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For other persons named Sam Houston, see Sam Houston (disambiguation). Sam Houston was a 19th century American statesman politician and soldier
Sam Houston
Sam Houston
In office
October 1, 1827 – April 16, 1829
Lieutenant William Hall
Preceded by William Carroll
Succeeded by William Hall
In office
October 22, 1836 – December 10, 1838
Preceded by David G. Burnet
Succeeded by Mirabeau B. Lamar
In office
December 13, 1841 – December 9, 1844
Preceded by Mirabeau B. Lamar
Succeeded by Anson Jones
In office
December 12, 1859 – March 18, 1861
Lieutenant Edward Clark
Preceded by Hardin Richard Runnels
Succeeded by Edward Clark
Born March 2, 1793(1793-03-02)
Rockbridge County, Virginia
Died July 26, 1863 (aged 70)
Huntsville, Texas
Spouse Eliza Allen

Tiana Rogers Gentry

Margaret Moffette Lea
Religion Baptist

Samuel Houston (March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was a 19th century American statesman, politician, and soldier. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display The Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee is the Speaker of the Tennessee State Senate and first in line in the succession to the office of Governor of Tennessee William Hall ( February 11, 1775 &ndash October 7, 1856) was the Governor of the state of Tennessee from April William Carroll ( March 3, 1788 March 22, 1844) was Governor of Tennessee from 1821 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1835 William Hall ( February 11, 1775 &ndash October 7, 1856) was the Governor of the state of Tennessee from April The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836 In the midst of the Texas Revolution, Texan settlers elected delegates to the Convention of 1836, which issued the Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common David Gouverneur Burnet ( April 14, 1788 &ndash December 5, 1870) was an early politician within the Republic of Texas, serving Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar ( August 16, 1798 &ndash December 19, 1859) was the second president of the Republic of Texas, following The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836 In the midst of the Texas Revolution, Texan settlers elected delegates to the Convention of 1836, which issued the Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar ( August 16, 1798 &ndash December 19, 1859) was the second president of the Republic of Texas, following Anson Jones ( January 20, 1798 &ndash January 9, 1858) was a doctor, Businessman, Congressman, and the last Governors of Texas Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Edward Clark (April 1 1815 May 4 1880 was the 8th Governor of Texas. Hardin Richard Runnels ( August 30, 1820 &ndash December 25, 1873) was a U Edward Clark (April 1 1815 May 4 1880 was the 8th Governor of Texas. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Rockbridge County is a county located in the US state &mdash officially " Commonwealth " &mdash of Virginia. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Huntsville is a city in and the County seat of Walker County, Texas, United States. Margaret Moffette Lea ( April 11, 1819 &ndash December 3, 1867) was the daughter of Temple Lea and Nancy Moffett Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Born in Timber Ridge, just north of Lexington in Rockbridge County, Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley, Houston was a key figure in the history of Texas, including periods as President of the Republic of Texas, Senator for Texas after it joined the United States, and finally as governor. Timber Ridge is a Mountain Ridge Lexington is an Independent city within the confines of Rockbridge County in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Rockbridge County is a county located in the US state &mdash officially " Commonwealth " &mdash of Virginia. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The Shenandoah Valley region of western Virginia and West Virginia is bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Appalachian Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The Republic of Texas was a sovereign Nation in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Although a slaveowner and opponent of abolitionism, he refused, because of his unionist convictions, to swear loyalty to the Confederacy when Texas seceded from the Union, bringing his governorship to an end. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three To avoid bloodshed, he refused an offer of an army to put down the rebellion, and instead retired to Huntsville, Texas, where he died before the end of the Civil War. Huntsville is a city in and the County seat of Walker County, Texas, United States. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South

His earlier life included encouraging emigration to Tennessee, time spent with the Cherokee Nation (into which he was adopted and later married into), military service in the War of 1812, and subsequent successful involvement in Tennessee politics. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Houston is the only person in U.S. history to have been the governor of two different states, Tennessee and Texas, although others were governors of multiple American colonies. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort

A fight with a Congressman, followed by a high profile trial, led to his emigration to Mexican Texas, where he soon became a leader of the Texas Revolution. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Texas Revolution or Texas War of Independence was fought from October 2 1835 to April 21 1836 between Mexico and the Texas (Tejas portion of the Mexican He supported annexation by the United States rather than seeking long term independence and expansion for Texas. The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary Annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States of America as Texas, the The city of Houston was named after him during this period. Houston's reputation survived his death: posthumous commemoration has included a memorial museum, a U.S. Army base, a national forest, a historical park, a university, and the largest statue of an American figure. Fort Sam Houston is a US Army post in San Antonio Texas.Known colloquially as "Fort Sam" it is named for the first President of the Republic of The Sam Houston National Forest is off Interstate 45 and US Highway 59 about 40 miles (60 km north of Houston Texas. Sam Houston State University, (known as SHSU and Sam, for short founded in 1879 is a Public university located in Huntsville, Texas

Contents

Biography

Birthplace Marker in Rockbridge County, Virginia
Birthplace Marker in Rockbridge County, Virginia

Early life

Sam Houston was born on his family's plantation near Timber Ridge Church, outside Lexington, Virginia in Rockbridge County, to Major Samuel Houston and Elizabeth Paxton. Lexington is an Independent city within the confines of Rockbridge County in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Rockbridge County is a county located in the US state &mdash officially " Commonwealth " &mdash of Virginia. He was one of nine children. His father was a member of Morgan's Rifle Brigade during the American Revolutionary War. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots"

Receiving only a basic education, he immigrated with his family to Maryville, Tennessee following the death of his father in 1807. Maryville is a city in and the County seat of Blount County, Tennessee, in the Southeastern United States. His mother then took the family to live on Baker Creek, Tennessee. He ran away from home in 1809 and resided for a time with the Cherokee tribe of Chief Oolooteka on Hiwassee Island. The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact He was adopted into the Cherokee Nation and given the name Colonneh or "the Raven". [1] He returned to Maryville in 1812 at the age of 19 and founded a one-room schoolhouse. This was the first school ever built in Tennessee, which had become a state in 1796. A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government

War of 1812

Houston was struck by a Creek arrow at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
Houston was struck by a Creek arrow at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama.

In 1812 Houston enlisted into the 7th Regiment of Infantry to fight the British in the War of 1812. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies By December of that year, he had risen from private to third lieutenant. A Private is a Soldier of the lowest Military rank (equivalent to NATO Rank Grades OR-1 to OR-3 depending on the force served in Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814 he was wounded by a Creek arrow. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. An arrow is a pointed Projectile that is shot with a bow. It predates recorded history and is common to most Cultures. His wound was bandaged, and he rejoined the fight. When Andrew Jackson called on volunteers to dislodge a group of Red Sticks (Creek Indians) from their breastworks (fortifications), Houston volunteered, but during the assault was struck by a bullet in the shoulder and arm. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 Red Sticks is the English term for a traditionalist faction of Creek Indians who led a resistance movement which culminated in the outbreak of the Creek War in 1813 Houston became close to Jackson, even joining Jackson's Masonic lodge, Cumberland Lodge No. 8, in 1817. Following his recovery he was assigned as an Indian agent to the Cherokees. He left the army in March 1818.

Tennessee politics

Following six months of study at the office of Judge James Trimble he passed the Nashville bar exam, after which he opened a legal practice in Lebanon, Tennessee. Lebanon is a city in Wilson County, Tennessee, in the United States. [2] He was made attorney general of the Nashville district in late 1818 and was also given a command in the state militia. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition In 1822 he was elected to the House of Representatives for Tennessee, where he was a staunch supporter of fellow Tennessean and Democrat Andrew Jackson and was widely considered to be Jackson's political protégé though their treatment of Indians differed greatly. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 He was a congressman from 1823 to 1827. He was re-elected in 1824. In 1827 he declined to run for re-election to Congress and instead ran for, and won, the office of governor of Tennessee, defeating the former governor, William Carroll. William Carroll ( March 3, 1788 March 22, 1844) was Governor of Tennessee from 1821 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1835 He planned to stand for re-election in 1828, but resigned after marrying eighteen year old Eliza Allen. The marriage was forced by Eliza's father, Colonel John Allen, and never blossomed into a relationship. John Allen may refer to Artists John Allen (guitarist, member of The Nashville Teens Politicians Houston and Eliza separated shortly after the marriage, for reasons Houston refused to discuss to the end of his life, and divorced in 1837, after he became President of Texas.

Sam Houston
Sam Houston

He spent time among the Cherokee, married a Cherokee widow named Tiana Rogers Gentry, and set up a trading post (Wigwam Neosho near Fort Gibson, Cherokee Nation), apparently drinking heavily the entire time. A trading post is a place where the trading of goods takes place Fort Gibson is a town in Cherokee and Muskogee counties in the U During this time he was interviewed by Alexis De Tocqueville. His alleged drunkenness and abandonment of his office and wife caused a rift with his mentor Andrew Jackson, which would not be healed for several years. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837

Controversy and trial

On a trip to New York and Washington, D.C. on business, Houston became embroiled in a fight with an anti-Jacksonian Congressman. The City of New York Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D While Houston was in Washington in April 1832, Congressman William Stanbery of Ohio made accusations about Houston in a speech on the floor of Congress. William Stanbery ( August 10, 1788 &ndash January 23, 1873) was a U Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Stanbery was attacking Jackson through Houston and accused Houston of being in league with John Von Fossen and Congressman Robert S. Rose. Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=R000439

The three men bid on the supplying of rations to Indians who were being forcibly removed because of Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Indian Removal Act, part of a United States government policy known as Indian removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 26 Stanbery, now carrying two pistols and a dirk, refused to answer Houston's letters; infuriated, Houston later confronted Stanbery on Pennsylvania Avenue as he left Mrs. Pennsylvania Avenue is a street in Washington DC joining the White House and the United States Capitol. Queen's boardinghouse and proceeded to beat him with a hickory cane. Stanbery did manage to draw one of his pistols, place it at Houston's chest and pull the trigger—the gun misfired.

On April 17 Congress ordered the arrest of Houston, who pleaded self-defense, and hired Francis Scott Key as his lawyer. Francis Scott Key ( August 1, 1779 &ndash January 11, 1843) was an American Lawyer, author and amateur Houston was found guilty in the high profile trial, but thanks to high placed friends (among them James K. Polk), he was only lightly reprimanded. James Knox Polk ( November 2 1795&ndashJune 15 1849 was the eleventh President of the United States, serving from March 4 1845 to March 4 1849 Stanbery then filed charges against Houston in civil court. Judge William Cranch found Houston liable and fined him $500, a fine he never paid before leaving the country. William Cranch ( July 17, 1769 &ndash September 1, 1855) was an American Judge and the second reporter of decisions

Texas

1963 stamp issued by the USPS to commemorate Sam Houston.
1963 stamp issued by the USPS to commemorate Sam Houston.

The publicity surrounding the trial resurrected Houston's political reputation, and he left the Cherokee and his wife, Diana Rodgers, also known as Tiana Rodgers, to enter Mexican Texas in December 1832. Mexican Texas is the given name by Texas history scholars to the period between 1821 and 1836 when Texas was governed by Mexico. Houston had asked his wife, Tiana, to accompany him to Texas, but she wanted to settle down and preferred to stay at the log cabin and trading post. Tiana later remarried a man named Sam McGrady, but died of pneumonia in 1838. Houston did not remarry until after her death. After reaching Mexican Texas he was immediately swept up in the politics of the Mexican state. Mexican Texas is the given name by Texas history scholars to the period between 1821 and 1836 when Texas was governed by Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. There has been speculation over the years that Houston went to Texas at the behest of President Andrew Jackson to seek the annexation of the territory for the United States. Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837

Houston attended the Convention of 1833 as representative for Nacogdoches and emerged as a supporter of William Harris Wharton and his brother who supported complete independence from Mexico, the more radical stance of those represented. The Convention of 1833 was a gathering of politicians and leaders of the state of Coahuila y Tejas (then part of Mexico) in San Felipe on April Nacogdoches (ˌnækəˈdoʊtʃɪs is a city in Nacogdoches County, Texas, in the United States. William Harris Wharton ( April 27, 1802 – March 14, 1839) was an early Colonist, political leader and Orator in Texas He also attended the Consultation of 1835. He was made a Major General, of the Texas Army in November 1835, then Commander-in-Chief in March 1836 at the convention which met at Washington-on-the-Brazos to declare Texan Independence. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces Washington-on-the-Brazos is a Ghost town along the Brazos River in Washington County, Texas, United States. He negotiated a settlement with the Cherokee in February 1836.

Republic of Texas

Following the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2, 1836, Houston joined his volunteer army at Gonzales, but was soon forced to retreat in the face of the forces of Mexican General and dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna, whose army killed all those at The Alamo Mission during the Battle of the Alamo on March 6. The Texas Declaration of Independence was the formal declaration of independence of the Republic of Texas from Mexico in the Texas Revolution. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap A volunteer is someone who works for a community or for the benefit of environment primarily because they choose to do so Gonzales is a city in Gonzales County, Texas, United States. The population was 7202 at the 2000 census Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón ( February 21, 1794 &ndash June 21, 1876) often known as Santa The Alamo, originally known as Mission San Antonio de Valero, is a former Roman Catholic mission and fortress compound now a museum in San Antonio, Texas The Battle of the Alamo was fought in February and March 1836 in San Antonio, Texas.

Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto.

At the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, however, Houston surprised Santa Anna and the Mexican forces during their afternoon siesta. The Battle of San Jacinto, fought on April 21, 1836, in present-day Harris County Texas, was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Badly beaten, Santa Anna was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco, granting Texas independence. Although Houston stayed on briefly for negotiations, he returned to the United States for treatment of a wound to his ankle.

Houston was twice elected president of the Republic of Texas (the first time on September 5, 1836). President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. The Republic of Texas was a sovereign Nation in North America between the United States and Mexico that existed from 1836 to Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap He served from October 22, 1836, to December 10, 1838, and again from December 12, 1841 to December 9, 1844. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year On December 20, 1837, Houston presided over the convention of Freemasons that formed the Grand Lodge of the Republic of Texas, now the Grand Lodge of Texas. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Grand Lodge of Texas Ancient Free and Accepted Masons is the largest of several governing bodies of Freemasonry in the State of Texas, being solely of the

He put down the Cordova Rebellion of 1838 and while initially seeking annexation by the U. Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous S. he dropped that hope during his first term. In his second term, he strove for financial prudence and worked to make peace with the Indians and avoid war with Mexico, following the two invasions of 1842. He had to act over the Regulator-Moderator War of 1844 and sent in the militia. The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary Citizens to provide defense emergency law enforcement or Paramilitary service

Settlement of Houston

The settlement of Houston was founded in August 1836 by brothers J.K. Allen and A.C. Allen and named in Houston's honor and served as capital. John Kirby Allen (1810-1838 was born in Canasareaugh near Syracuse in the U This article is about the founder of Houston Texas. For the Virginia politician and lawyer see Augustus A Gail Borden helped lay out Houston's streets. Gail Borden Jr ( November 9 1801 – January 11 1874) was a 19th century U

The city of Houston served as the capital until President Mirabeau Lamar signed a measure moving the capital to Austin on January 14, 1839. Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar ( August 16, 1798 &ndash December 19, 1859) was the second president of the Republic of Texas, following Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Between his presidential terms (the constitution did not allow a president to serve consecutive terms), he was a representative in the Texas House of Representatives for San Augustine. San Augustine is a city in San Augustine County, Texas, United States. He was a major critic of President Mirabeau Lamar, who advocated continuing independence of Texas and its extension to the Pacific Ocean. Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar ( August 16, 1798 &ndash December 19, 1859) was the second president of the Republic of Texas, following The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Marriage

On May 9, 1840, in Marion, Alabama, Houston married Margaret Moffette Lea, with whom he had eight children. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Marion is the County seat of Perry County Alabama. As of the 2000 census the population of the city is 3511 Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Margaret Moffette Lea ( April 11, 1819 &ndash December 3, 1867) was the daughter of Temple Lea and Nancy Moffett He was 47 and she was 21. Margaret acted as a tempering influence on Houston. Although the Houstons had numerous houses, only one was kept continuously, Cedar Point, on Trinity Bay from ca. Trinity Bay is the northeast portion of Galveston Bay, bordered by Chambers and Harris counties 1840 through 1863.

U. S. Senator

Sam Houston as a U.S. senator.
Sam Houston as a U. S. senator.

After the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845, he was elected to the U.S. Senate along with Thomas Jefferson Rusk. The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary Annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States of America as Texas, the The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Thomas Jefferson Rusk ( December 5, 1803 &ndash July 29, 1857) was an early political and military leader of the Republic of Texas Houston served there from February 21, 1846, until March 4, 1859. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He was a Senator during the Mexican-American War, when the U. S. acquired from Mexico vast new territory in the Southwest. The Southwestern area of the United States could be defined as the states west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37

Throughout his term in the Senate, Houston spoke out against the growing sectionalism of the country, and blamed the extremists of both the North and South, saying: "Whatever is calculated to weaken or impair the strength of [the] Union, — whether originating at the North or the South, — whether arising from the incendiary violence of abolitionists, or from the coalition of nullifiers, will never meet with my unqualified approval. Sectionalism is to develop a distinct identity based on ethnicity customs laws language economics or culture Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the "

Houston supported the Oregon Bill in 1848, which was opposed by many Southerners. In his passionate speech in support of the Compromise of 1850, Houston said "A nation divided against itself cannot stand". The Compromise of 1850 was a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War (1846&ndash1848 Eight years later, Abraham Lincoln would express a similar sentiment. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal

Houston opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, and correctly predicted that it would cause a sectional rift in the country that would eventually lead to war: "…what fields of blood, what scenes of horror, what mighty cities in smoke and ruins — it is brother murdering brother… I see my beloved South go down in the unequal contest, in a sea of blood and smoking ruin. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands repealed the Missouri Compromise of " He was only one of two Southern senators (the other being John Bell of Tennessee) to vote against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. John Bell (also known as "The Great Apostate") ( February 15, 1797 &ndash September 10, 1869) was a U Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. He was considered a potential candidate for president. But, despite the fact that he was a slave-owner, his strong Unionism and opposition to the extension of slavery alienated the Texas legislature and other southern States. The Texas Legislature is the state legislature of the US state of Texas.

Governor of Texas

Bust of Houston by Elisabet Ney.
Bust of Houston by Elisabet Ney. Franzisca Bernadina Wilhelmina Elisabeth Ney ( 26 July 1833 – 29 June 1907) was a celebrated sculptor and a pioneer in the development

He twice ran for governor of Texas, unsuccessfully in 1857 and successfully against Hardin R. Runnels in 1859 as a Unionist, making him the only person in U. S. history to be the governor of two different states (as well as the only governor to previously have been a foreign head of state. ) Despite Houston's being a slave owner and against abolition, he opposed the secession of Texas from the Union. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity In 1860, he offered the following prediction: "Let me tell you what is coming. After the sacrifice of countless millions of treasure and hundreds of thousands of lives you may win Southern independence, but I doubt it. The North is determined to preserve this Union. "[3]

Despite Houston's wishes, Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America on March 2, 1861. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This act was soon branded illegal by Houston, but the Texas legislature nevertheless upheld the legitimacy of secession. The political forces that brought about Texas's secession also were powerful enough to replace the state's Unionist governor. Houston chose not to resist, stating that, "I love Texas too well to bring civil strife and bloodshed upon her. To avert this calamity, I shall make no endeavor to maintain my authority as Chief Executive of this State, except by the peaceful exercise of my functions. . . . " He was evicted from his office on March 16, 1861, for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy, writing,

"Fellow-Citizens, in the name of your rights and liberties, which I believe have been trampled upon, I refuse to take this oath. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 In the name of the nationality of Texas, which has been betrayed by the Convention, I refuse to take this oath. In the name of the Constitution of Texas, I refuse to take this oath. In the name of my own conscience and manhood, which this Convention would degrade by dragging me before it, to pander to the malice of my enemies. . . . I refuse to take this oath. "

He was replaced by Lieutenant Governor Edward Clark. Edward Clark (April 1 1815 May 4 1880 was the 8th Governor of Texas. To avoid more bloodshed in Texas, Houston turned down U. S. Col. Frederick W. Lander's offer from President Abraham Lincoln of 50,000 troops to prevent Texas's secession, stating in his response, "Allow me to most respectfully decline any such assistance of the United States Government. Frederick West Lander ( December 17, 1821 &ndash March 2, 1862) was a transcontinental United States explorer general in the Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal "

Final years

Sam Houston's grave in Huntsville, Texas.
Sam Houston's grave in Huntsville, Texas.

In 1854, Houston, having earlier made a profession of Christian faith, was baptized by the Baptist minister, Rufus C. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. Burleson, who was later the president of Baylor University, then Baylor College. Baylor University is a private, Baptist -affiliated Research University located in Waco Texas. At the time Burleson was the pastor of the Independence, Texas, Baptist Church in Washington County, which Houston and his wife attended. Independence is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Texas, United States. Washington County is a County in the US state of Texas, known for the Convention of 1836 where the Texas Declaration of Independence Houston was also a close friend of another Baylor president and Burleson's predecessor as pastor at the Independence church, the Reverend George Washington Baines, maternal great-grandfather of Lyndon B. Johnson. George Washington Baines Sr ( December 29, 1809 -- December 28, 1882) a maternal great-grandfather of U

In 1862, Houston returned to Huntsville, Texas, and rented the Steamboat House; the hills in Huntsville reminded him of his boyhood home near Maryville, Tennessee. Huntsville is a city in and the County seat of Walker County, Texas, United States. His health deteriorated quickly over the next few months as he developed a persistent cough. In mid-July, Houston was struck with a severe chill which progressed into pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Despite the efforts of Drs. Markham and Kittrell, on July 26, 1863, at 6:16 p. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common m, Houston died quietly in his Steamboat House with his wife Margaret by his side. His last recorded words were "Texas. Texas. Margaret". The inscription on his tomb reads:

A Brave Soldier. A Fearless Statesman.
A Great Orator — A Pure Patriot.
A Faithful Friend, A Loyal Citizen.
A Devoted Husband and Father.
A Consistent Christian — An Honest Man.

While Sam Houston is buried in Huntsville, Texas, his wife Margaret Lea is buried in the City of Independence, Texas.

Monuments and museums

70 Foot Tall Statue of Sam Houston in Huntsville, Texas.
70 Foot Tall Statue of Sam Houston in Huntsville, Texas. Huntsville is a city in and the County seat of Walker County, Texas, United States.

Children

By Margaret Lea

  1. Sam Houston, Jr. , 1843-1894
  2. Nancy Elizabeth, 1846-1920
  3. Margaret Lea, 1848-1906
  4. Mary William, 1850-1931
  5. Antoinette Power, 1852-1932
  6. Andrew Jackson Houston, 1854-1941
  7. William Rogers Houston, 1858-1891
  8. Temple Lea Houston, 1860-1905

Popular culture

Houston has been a character in a number of movies. Andrew Jackson Houston, ( June 21, 1854 - June 26, 1941) was an American Politician. Temple Lea Houston ( August 12, 1860 – August 15, 1905) was the last-born child of Texas Revolutionary Samuel Houston. His life story was portrayed in "Man of Conquest" starring Richard Dix, made in 1939, which garnered three Academy Award nominations. The best known is probably "The First Texan," in which he was played by Joel McCrea. Joel Albert McCrea, (November 5 &ndashOctober 20) was an American actor and Film star whose career spanned 50 years and appearances in over 90 films Richard Boone played Houston in the 1960 movie The Alamo. Richard Allen Boone ( June 18 1917 &ndash January 10 1981) was an American Actor who starred in over 50 films and was notable The Alamo was released in 1960 by United Artists, starring John Wayne as Davy Crockett, Richard Widmark as Jim Bowie In the 1986 CBS TV movie Gone to Texas: The Sam Houston Story, he was played by Sam Elliott. Gone to Texas, often abbreviated GTT or GTT, was a phrase used by Americans immigrating to Texas in the 19th century often to escape debt Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor He makes a brief appearance in the 1987 television movie Alamo: Thirteen Days to Glory, portrayed by Lorne Greene. Lyon Chaim Green OC, LLD ( February 12, 1915 &ndash September 11, 1987) was a Canadian Actor In the 2004 film, "The Alamo", Houston was portrayed by Dennis Quaid. Dennis William Quaid (born April 9, 1954) is an American Actor. A famous painting of the wounded Houston accepting the surrender of Santa Anna (Surrender of Santa Anna, by William H. Huddle) is recreated in the film. Houston also appears in a few alternative history novels, including The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, in which he appears attempting to gain support from the French in his campaign to restore Texas's independence, and in 1812: The Rivers of War, by Eric Flint, in which he distinguishes himself at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend during the War of 1812 and is not seriously wounded. The Difference Engine is an alternate history Novel by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling. Eric Flint (born 1947 is an American Alternate history and Fantasy author, editor, and e-publisher. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Sent to Washington, D.C., by General Andrew Jackson, he arrives in time to rally fleeing American forces and repels the British invasion of Washington. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Andrew Jackson (March 15 1767 June 8 1845 was the seventh President of the United States (1829&ndash1837 He later leads an expedition to reinforce Jackson and fights at the Battle of New Orleans. The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. Flint, in his Afterword, refers to the novel "as an alternate biography of Sam Houston. "

Notes

  1. ^ Samuel Houston from the Handbook of Texas Online
  2. ^ Lebanon, Tennessee: A Tour of Our City (PDF). The Handbook of Texas (ISBN 0-87611-151-7 is a comprehensive Encyclopedia of Texas geography history and historical persons published by the Texas Lebanon/Wilson County Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved on February 5, 2007. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  3. ^ James, Marquis. The Raven. Dunwoody, Georgia: Norman S. Berg, Publisher, by arrangement with Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1929.. Retrieved on March 5, 2007. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

References

The following are reference sources (alphabetical by author):

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
(none)		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Tennessee's 7th congressional district
March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1827		 Succeeded by
John Bell
Preceded by
William Carroll		 Governor of Tennessee
1827–1829		 Succeeded by
William Hall
Preceded by
David G. Burnet
(ad interim)		 President of the Republic of Texas
1836–1838		 Succeeded by
Mirabeau B. Lamar
Preceded by
Mirabeau B. Lamar		 President of the Republic of Texas
1841–1844		 Succeeded by
Anson Jones
Preceded by
None		 United States Senator (Class 2) from Texas
February 21, 1846 – March 3, 1859
Served alongside: Thomas J. Rusk, J. Pinckney Henderson and Matthias Ward		 Succeeded by
John Hemphill
Preceded by
Hardin R. Runnels		 Governor of Texas
1859–1861		 Succeeded by
Edward Clark
These are tables of congressional delegations from Tennessee to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives. The 7th Congressional District of Tennessee is a congressional district located in the middle and southwestern parts of the state connecting suburbs of Memphis and Nashville Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common John Bell (also known as "The Great Apostate") ( February 15, 1797 &ndash September 10, 1869) was a U William Carroll ( March 3, 1788 March 22, 1844) was Governor of Tennessee from 1821 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1835 William Hall ( February 11, 1775 &ndash October 7, 1856) was the Governor of the state of Tennessee from April David Gouverneur Burnet ( April 14, 1788 &ndash December 5, 1870) was an early politician within the Republic of Texas, serving The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836 In the midst of the Texas Revolution, Texan settlers elected delegates to the Convention of 1836, which issued the Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar ( August 16, 1798 &ndash December 19, 1859) was the second president of the Republic of Texas, following Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar ( August 16, 1798 &ndash December 19, 1859) was the second president of the Republic of Texas, following The Republic of Texas was formed in 1836 In the midst of the Texas Revolution, Texan settlers elected delegates to the Convention of 1836, which issued the Anson Jones ( January 20, 1798 &ndash January 9, 1858) was a doctor, Businessman, Congressman, and the last Texas was admitted to the Union on December 29 1845. Its Senate seats were vacant during the Civil War. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thomas Jefferson Rusk ( December 5, 1803 &ndash July 29, 1857) was an early political and military leader of the Republic of Texas James Pinckney Henderson ( March 31, 1808 - June 4, 1858) was a United States and Republic of Texas lawyer politician Matthias Ward ( October 13, 1805 &ndash October 5, 1861) was a lawyer and United States Senator from Texas. John Hemphill ( December 18, 1803 &ndash January 3, 1862) was Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court, a United States Hardin Richard Runnels ( August 30, 1820 &ndash December 25, 1873) was a U Governors of Texas Edward Clark (April 1 1815 May 4 1880 was the 8th Governor of Texas.
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