised Sami storehouse, displayed at Skansen, Stockholm
Traditional raised Sami storehouse, displayed at Skansen, Stockholm

For long periods of time, the Sami lifestyle thrived because of its adaptation to the Arctic environment. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Indeed, throughout the 18th century, as Norwegians of Northern Norway suffered from low fish prices and consequent depopulation, the Sami cultural element was strengthened, since the Sami were independent of supplies from Southern Norway.

However, in the 19th century, Norwegian authorities put the Sami culture under pressure in order to make the Norwegian language and culture universal. Norwegian culture should be understood in the context of Norwegian history as well as Norwegian geography. A strong economic development of the north also took place, giving Norwegian culture and language status. On the Swedish and Finnish side, the authorities were much less militant in their efforts; however, strong economic development in the north led to a weakening of status and economy for the Sami.

The strongest pressure took place from around 1900 to 1940, when Norway invested considerable money and effort to wipe out Sami culture. Notably, anyone who wanted to buy or lease state lands for agriculture in Finnmark, had to prove knowledge of the Norwegian language. or Finnmárku ( Sami language) is a county in the extreme northeast of Norway. This also ultimately caused the dislocation in the 1920s, which increased the gap between local Sami groups, something still present today, and sometimes bears the character of an internal Sami ethnic conflict. The Disclocation of Sami people refers to the ordered movement of 300-400 Sami peoples from Jukkasjärvi and Karesuando in the 1930s Another factor was the heavy war destruction in northern Finland and northern Norway in 1944-45, destroying all existing houses or kota, and visible traces of Sami culture. After World War II, the pressure was relaxed somewhat. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

The controversy around the construction of the hydro-electric power station in Alta in 1979 brought Sami rights onto the political agenda. The Alta controversy refers to a political controversy in Norway in the late 1970s and early 1980s concerning the construction of a Hydroelectric power plant in the ( Áltá or formerly Álaheadju in Northern Sami, Alattio or Alta in Finnish / Kven) is a municipality and town in the county In August 1986, the national anthem (Sámi soga lávlla) and flag (Sami flag) of the Sami people were created. Sámi soga lávlla ("Song of the Sami People" lit "Song of the Sámi Family" was originally a poem written by Isak Saba that was published in the newspaper The Sami flag is the flag of the Sami people, whose homeland is called Sápmi. In 1989, the first Sami parliament in Norway was elected. In 2005, the Finnmark Act was passed in the Norwegian parliament. The Finnmark Act (Finnmarksloven in Norwegian) transferred about 95% (about 46000 km2 of the area in the Finnmark county in Norway to the inhabitants The Storting ( Stortinget, literally "the Great Thing /Assembly" is the Norwegian Parliament, and is located in the capital city This law gives the Sami parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. These areas, 96% of the provincial area, that have always been used primarily by the Sami, now belong officially to the people of the province, Sami or Norwegian, and not to the Norwegian state.

History of racist scientific research carried out on the Sami

The genetic makeup of Sami people has been extensively studied for as long as such research has been in existence, although until recent times the purpose of this research has mostly been ethnocentric at best, at worst racist and defamatory. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own Culture. During the 1920 and 30's many Sami were photographed naked and anatomically measured by scientists, with the help of the local police - sometimes literally at gun point, to collect data that would justify their own racial theories. [4]

Sterilization programs, inspired by such genetic research, were carried out by the Swedish government on several minority groups between 1935 to 1975 also targeted the Sami specifically because they were genetically dissimilar from the larger Swedish population as part of their 'racial hygiene' program. (Grupper av människor som betecknades "tattare", "zigenare", "lappar" och "vagabonder" hör dit). [5] There is a wide degree of distrust in the Sami communities towards genetic research. [6]

Culture

In wonderful savageness live the nation of the Fennians, and in beastly poverty.

— Tacitus Germania, 98 CE

To make up for past suppression, the authorities of Norway, Sweden and Finland now make an effort to build up Sami cultural institutions and promote Sami culture and language. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. The Germania ( Latin title De Origine et situ Germanorum, English for the Origin and Situation of the Germans) written by Gaius Year 98 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar.

Traditional garb
Traditional garb

Duodji

Main article: Duodji

Duodji, the Sami handicraft, originates from the time when the Samis were self-supporting nomads, believing therefore that an object should first and foremost serve a purpose rather than being primarily decorative. Duodji, is a centuries old Sami Handicraft, that dates back to a time when the Sami were far more isolated from the outside world than they are today

Marry Ailonieida Somby, a Sami author from Deatnu
Marry Ailonieida Somby, a Sami author from Deatnu

Clothing

Main article: Gákti
See also: Four Winds hat

Media and literature

Sami vocalist and musician from Gällivare, Sofia Jannok, performing at the Centre Culturel Suédois in Paris, France.
Sami vocalist and musician from Gällivare, Sofia Jannok, performing at the Centre Culturel Suédois in Paris, France. Gällivare ( Finnish: Jällivaara Northern Sami: Jiellevárri / Váhčir Meänkieli: Jellivaara is a town (pop

Music

Main article: Sami music

A characteristic feature of Sami musical tradition is the singing of joik. Traditional Sami music revolves around singing The only traditional instruments are the flute "fadno" (made from Angelica archangelica) and Drums and purely Yoik, Joik or juoiggus is a traditional Sami form of Song. Originally yoik referred to only one of several Sami singing styles but in Joiks are traditionally sung a cappella, usually sung slowly and deep in the throat with apparent emotional content of sorrow or anger. A cappella (Italian or Latin "From the chapel/choir" Music is Vocal music or Singing without instrumental Accompaniment Joiks can be dedicated to animals and birds in nature, to special people or special occasions, and they can be joyous, sad or melancholic. Christian missionaries and priests regarded these as “songs of the Devil”. A missionary is a member of a Religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith someone who proselytizes. In recent years, musical instruments frequently accompany joiks.

Education

Festivals and markets

Reindeer husbandry

Main article: Reindeer

Reindeer husbandry has been, and is, an important aspect of Sami culture. During the years of forced assimilation, the areas in which reindeer herding was an important livelihood were among the few where the Sami culture and language survived.

Today, in Norway, reindeer husbandry is legally protected as an exclusive Sami livelihood, such that only persons of Sami descent with a linkage to a reindeer herding family can own, and hence make a living, of reindeer herding. Presently, about 2,800 people are engaged in reindeer herding in Norway. [7]

Sami policy

Norway

The Sami have been recognized as an indigenous people in Norway (1990 according to ILO convention 169 as described below), and hence according to international law the Sami people in Norway are entitled special protection and rights. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical The legal foundation of the Sami policy is:[8]

The constitutional amendment states: “It is the responsibility of the authorities of the State to create conditions enabling the Sami people to preserve and develop its language, culture and way of life. ” This provides a legal and political protection of the Sami language, culture and society. In addition the “amendment implies a legal, political and moral obligation for Norwegian authorities to create an environment conducive to the Samis themselves influencing on the development of the Sami community. ” (ibid. ).

The Sami Act provides special rights for the Sami people (ibid. ):

In addition, the Sami have special right to reindeer husbandry.

The Norwegian Sami parliament also elects 50% of the members to the board of the Finnmark Estate that controls 95% of the land in the county of Finnmark. The Finnmark Act (Finnmarksloven in Norwegian) transferred about 95% (about 46000 km2 of the area in the Finnmark county in Norway to the inhabitants or Finnmárku ( Sami language) is a county in the extreme northeast of Norway.

Norway has also accepted international conventions, declarations and agreements applicable to the Sami as a minority and indigenous people including:[9]

Nordic

On 16 November 2005 in Helsinki, a group of experts, led by former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway Professor Carsten Smith, submitted a proposal for a Nordic Sami Convention to the annual joint meeting of the Ministers responsible for Sami affairs in Finland, Norway and Sweden and the Presidents of the three Sami Parliaments from the respective countries. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. This convention recognizes the Sami as one indigenous people residing across national borders in all three countries. A set of minimum standards is proposed for the rights of developing the Sami language, culture, livelihoods and society. The convention has not yet been ratified in the Nordic countries. [11]

Sápmi

Main article: Sápmi (area)

Sápmi is the name of the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people. Etymology Sápmi (and corresponding terms in other Sámi languages refers to both the Sámi land and the Sámi people Non-Sami and many regional maps have often called this same region Lapland as there is considerable regional overlap between the two terms. However Lapland can be either misleading, offensive, or both, depending on the context and where this word is used to the Sami. Among the Sami people however, Sápmi is strictly used and acceptable.

Sápmi is located in Northern Europe which includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia and spans four countries of: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Fennoscandia and Fenno-Scandinavia are geographic and geological terms used to describe the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula, Karelia

Area

There is no official geographic definition for the boundaries of Sápmi. However, the following counties and provinces are usually included:

The municipalities of Gällivare, Jokkmokk and Arjeplog in Swedish Lappland were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 as a “Laponian Area”. The Province of Lapland ( Lappi in Finnish and Sami Lappland in Swedish is one of the Provinces of Finland. or Finnmárku ( Sami language) is a county in the extreme northeast of Norway. is a county in Norway, bordering Troms in the north Nord-Trøndelag in the south Norrbottens län in Sweden to the east Västerbottens is a county in the central Norwegian region called Trøndelag. or Romsa ( Sami language) is a county in North Norway, bordering Finnmark to the northeast and Nordland in the southwest Murmansk Oblast (Му́рманская о́бласть Murmanskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) located in the Jämtland County ( Jämtlands län) is a county or Län in the middle of Sweden. Norrbotten County ( Norrbottens län) is a Swedish county or Län in the extreme north of Sweden. Västerbotten County ( Västerbottens län) is a county or Län in the north of Sweden. Gällivare ( Finnish: Jällivaara Northern Sami: Jiellevárri / Váhčir Meänkieli: Jellivaara is a town (pop Jokkmokk (Jokimukka is a locality in Lapland Sweden and the seat of Jokkmokk Municipality, Norrbotten County. Arjeplog ( Northern Sami: Arjepluovve) is a locality (pop 1950 in Lapland Sweden and the seat of Arjeplog Municipality, Norrbotten A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex

The Sami Domicile Area in Finland consists of the municipalities of Enontekiö, Utsjoki and Inari as well as a part of the municipality of Sodankylä. Sami Domicile Area ( Saamelaisten kotiseutualue in Finnish Sámiid ruovttuguovllu in Sami language, Samernas hembygdsområde in Swedish Enontekiö ( Northern Sami: Eanodat, Swedish: Enontekis) is a municipality in the Finnish part of Lapland with Utsjoki (Ohcejohka Uccjuuhâ Uccjokk is a municipality in Finland. Inari (Aanaar Anár Aanar and Enare is a municipality in Finland. Sodankylä (Suáđigil Soađegilli Suäˊđjel is a town and municipality of Finland.

Important Sami towns

The following towns and villages have a significant Sami population or host Sami institutions (Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish or Russian name in parenthesis):

Demographics

In the geographical area composing Lapland the Sami are a small minority. Kiruna is the northernmost city of Sweden, situated in Lappland province with roughly inhabitants Lovozero (Ловозеро Luujärvi Луяввьр Lujávri Luujäuˊrr is a village ( selo) in Murmansk Oblast, Russia According to the Swedish Sami parliament the total Sami population is about 70,000. The Sami may be divided into smaller groups either based on the area where they are from, the Sami language (dialect) they speak, their occupation, or the country of residence.

Division by geography

Sápmi is traditionally divided into:

It should also be noted that many Sami now live outside Sápmi, in large cities such as Oslo in Norway. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway.

Division by language

Main article: Sami languages
Geographic distribution of the Sami languages: 1. Southern Sami, 2. Ume Sami, 3. Pite Sami, 4. Lule Sami, 5. Northern Sami, 6. Skolt Sami, 7. Inari Sami, 8. Kildin Sami, 9. Ter Sami. Darkened area represents municipalities that recognize Sami as an official language.
Geographic distribution of the Sami languages: 1. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway Southern Sami, 2. Ume Sami, 3. Pite Sami, 4. Lule Sami, 5. Northern Sami, 6. Skolt Sami, 7. Inari Sami, 8. Kildin Sami, 9. Ter Sami. Darkened area represents municipalities that recognize Sami as an official language.

A division based on language is (the numbers are the estimated number of speakers of each language):

Note that many Sami do not speak any of the Sami languages anymore, so the number of Samis living in each area is much higher. Southern Sami is the south-westernmost of the Sami languages. Ume Sami is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and Norway. It is a dying language with only about 10 native speakers left and is spoken mainly along Pite Sami, also known as Arjeplog Sami is a Sami language spoken in Sweden and Norway. Lule Sami (julevsámegiella is a Finno-Ugric, Sami Language spoken in Lule Lappmark i Northern or North Sami ( Davvisápmi, formerly Davvisámi or Davvisaami; improperly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely Inari Sámi ( anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami Language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people the majority of which Kildin Sami (also spelled Sámi or Saami; formerly Lappish) is a Sami language spoken by approximately 500 people on the Kola Peninsula Ter Sami is the easternmost of the Sami languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a dying language There are also two extinct Sami languages Kemi Sami and Akkala Sami. Kemi Sami is a Sami language that was originally spoken in the southernmost district of Finnish Lapland as far south as the Sami siidas around Kuusamo Akkala Sami is a Sami language that was spoken in the Sami villages of A´kkel and Ču´kksuâl in the inland parts of the Kola Peninsula in Russia

Division by occupation

A division often used Northern Sami is based on occupation and the area of living. This division is also used in many historical texts:

Historical texts often divide the Sami into: Forest Sami, Mountain Sami, River Sami, and Eastern Sami. [14]

Division by country

According to the Swedish Sami parliament, the Sami population of Norway is 40,000. If all people who speak Sami or have a parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent who speaks or spoke Sami are included, the number reaches 70,000. As of 2005, 12,538 people were registered to vote in the election for the Sami parliament in Norway. [15] The bulk of the Sami live in Finnmark and Northern Troms, but there are also Sami populations in Southern Troms, Nordland and Trøndelag. or Romsa ( Sami language) is a county in North Norway, bordering Finnmark to the northeast and Nordland in the southwest is a county in Norway, bordering Troms in the north Nord-Trøndelag in the south Norrbottens län in Sweden to the east Västerbottens Trøndelag is the name of a geographical region in the central part of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. Due to recent migration it has also been claimed that Oslo is the municipality with the largest Sami population. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. The Sami are in a majority only in the municipalities of Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino, Karasjohka-Karasjok, Porsanger, Deatnu-Tana and Unjargga-Nesseby in Finnmark, and Kåfjord in Northern Troms. Guovdageaidnu ( Sami language) or Kautokeino ( Norwegian) ( Koutokeino in Finnish language) is a municipality in the Porsanger ( Norwegian) or Porsáŋgu ( Northern Sami) or Porsanki ( Kven / Finnish) is a municipality in the This area is also know as the Sami core area. Sami and Norwegian are equal as administrative languages in this area.

According to the Swedish Sami parliament, the Sami population of Sweden is about 20,000.

According to the Finnish Population Registry Center and the Finnish Sami parliament, the Sami population living in Finland was 7,371 in 2003. [16] As of 31 December 2006, only 1776 of them had registered to speak some Sami language as the mother tongue. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [17]

According to the 2002 census, the Sami population of Russia was 1,991.

Since 1926 the number of Sami in Russia has gradually increased:

Sami Immigration outside of Sapmi

There are an estimated 30,000 people living in North America who are either Sami, or decedents of Sami. [18] Most have settled in areas that are known to have other Scandinavian immigrants, such as Norwegians, Swedes, and Finns. Some of these concentrated areas are Minnesota, Wisconsin, California, Washington, Alaska and the Canadian territory of the Northwest Territories.

It is common that these Sami immigrants decedents know little of this heritage because of their ancestors willfully hid their culture because of the discrimination that they faced by the dominate Scandinavian culture. This downplaying of their culture was done in order for them to blend into their respective Scandinavian cultures.

Organization

Sápmi demonstrates a distinct semi-national identity that transcends the borders between Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending However, there is no movement for complete autonomy.

Sami Parliaments

Main article: Sami Parliaments

The Sami Parliaments (Sámediggi in Northern Sami, Sämitigge in Inari Sami, Sää´mte´ǧǧ in Skolt Sami) founded in Finland (1973), Norway (1989) and Sweden (1993) are the representative bodies for peoples of Sami heritage. The Sami Parliaments ( Sámediggi in Northern Sami, Sämitigge in Inari Sami, Sää´mte´ǧǧ in Skolt Northern or North Sami ( Davvisápmi, formerly Davvisámi or Davvisaami; improperly Lappish or Lapp) is the most widely Inari Sámi ( anarâškielâ) is a Finno-Ugric, Sami Language spoken in Finland by some 300-400 people the majority of which There is no single, unified Sami Parliament. Rather, each of the aforementioned three countries has set up their own separate legislatures for Sami people, even though the three Sami Parliaments often work together on cross-border issues. In all three countries, they act as an institution of cultural autonomy for the indigenous Sami people. The parliaments have very weak political influence, far from autonomy. They are formally public authorities, ruled by the Scandinavian governments, but have democratically elected parliamentarians. Their mission is to work for the Sami culture. The candidates' election promises often get in conflict with the institutions' submission under their governments. But as authorities, they have some influence over the government.

Russia is not actively taking part of this recognition of the minority of Samis.

Swedish organizations

The main organisations for Sami representation in Sweden are the "siidas". A siida (in different Sami languages cearru, siida, sita, kite) or a "reindeer pastoralistic district" is a Sami They cover northern and central Sweden.

Border conflicts

There is a border, and some state that the rights (for reindeer herding and in some parts even for fishing and hunting) would include a larger part than of Sápmi. However, today's "border" originates from the 14th to 16th centuries when land-owning conflicts occurred. The establishment of more stable dwelling places and larger towns originates from the 16th century, and was performed for strategic defence and economic reasons, both by peoples from Sami groups themselves and more southern immigrants.

Owning land within the borders or being a member of a siidas (="corporation villages") gives rights. A siida (in different Sami languages cearru, siida, sita, kite) or a "reindeer pastoralistic district" is a Sami A different law enacted in Sweden in the mid-1990s gave the right to anyone to fish and hunt in the region, something that was met with large skepticism and anger amongst the siidas.

Court proceedings have been common throughout history, and the aim from the Samic viewpoint is to reclaim territories used earlier in history. Due to a major defeat in 1996, one siidas has introduced a sponsorship "Reindeer Godfather" concept to raise funds for further battles in courts. These "internal conflicts" are usually conflicts between non-Sami land owners and Reindeer owners.

The question whether the Fjeld's territory is owned by the governments or the Sami population is not answered. The Scandinavian Mountains in Swedish Skanderna, Fjällen ("the Fells quot or Kölen, and in Norwegian Kjølen,

Sami national symbols

Although the Sami have considered themselves to be one people through history, the idea of Sápmi, a Sami nation, first gained acceptance among the Sami in the 1970s, and even later among the majority population. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered During the 1980s and 1990s a flag was created, a national song was written, and the date of national day was settled.

Sami flag

Main article: Sami flag

The Sami flag was inaugurated during the Sami Conference in Åre, Sweden on 15 August 1986. The Sami flag is the flag of the Sami people, whose homeland is called Sápmi. Åre (pronounced ore-eh) is a skiing resort (pop 1300 in Åre Municipality, Jämtland County, Sweden. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) It was the result of a competition for which many suggestions were entered. The winning design was submitted by the artist Astrid Båhl from Skibotn, Norway. Skibotn (Ivgubahta Markkina or Yykeänperä is a village with approximately 700 inhabitants in Storfjord municipality located on the southeastern shore of the Lyngen

The motif (shown above) was derived from the shaman's drum and the poem "Paiven parneh" ("Sons of the Sun") by the south Sami Anders Fjellner describing the Sami as sons and daughters of the sun. The flag has the Sami colours, red, green, yellow and blue, and the circle represents the sun (red) and the moon (blue).

Sami National Day

Main article: Sami National Day

The Sami National Day falls on 6 February as this date was when the first Sami congress was held in 1917 in Trondheim, Norway. The Sami National Day falls on February 6 as this date was when the first Sámi congress was held in 1917 in Trondheim, Norway. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio (Trondhjem is a city and municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. This congress was the first time that Norwegian and Swedish Sami came together across their national borders to work together to find solutions for common problems. The resolution for celebrating on 6 February was passed in 1992, at the 15th Sami congress in Helsinki. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Since 1993 Norway, Sweden and Finland have recognized 6 February as Sami National Day. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio

National song

Main article: Sámi soga lávlla

Sámi soga lávlla ("Song of the Sami People", lit. Sámi soga lávlla ("Song of the Sami People" lit "Song of the Sámi Family" was originally a poem written by Isak Saba that was published in the newspaper "Song of the Sami Family") was originally a poem written by Isak Saba that was published in the newspaper Sagai Muittalægje for the first time on 1 April 1906. Isak Mikal Saba (born November 15, 1875 in Nesseby, Norway, died June 1, 1921) was a Sami teacher and politician Saǥai Muittalægje (The News Reporter was a Sámi newspaper that was published from 1904 to 1911 for a total of 33 issues Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting In August 1986 it became the national anthem of the Sami. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Arne Sørli set the poem to music, which was then approved at the 15th Sami Conference in Helsinki in 1992. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Sámi soga lávlla has been translated into all of the Sami languages. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway

Religion

Copper carving (1767) by O.H. von Lode showing a sami noaidi with his drum (meavrresgárri)
Copper carving (1767) by O. H. von Lode showing a sami noaidi with his drum (meavrresgárri)
Main article: Sami religion

Shamanism persisted among the Sami up until the 18th century, but no longer exists in its traditional form. A Noaidi, Noaide or Noaydde was a Shaman of the Sami people in the Nordic countries representing an indigenous nature Religion. The drum is a member of the percussion group technically classified as a Membranophone. The knowledge of the mythology and religious practices of the Sami people is primarily based on archeological remains and written sources Most Sami today belong to the Lutheran churches of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Some Sami in Russia belong to the Orthodox church, as do some in North Eastern Finland, with an additional small population in Norway. The word orthodox, from Greek orthodoxos "having the right opinion" from orthos ("right true straight" + doxa ("opinion

Traditional Sami religion

Sami religion shared some elements with the Norse mythology, possibly from early contacts with trading Vikings (or viceversa). Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland Through a mainly French initiative, from J. P. Gaimard, Lars Levi Læstadius began researching the Sami mythology. Lars Levi Læstadius ( October 1 1800 - February 21 1861) was a Swedish Lutheran pastor of partly Sami ancestry His work resulted in four bands or fragments, since by his own admission they contained only a small percentage of what had existed. The fragments were termed Theory of Gods, Theory of Sacrifice, Theory of Prophecy, or short reports about rumorous Sami magic and Sami sagas. Generally, he filtered out the Norse influence and derived common elements between the South, North, and Eastern Sami groups. The mythology has common elements with other Circumpolar religions as well — such as those in Siberia and North America. The Circumpolar religion is (or was shared by all Circumpolar peoples and is essentially a social structure based on three factors a religion inherited and maintained from pre- Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving

Tore Johnsen, Sami Christian priest and leader of the Sami Church Council, and an important figure at the 2004 "Samiske kirkedager"
Tore Johnsen, Sami Christian priest and leader of the Sami Church Council, and an important figure at the 2004 "Samiske kirkedager"
A sermon at the 2004 "Samiske kirkedager"
A sermon at the 2004 "Samiske kirkedager"

Missionary efforts

The term Sami religion usually refers to the traditional religion, practiced until approximately the 18th century. Tore Johnsen (born 28 January 1969 in Østfold) is the leader of the Sami Church Council and is the Diocesan Dean of Sami Ministry The Sami Church Council (nsa Sámi girkoráđđi, lsa Sáme girkoráde, s Christianity was spread by Roman Catholic missionaries as early as the 13th century. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Increased pressure came after the Protestant Reformation, and rune drums were burned or sent to museums abroad. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The membrane-covered oval or circular rune drum played an important role in Sami ceremonies In this period, many Sami practiced their traditional religion at home, while turning up in church on Sunday. Since the Sami were considered to possess witchcraft powers, they were often accused of sorcery during the 17th century.

In Norway, a major effort to convert the Sami was made around 1720, when the "Apostle of the Sami" – Thomas von Westen – burned drums and converted people by force.

In the far east of the Sami area, the Russian Monk Trifon converted the Sami in the 16th century. Today, the St. George's chapel in Neiden, Norway (1565) testifies to this effort.

Laestadius

Main article: Laestadianism

The Swedish Sami vicar Lars Levi Læstadius initiated a puritan Lutheran movement among the Sami around 1840. Laestadianism is a conservative Lutheran revival movement started in the middle of the 19th century Lars Levi Læstadius ( October 1 1800 - February 21 1861) was a Swedish Lutheran pastor of partly Sami ancestry This movement is still very dominant in Sami speaking areas. Sami on the Kola peninsula and in North-Eastern Finland, as well as a handful in Norway are members of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Kola Peninsula (from Sami language Guoládat) (Кольский полуостров Kol'skij poluostrov) is a Peninsula in the far See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure

Neo-shamanism

Today, one occasionally comes across Sami shamans offering their services, through newspaper advertisements, at new age-arrangements or for tourist groups. These shamans are not a part of an unbroken Sami religious tradition, but are rather an expression for a wish to return to traditional values. They may be compared with neo-paganism and modern druids. Neopaganism or Neo-Paganism is an Umbrella term used to identify a wide variety of modern religious movements particularly those influenced by historical

An altogether more traditional religious idea is represented by the numerous "wise men" and "wise women" found throughout the Sami area. They often heal the sick by rituals combining pre-Christian elements and readings from the Bible.

Language

Main article: Sami languages

There is no single Sami language, but a group of ten distinct Sami languages. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway Six of these languages have their own written standards. The Sami languages are relatively closely related, but not mutually intelligible; for instance, speakers of Southern Sami cannot understand Northern Sami. Especially earlier these distinct languages were referred to as "dialects", but today this is considered misleading due to the deep differences between the varieties. Most Sami languages are spoken in several countries, because linguistic borders do not correspond to national borders.

The Sami languages belong to the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family, and are thus related to Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and The Uralic languages (jʊˈrælɨk constitute a language family of 39 Languages spoken by approximately 20 million people Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Due to prolonged contact with neighboring Scandinavians, however, there are a large number of Germanic loanwords in Sami. The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. The majority of the Sami now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i. e. Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. Efforts are being made to further the use of Sami language among Sami and persons of Sami origin.

Genetics and the history of genetic studies on the Sami

Main article: Sami Genetics

Sami genetic history is of great interest to present day phylogenetics because of their large genetic distance from other European populations including their closest neighbours. Autosomal DNA in Sami Populations In the early years of genetic research the Sami people caught the scientists interest because of their unusual blood group distribution Genetic genealogy is the application of Genetics to traditional genealogy. The modern research in genetics seems to agree that Sami people are not closely related to any other known human stock, being only somewhat more similar to inhabitants of Finland than to other Europeans. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. One finding[19] suggests that the ancestors of the Sami people may have included some of the hunter-gatherer peoples that followed the receding glaciers at the end of the latest ice age. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets Archeological evidence for the area suggests that several different cultural groups made their way to the core area of Sapmi from 8000-6000 B. C. ,[20] presumably including some of the ancestors of present-day Sami.

History of racist scientific research carried out on the Sami

The genetic makeup of Sami people has been extensively studied for as long as such research has been in existence, although until recent times the purpose of this research has mostly been ethnocentric at best, at worst racist and defamatory. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own Culture. During the 1920 and 30's many Sami were photographed naked and anatomically measured by scientists, with the help of the local police - sometimes literally at gun point, to collect data that would justify their own racial theories. [21]

Sterilization programs, inspired by such genetic research, were carried out by the Swedish government on several minority groups between 1935 to 1975 also targeted the Sami specifically because they were genetically dissimilar from the larger Swedish population as part of their 'racial hygiene' program. (Grupper av människor som betecknades "tattare", "zigenare", "lappar" och "vagabonder" hör dit). [22] There is a wide degree of distrust in the Sami communities towards genetic research. [23]

Notable people of Sami descent

See also

References

  1. ^ 2
  2. ^ Article on the subject by the Finno-Ugrian Society.
  3. ^ See e. g. Ref. : Carpelan, Christian (2005). "Origins", in Ulla-Maija Kulonen, Irja Seurujärvi-Kari & Risto Pulkkinen: The Saami;A Cultural Encyclopaedia, Suomalaisen Kirjalisuuden Seuran toimituksia 925 (in en). SKS, 252-258. ISBN 951-746-506-8.  
  4. ^ Give Us Our Skeletons Documentary film. Give Us Our Skeletons! ( Antakaa Meille Luurankomme in Finnish, Oaivveskaldjut in North Sami) is a 1999 Documentary film Paul-Anders Simma director (1999)
  5. ^ http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/28/64/212fc81a.pdf|Till statsrådet och chefen för Socialdepartementet, p. 198
  6. ^ Give Us Our Skeletons Documentary film. Give Us Our Skeletons! ( Antakaa Meille Luurankomme in Finnish, Oaivveskaldjut in North Sami) is a 1999 Documentary film Paul-Anders Simma director (1999)
  7. ^ http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_reindeer.pdf
  8. ^ http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_foundation.pdf
  9. ^ ark_engelsk.indd
  10. ^ GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADOPTS DECLARATION ON RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; MAJOR STEP FORWARD’ TOWARDS HUMAN RIGHTS FOR ALL, SAYS PRESIDENT, United Nations General Assembuly, Septemer 17, 2007. Retreived June 7, 2008. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm
  11. ^ http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/eng_nordic_sami_conv.pdf
  12. ^ Karasjok Kommune - Engelsk - Facts
  13. ^ Samisk skyteskive (Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved on 2007-10-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
  14. ^ Veli-Pekka Lehtola. "The Multi-Faceted Land of the Sámi".
  15. ^ Norwegian Sami parliament web page on registered voters
  16. ^ Regional division of Sami people in Finland by age in 2003.
  17. ^ Finnish Population Registry Center 31.12.2006.
  18. ^ Baiki: The International Sami Journal http://www.baiki.org/content/about.htm Retrieved February 22, 2008
  19. ^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1199377&blobtype=pdf
  20. ^ Esihistorian vuosiluvut, ajoitukset ja kronologia, Carpelan, in "Ennen, muinoin", SKS, Helsinki 2002
  21. ^ Give Us Our Skeletons Documentary film. Give Us Our Skeletons! ( Antakaa Meille Luurankomme in Finnish, Oaivveskaldjut in North Sami) is a 1999 Documentary film Paul-Anders Simma director (1999)
  22. ^ http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/28/64/212fc81a.pdf|Till statsrådet och chefen för Socialdepartementet, p. 198
  23. ^ Give Us Our Skeletons Documentary film. Give Us Our Skeletons! ( Antakaa Meille Luurankomme in Finnish, Oaivveskaldjut in North Sami) is a 1999 Documentary film Paul-Anders Simma director (1999)
  24. ^ Kautokeino-opprøret 1852: Læstadianisme
  25. ^ Nunatsiaq News
  26. ^ Joni Mitchell er same - Troms og Finnmark - NRK Nyheter
  27. ^ Aikins, Mary (July 2005). Heart of a Prairie Girl. Reader's Digest. Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
  28. ^ Ikke halvt, men helt samisk - NRK Sámi Radio - NRK
  29. ^ Vil ha Lene Marlin som samisk rollemodell - Radio Tromsø
  30. ^ Lone star. Telegraph. co. uk. 28 October 2004.

External links

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Genetics

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