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This article is about the term salt as referred to in chemistry. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties For the everyday meaning, see salt or its main ingredient, sodium chloride. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a For other meanings of the word salt, see salt (disambiguation).
A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride)
A magnified crystal of a salt (halite/sodium chloride)

A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and bases. Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negative ions) so that the product is electrically neutral (without a net charge). In Chemistry, an ionic compound is a Chemical compound in which Ions are held together in a lattice structure by Ionic bonds Usually the positively An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some Subatomic particles which determines their Electromagnetic interaction. These component ions can be inorganic such as chloride (Cl−), as well as organic such as acetate (CH3COO−) and monoatomic ions such as fluoride (F−), as well as polyatomic ions such as sulfate (SO42−). Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation An acetate, or ethanoate, is either a salt or Ester of Acetic acid. A monatomic ion is an Ion consisting of many ions of the same atoms A polyatomic ion is a charged species ( Ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered as acting

There are several varieties of salts. Salts that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water are basic salts and salts that produce hydronium ions in water are acid salts. In Chemistry, hydroxide is the most common name for the diatomic Anion OH− consisting of Oxygen and Hydrogen Alkali salts or base (basic salts are salts which has basic ions such as Hydroxides or Carbonates. In Chemistry, hydronium is the obsolete name for the Cation H 3 O + derived from Protonation of Water Acid salts are a class of salts formed when a dibasic or tribasic Acid has been neutralized to some degree Neutral salts are those that are neither acid nor basic salts. Zwitterions contain an anionic center and a cationic center in the same molecule but are not considered to be salts. A zwitterion (first part pronounced "tsvitter" from German " Zwitter " &mdash "hybrid" " Hermaphrodite " is a In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Examples include amino acids, many metabolites, peptides and proteins. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind" - specifically the study of their small-molecule metabolite Peptides (from the Greek πεπτίδια, "small digestibles" are short Polymers formed from the linking in a defined order of α- Amino Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl

When salts are dissolved in water, they are called electrolytes, and are able to conduct electricity, a property that is shared with molten salts. An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Mixtures of many different ions in solution—like in the cytoplasm of cells, in blood, urine, plant saps and mineral waters— usually do not form defined salts after evaporation of the water. The cytoplasm is the contents of a cell that is enclosed within the Plasma membrane. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known living Organisms It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living and is often called Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the Kidneys by a process of filtration from Blood and Excreted through the Urethra. In many places mineral water is often colloquially used to mean Carbonated water (which is usually carbonated mineral water as opposed to tap water Therefore, their salt content is given for the respective ions.

Contents

Properties

Table salt and peppercorns.
Table salt and peppercorns. Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried

Colour

Salts can appear to be clear and transparent (sodium chloride), opaque, and even metallic and lustrous (iron disulfide). In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation especially visible Light. In many cases the apparent opacity or transparency are only related to the difference in size of the individual monocrystals. Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation especially visible Light. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing A single crystal, also called monocrystal, is a Crystalline Solid in which the Crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken Since light reflects from the grain boundaries (boundaries between crystallites), larger crystals tend to be transparent, while polycrystalline aggregates look like white powders. A crystallite is a domain of solid-state matter that has the same structure as a single Crystal. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Polycrystalline materials are solids that are composed of many Crystallites of varying size and orientation Of course, some salts are inherently opaque. Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation especially visible Light.

Salts exist in all different colors, e. g. yellow (sodium chromate), orange (potassium dichromate), red (mercury sulfide), mauve (cobalt chloride hexahydrate), blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate), green (nickel oxide), colorless (magnesium sulfate), white, and black (manganese dioxide). Yellow is the Color evoked by light that stimulates both the L and M (long and medium wavelength Cone cells of the Retina about equally Chromates and dichromates are Salts of Chromic acid and dichromic acid respectively The colour orange occurs Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 is a common inorganic chemical reagent most commonly used as an Oxidizing agent in various laboratory Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength Cinnabar, sometimes written cinnabarite, is a name applied to red Mercury(II sulfide ( Hg[[sulfide S]] or native Vermilion, the common Mauve (French form of Malva, " Mallow " məʊv rhymes with "grove" is a pale lavender - lilac Color, Cobalt(II chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula Co[[chlorine Cl2]] although the term is used also to refer to the hexahydrate which Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by Copper(II sulfate is the Chemical compound with the formula Cu[[Sulfur S]] O 4 Prussian blue is a very dark blue colorfast non-toxic Pigment – one of the first synthetic Dyes – which was discovered accidentally in Berlin in 1704 Green is a Color, the perception of which is evoked by light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a Wavelength of roughly 520–570- nm. Preparation and properties The best method of preparation is through pyrolysis of a nickel(II compounds such as Ni(OH2 Ni(NO32 and NiCO3 Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of Manganese(IV oxide is the Chemical compound MnO2 commonly called manganese dioxide. Most minerals and inorganic pigments as well as many synthetic organic dyes are salts. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied

Taste

Different salts can elicit all five basic tastes, e. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses g. salty (sodium chloride), sweet (lead diacetate; but which will cause lead poisoning if ingested), sour (potassium bitartrate), bitter (magnesium sulfate), and umami or savory (monosodium glutamate). For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Lead(II acetate is a Chemical compound, a white crystalline substance with a Sweetish taste Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in Cream of tartar redirects here --> Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Magnesium sulfate is a Chemical compound containing Magnesium and Sulfate, with the formula MgSO4 is one of the five Basic tastes sensed by specialized receptor cells present on the human Tongue. Monosodium glutamate, also known as sodium glutamate and MSG, is a Sodium salt of the non-essential Amino acid Glutamic acid

Odor

Salts of strong acids and strong bases ("strong salts") are non-volatile and odorless, while salts of either weak acids or weak bases ("weak salts") may smell after the conjugate acid (e. Strong salts or strong electrolyte salts are chemical salts composed of strong Electrolytes These Ionic compounds dissociate completely in Volatility in the context of Chemistry, Physics and Thermodynamics is a measure of the tendency of a substance to Vaporize. Weak salts or "weak electrolyte salts" are as the name suggests composed of weak Electrolytes They are generally more Volatile than Strong salts Within the Brønsted - Lowry ( protonic) theory of acids and bases, a conjugate acid is the acid member HX of a pair of two compounds that transform g. acetates like acetic acid (vinegar) and cyanides like hydrogen cyanide (almonds) or the conjugate base (e. Vinegar is an acidic liquid processed from the Fermentation of Ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient Acetic acid (also called ethanoic acid The Almond ( Prunus dulcis, syn Prunus amygdalus Batsch Amygdalus communis L g. ammonium salts like ammonia) of the component ions. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor That slow, partial decomposition is usually accelerated by presence of water, since hydrolysis is the other half of the reversible reaction equation of formation of weak salts. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions A reversible reaction is a Chemical reaction that results in an equilibrium mixture of Reactants and products. Weak salts or "weak electrolyte salts" are as the name suggests composed of weak Electrolytes They are generally more Volatile than Strong salts

Nomenclature

Various salt minerals
Various salt minerals
Chemical composition of sea salt
Chemical composition of sea salt

The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e. Sea salt, obtained by evaporating Seawater, is used in Cooking and Cosmetics. g. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e. g. chloride or acetate). Salts are often referred to only by the name of the cation (e. g. sodium salt or ammonium salt) or by the name of the anion (e. g. chloride or acetate).

Common salt-forming cations include:

Common salt-forming anions (and the name of the parent acids in parentheses) include:

Formation

Salts are formed by a chemical reaction between:

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + NaNO3(aq)

References

See also

Acid salts are a class of salts formed when a dibasic or tribasic Acid has been neutralized to some degree Alkali salts or base (basic salts are salts which has basic ions such as Hydroxides or Carbonates. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less An ionic bond (or electrovalent bond) is a type of Chemical bond that can often form between Metal and Non-metal Ions (or Kosher salt or Koshering salt is a term that describes one of the most commonly used varieties of Edible salt in commercial kitchens today Natron is a naturally occurring mixture of Sodium carbonate decahydrate ( Na 2 C[[oxygen O]]3 · 10 H2O The Old Salt Route (German Alte Salzstraße) was a medieval trade route in northern Germany for the transport of salt. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Not to be confused with Salt of the earth. Salting the earth refers to the practice of spreading salt on fields to make them incapable Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants A zwitterion (first part pronounced "tsvitter" from German " Zwitter " &mdash "hybrid" " Hermaphrodite " is a Salinity is the Saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of Water. Hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure, HTN or HPN, is a medical condition in which the Blood pressure is chronically elevated
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