Salvia
Meadow sage Salvia pratensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Salvia L.
Species
see List of Salvia species

Salvia is a genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its The order Lamiales is a Taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous Flowering plants. Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family is a family of Plants comprising about 210 genera and some 3500 species Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for This is a list of Species in the Genus Salvia, the sages and claries. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family is a family of Plants comprising about 210 genera and some 3500 species It is one of three genera commonly referred to as sage. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to common sage (Salvia officinalis); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. Common sage ( Salvia officinalis) is a small perennial Evergreen Subshrub, with woody stems grayish leaves and blue to purplish flowers This genus includes approximately 700 to 900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals with almost world-wide distribution. A shrub or Bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of Woody plant, distinguished from a Tree A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of A perennial plant or perennial ( Latin per, "through" annus, "year" is a Plant that lives for more than Botanically an annual plant is a Plant that usually germinates, Flowers and dies in one Year. The center of diversity and origin appears to be Central and South Western Asia. ^[1] Different species of sage are grown as herbs and as ornamental plants. Ornamental plants are typically grown in the flower Garden or as House plants Most commonly they are grown for the display of their Flowers Other common ^[2] The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name Salvia.

The closely related genera Perovskia and Phlomis are also known as sage. Perovskia is a Genus in the Lamiaceae or mint family closely related to the genus Salvia (sages and native to southwestern Phlomis is a genus of about 100 species of Herbaceous plants Subshrubs and Shrubs in the family Lamiaceae, native from the Some species of the unrelated genus Artemisia are also referred to as sages, a shortened version of sagebrush. Artemisia is a large diverse Genus of plants with between 200-400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Smudge bundles are made with various grey-leaved species of Artemisia and are misrepresented as "whitesage" smudges. The true whitesage is Salvia apiana.

Description

Salvia species include annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, and a few woody based sub-shrubs. The stems are typically angled like other members in Lamiaceae. Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the mint family is a family of Plants comprising about 210 genera and some 3500 species The flowers are produced in spikes, racemes, or panicles, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red with white and yellow less common. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A raceme is a type of Inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate Flowers &mdash flowers having short A panicle is a compound Raceme, a loose much-branched indeterminate Inflorescence with pedicellate Flowers (and Fruit The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, with out bearded throats, and divided into 2 parts or lips, the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are 2-lipped with the upper lip entire or notched and the lower spreading. The lower lip typically has 3 lobes with the middle lobe longest. The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers 2-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The stamen ( Plural stamina or stamens, from Latin stamen meaning "thread of the warp " is the male The flower styles are 2-cleft. The fruits are smooth nutlets and many species have a mucilaginous coating.

Salvia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including (but not limited to) the bucculatricid leaf-miner Bucculatrix taeniola which feeds exclusively on the genus and the Coleophora case-bearers C. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies. A butterfly is an Insect of the order Lepidoptera. Like all Lepidoptera butterflies are notable for their unusual life cycle with a A moth is an Insect closely related to the Butterfly, both being of the order Lepidoptera. Bucculatricidae or ( Bucculatrigidae) is a family of Moths This small family has representatives in all parts of the world Coleophora is a very large genus of Moths of the family Coleophoridae with around 1000 described species aegyptiacae, C. salviella (both feed exclusively on S. aegyptiaca), C. ornatipennella and C. virgatella (both recorded on S. pratensis).

Selected species

Main article: List of Salvia species

• Salvia apiana - White sage, California white sage. This is a list of Species in the Genus Salvia, the sages and claries. Salvia apiana, also known as white sage, bee sage, or sacred sage, is an Evergreen perennial Shrub of the
• Salvia argentea - Silver sage. Salvia argentea ( Silver Clary) also known as Silver Sage is a biennial or short-lived Perennial plant.
• Salvia arizonica - Arizona sage, Desert indigo sage, a purple-flowering annual. Salvia arizonica is a species of sage known commonly as desert indigo sage and Arizona sage.
• Salvia austriaca - Austrian sage.
• Salvia azurea - Blue sage, Azure blue sage; very big bright blue flowers. Salvia azurea is herbaceous plant species in the genus Salvia native to Central and Eastern North America
• Salvia buchananii
• Salvia candelabrum - a blue-flowering scented sage. Salvia candelabrum is sub-shrubby species of the genus Salvia native to Spain
• Salvia carnosa - a blue-flowering annual, native to the Arizona desert.
• Salvia clevelandii - Blue sage, Cleveland sage, Fragrant sage. Salvia clevelandii is a species of sage native to the coast of southern California and northern Baja California
• Salvia coccinea - Blood sage, a scarlet-flowered tender perennial
• Salvia columbariae - Chia, Chia sage, California chia. Salvia coccinea, also known as Texas sage scarlet sage or blood sage is a flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae. Salvia columbariae is an Annual plant of the Lamiaceae that grows in California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico
• Salvia discolor
• Salvia divinorum - Diviner's sage. Salvia divinorum, also known as Diviner’s Sage, ska María Pastora, Sage of the Seers, or simply by the genus name
• Salvia dorrii - Ute Tobacco Sage (mild hallucinogen when smoked)
• Salvia elegans
• Salvia farinacea - Mealycup sage, annual in temperate climates will survive mild winters
• Salvia forreri
• Salvia fulgens - Cardinal sage, Mexican red sage, a red-flowering perennial
• Salvia funerea – Death Valley sage
• Salvia glutinosa
• Salvia greggii - Autumn sage, a red-flowered sage with a very strong scent
• Salvia guaranitica - Anise sage or hummingbird sage. Salvia dorrii, also known as tobacco sage, Dorr's sage, or mint sage is a plant in the genus Salvia, commonly called the The Utes (/juːts/ " yoots " are an ethnically related group of American Indians now living primarily in Utah and Colorado. Pineapple sage ( Salvia elegans) is a Perennial Shrub native to oak and pine scrub forests in highlands in Mexico and Guatemala Salvia forreri is a species of flowering plant Death Valley sage ( Salvia funerea) is a spiny-leaved shrub found in washes and Limestone Canyon walls in the Death Valley region of Salvia glutinosa is native to Central and East Europe, and West Asia. Salvia greggii, commonly known as Autumn Sage, is a species of sage (genus Salvia) native to Texas and Mexico. Salvia guaranitica ( Anise-scented sage or Hummingbird sage) is a species of sage native to South America, including Brazil
• Salvia hispanica - the Chia of commerce. Chia ( Salvia hispanica) is a plant of the genus Salvia in the Mint family
• Salvia leucantha - Mexican bush sage, velvety spikes of violet-purple and white, 3' tall. Salvia leucantha is a subshrubby plant (one that is woody except for the tips of the branches in the genus Salvia that is native to eastern Mexico
• Salvia leucophylla - Purple sage. Salvia leucophylla ( Purple Sage) is an aromatic sage native to the southern coast of California and Baja California
• Salvia libanotica - Mediterranean or middle eastern sage
• Salvia longistyla - Mexican sage. Salvia libanotica or East Mediterranean sage is a type of sage commonly found in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East Salvia longistyla is a Mexican plant species which flowers in mid-autumn
• Salvia lyrata - Lyre-leaved sage, Lyreleaf sage. Salvia lyrata ( Lyre-leafed Sage) is a species of sage native to the eastern United States, from Connecticut west to Kansas
• Salvia mexicana - Mexican sage, medium blue to violet and lavender, 8' to 10' tall.
• Salvia microphylla
• Salvia miltiorrhiza - Chinese sage
• Salvia officinalis - Common sage. "Red sage" redirects here Lantana camara (Spanish Flag is sometimes called thus in error Common sage ( Salvia officinalis) is a small perennial Evergreen Subshrub, with woody stems grayish leaves and blue to purplish flowers
• Salvia patens - a blue-flowering annual.
• Salvia polystachya - Chia sage, Chia seed.
• Salvia potus - Chia.
• Salvia pratensis - Meadow clary or Meadow sage. Salvia pratensis ( Meadow Clary or Meadow Sage; syn Salvia virgata Ait
• Salvia roemeriana - Cedar Sage; this species prefers shady moist areas
• Salvia sclarea - Clary or Clary sage. Salvia sclarea, clary, or clary sage, is a biennial Herb in the genus Salvia which is native throughout
• Salvia spathacea - Pitcher sage or Hummingbird sage. Salvia spathacea ( Pitcher Sage or Hummingbird sage) is a herbaceous plant species with woody bases and a somewhat sprawling habit with upright
• Salvia splendens - Scarlet sage. Salvia splendens ( Scarlet Sage or Tropical Sage) is a species of sage native to Brazil.
• Salvia transylvanica
• Salvia uliginosa
• Salvia verbenaca - Wild clary, Wild sage. "Wild Sage" redirects here Lantana camara (Spanish Flag is sometimes called thus in error "Wild Sage" redirects here Lantana camara (Spanish Flag is sometimes called thus in error "Wild Sage" redirects here Lantana camara (Spanish Flag is sometimes called thus in error
• Salvia verticillata - Whorled clary, Lilac sage, a white- or blue-flowering perennial with the scent of Clary
• Salvia viridis (syn.: S. Salvia verticillata is a plant species widespread throughout central Europe and Western Asia See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below This article deals with the general meaning of the term "synonym" horminum) - Painted sage.

Cultivation and uses

History

The sage species used as herbs come from the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. Sage has also been grown in central Europe since the Middle Ages.

The name Salvia derives from the Latin salvere, which means "to heal". Indeed this herb is highly regarded for its healing qualities. An ancient proverb states, "Why should a man die who has sage in his garden?". The ancient Greeks used it to treat consumption, ulcers and snake bites. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Ulcers are healing wounds that develop on the skin mucous membranes or eye Snakes often bite their prey when feeding but occasionally they also bite humans

The Ancient Romans considered sage to be a sacred herb and followed an elaborate ceremony when harvesting it. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC A ceremony is an activity infused with Ritual significance performed on a special occasion A sage gatherer would use a special knife (not made of iron as it reacts with the sage), have to have clean clothes and clean feet and a sacrifice of food would have to be made before he could begin. The Romans would use it for toothpaste; they also believed it to be good for the brain, senses and memory.

The Chinese also were quite partial to this herb. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National 17th century Dutch merchants found that they would trade one chest of sage leaves for three of their teas [1]. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Sages are also used by several Native American cultures. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States

Medicinal uses

Several types of Salvia are used medicinally:

• aromatic varieties (usually strongly scented leaves, also used as herbs)
• non-aromatic varieties (not considered medicinal, but many still have a scent)
• Chia sages
• S. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. divinorum (Diviner's sage) contains a diterpenoid used for spiritual and recreational purposes. Salvia divinorum, also known as Diviner’s Sage, ska María Pastora, Sage of the Seers, or simply by the genus name The terpenoids, sometimes referred to as isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally-occurring organic chemicals similar to Terpenes derived
• Research has shown that Salvia officinalis improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients over a period of several months. Alzheimer's disease ( AD) also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common form of Dementia. ^[3]

The aromatic sages strengthen the lungs and can be used in teas or tinctures to prevent coughs. In Medicine, a tincture is an Alcoholic Extract (eg of leaves or other plant material or Solution of a non- volatile substance Less aromatic species of Salvia are run-of-the-mill mint-family anti-inflammatories, which means that they can be used for pretty much any infection or inflammation, and will give at least some relief.

Common sage (Salvia officinalis) drunk as a cold tea will stop sweating, while the same tea drunk hot will produce sweating. Common sage ( Salvia officinalis) is a small perennial Evergreen Subshrub, with woody stems grayish leaves and blue to purplish flowers Cold and hot teas will also either stop or enhance milk production. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy and medicine. An essential oil is a concentrated Hydrophobic Liquid containing volatile Aroma compounds from Plants They are also known as volatile Aromatherapy is a form of Alternative medicine that uses volatile liquid plant materials known as Essential oils (EOs and other aromatic compounds from plants for Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the

White sage (Salvia apiana) is a very strong general anti-inflammatory, used as tea or tincture. Salvia apiana, also known as white sage, bee sage, or sacred sage, is an Evergreen perennial Shrub of the Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces Inflammation. The tincture has a very nice scent and can be used as a perfume. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living This species is the famous whitesage of smudge sticks.

Pineapple sage (Salvia elegans, old: S. Pineapple sage ( Salvia elegans) is a Perennial Shrub native to oak and pine scrub forests in highlands in Mexico and Guatemala rutilans) is a tender perennial with pineapple-scented leaves. Medicinally, this is perhaps closest to the scented geraniums, a sweet-smelling Pelargonium species. Pelargonium is a Genus of Flowering plants which includes about 200 Species of perennial, succulent, and Shrub

Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is used medicinally in Traditional Chinese medicine. "Red sage" redirects here Lantana camara (Spanish Flag is sometimes called thus in error Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM,) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China.

Chia sages. The seeds of these species are used as bulk laxatives, much like the seeds of Psyllium (Plantago spp. Not to be confused with Cilium. For the mucilaginous health product see Psyllium seed husks. ) or linseed. Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) (binomial name Linum usitatissimum) is a member of the genus Linum Chia has been important in the diet of desert Indians. It is still used for its mucilaginous qualities by Mexican natives. Mucilage is a gooey polar Glycoprotein; an exopolysaccharide; a Polymer produced by most plants and some microorganisms

Diviner's sage (Salvia divinorum) also called Yerba de la Pastora or sometimes just Salvia, is a plant that differs from all the other sages. Salvia divinorum, also known as Diviner’s Sage, ska María Pastora, Sage of the Seers, or simply by the genus name It is a Mexican visionary herb and there is some evidence it is a true cultivar. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar It is known to have strong psychoactive (specifically psychedelic) properties. A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain Modern psychedelia For "psychedelics" see Psychedelic drug.

References and external links

• A Book of Salvias: Sages for Every Garden by Betsy Clebsch, Timber Press, 1997, ISBN 0-88192-369-9. An excellent reference on salvias. Also, an updated (2004 edition) is available.
• [2] ITIS 32680 2002-09-06
• Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M. R. 2003, Salvia Officinalis extract in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: A double blind and placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 140, p22P-22P, 1/2p

References