Illustration of a male Coho Salmon

Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Salmonidae is a family of Ray-finned fish, the only living family of the order Salmoniformes. Several other fish in the family are called trout. Trout is the common name given to a number of Species of Freshwater Fish belonging to the Salmonidae family Salmon live in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as the Great Lakes and other land locked lakes. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border.

Typically, salmon are anadromous: they are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. Many types of fish undertake migrations on a regular basis on time scales ranging from daily to annual and with distances ranging from a few meters to thousands of kilometers Freshwater is a word that refers to bodies of water such as Ponds lakes rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved Salts and other Total dissolved An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced Folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they were born to spawn. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological

In Alaska, the crossing-over to other streams allows salmon to populate new streams, such as those that emerge as a glacier retreats. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. The precise method salmon use to navigate has not been entirely established, though their keen sense of smell is involved. In all species of Pacific salmon, the mature individuals die within a few days or weeks of spawning, a trait known as semelparity. Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced However, even in those species of salmon that may survive to spawn more than once (iteroparity), post-spawning mortality is quite high (perhaps as high as 40 to 50%. Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced )

The salmon has long been at the heart of the culture and livelihood of coastal dwellers. Most peoples of the Northern Pacific shore had a ceremony to honor the first return of the year. For many centuries, people caught salmon as they swam upriver to spawn. A famous spearfishing site on the Columbia River at Celilo Falls was inundated after great dams were built on the river. Spearfisherman redirects here For the former diving gear company see Spearfisherman (company. The Columbia River (known as Celilo Falls ( Wyam, meaning "echo of falling water" or "sound of water upon the rocks" in several native languages was a tribal fishing The Ainu, of northern Japan, taught dogs how to catch salmon as they returned to their breeding grounds en masse. Ainu cuisine is the Cuisine of the ethnic Ainu in Japan. The cuisine differs markedly from that of the ''Wajin'', or ethnic Japanese For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Now, salmon are caught in bays and near shore.

Spawning sockeye salmon in Becharof Creek, Becharof Wilderness, Alaska

Salmon population levels are of concern in the Atlantic and in some parts of the Pacific but in Alaska stocks are still abundant. Sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka) also called red salmon or blueback salmon, is an Anadromous Species of Salmon Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Fish farming is outlawed and the State of Alaska's fisheries management system is viewed as the global leader in the management of wild, sustainable fish stocks. The most important Alaska Salmon wild sustainable fisheries are located near the Kenai River, Copper River, and in Bristol Bay. The Kenai River is a river in the Kenai Peninsula of south central Alaska. Copper River may refer to Copper River (Alaska, in the United States Bristol Bay ( Iilgayaq in Central Yup'ik) is the eastern-most arm of the Bering Sea, at 57° to 59° North 157° to 162° West In Canada, the Skeena River wild salmon returning which support commercial fisheries, aboriginal food fisheries, sports fisheries and the area's diverse wildlife on the coast and around communities hundreds of miles inland in the watershed. The Skeena River is the second longest river entirely in British Columbia, Canada. The Columbia River salmon population is now less than 3% of what it was when Lewis and Clark arrived at the river. ^[1]

Both Atlantic and Pacific Salmon are important to recreational fishing around the world. Recreational fishing, also called sport fishing, is Fishing for Pleasure or Competition.

Life cycle

Eggs in different stages of development. In some only a few cells grow on top of the yolk, in the lower right the blood vessels surround the yolk and in the upper left the black eyes are visible, even the little lens

Salmon fry hatching - the larva has grown around the remains of the yolk - visible are the arteries spinning around the yolk and little oildrops, also the gut, the spine, the main caudal blood vessel, the bladder and the arcs of the gills

In order to lay her roe, the female salmon uses her tail fin to excavate a shallow depression, called a redd. An egg yolk is the part of an egg which serves as the Food source for the developing Embryo inside The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body An egg yolk is the part of an egg which serves as the Food source for the developing Embryo inside Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. Roe or hard roe is the fully ripe internal ovaries or egg masses of Fish and certain marine Animals such as Shrimp, Scallop The redd may sometimes contain 5,000 eggs covering 30 square feet (2. 8 m²). ^[2] The eggs usually range from orange to red in color. One or more males will approach the female in her redd, depositing his sperm, or milt, over the roe. ^[3] The female then covers the eggs by disturbing the gravel at the upstream edge of the depression before moving on to make another redd. The female will make as many as 7 redds before her supply of eggs is exhausted. The salmon then die within a few days of spawning. ^[3]

The eggs will hatch into alevin or sac fry. The fry quickly develop into parr with camouflaging vertical stripes. The parr stay for one to three years in their natal stream before becoming smolts which are distinguished by their bright silvery colour with scales that are easily rubbed off. It is estimated that only 10% of all salmon eggs survive long enough to reach this stage. ^[4] The smolt body chemistry changes, allowing them to live in salt water. Smolts spend a portion of their out-migration time in brackish water, where their body chemistry becomes accustomed to osmoregulation in the ocean. Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the Osmotic pressure of bodily fluids to maintain the Homeostasis of the body's Water content that is it keeps

The salmon spend about one to five years (depending on the species) in the open ocean where they will become sexually mature. The adult salmon returns primarily to its natal stream to spawn. When fish return for the first time they are called whitling in the UK and grilse or peel in Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Prior to spawning, depending on the species, the salmon undergoes changes. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. They may grow a hump, develop canine teeth, develop a kype (a pronounced curvature of the jaws in male salmon). All will change from the silvery blue of a fresh run fish from the sea to a darker color. Condition tends to deteriorate the longer the fish remain in freshwater, and they then deteriorate further after they spawn becoming known as kelts. Salmon can make amazing journeys, sometimes moving hundreds of miles upstream against strong currents and rapids to reproduce. Chinook and sockeye salmon from central Idaho, for example, travel over 900 miles (1,400 km) and climb nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m) from the Pacific ocean as they return to spawn.

Each year, the fish experiences a period of rapid growth, often in summer, and one of slower growth, normally in winter. This results in rings (annuli) analogous to the growth rings visible in a tree trunk. Freshwater growth shows as densely crowded rings, sea growth as widely spaced rings; spawning is marked by significant erosion as body mass is converted into eggs and milt.

Freshwater streams and estuaries provide important habitat for many salmon species. They feed on terrestrial and aquatic insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily on other fish when older. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described See also Polyrhachis sokolova, an Australian aquatic ant is not actually an ant Amphipoda (amphipods are an order of animals that includes over 7000 described Species of Shrimp -like Crustaceans ranging from 1 mm to 140 mm Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Eggs are laid in deeper water with larger gravel, and need cool water and good water flow (to supply oxygen) to the developing embryos. Mortality of salmon in the early life stages is usually high due to natural predation and human induced changes in habitat, such as siltation, high water temperatures, low oxygen conditions, loss of stream cover, and reductions in river flow. Estuaries and their associated wetlands provide vital nursery areas for the salmon prior to their departure to the open ocean. An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open A wetland is an area of Land consisting of Soil that is Saturated with Moisture, such as a Swamp, Marsh, or Bog Wetlands not only help buffer the estuary from silt and pollutants, but also provide important feeding and hiding areas. The salmon is eaten almost everywhere in the world.

Salmon as food

Edouard Manet: Still Life with Salmon

Filet of an Atlantic Salmon

Salmon is a popular food. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Consuming salmon is considered to be reasonably healthy due to the fish's high protein, high Omega-3 fatty acids, and high vitamin D^[5] content. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl n −3 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids) are a family of unsaturated Fatty acids that Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or Salmon is also a source of cholesterol, ranging 23–214 mg/100g depending on the species. Cholesterol is a Lipid found in the Cell membranes and transported in the Blood plasma of all Animals It is an essential component of mammalian ^[6] According to reports in the journal Science, however, farmed salmon may contain high levels of dioxins. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific Not to be confused with Dioxane or Digoxin. Dioxin is a heterocyclic, organic, antiaromatic compound PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) levels may be up to eight times higher in farmed salmon than in wild salmon. Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB s are a class of Organic compounds with 1 to 10 Chlorine atoms attached to Biphenyl which is a molecule composed Omega-3 content may also be lower than in wild caught individuals, and in a different proportion to what is found naturally. Omega 3 comes in three types, ALA, DHA and EPA; wild salmon has traditionally been an important source of DHA and EPA, which are important for brain function and structure, among other things. α -Linolenic acid ( ALA) is an organic compound found in many common vegetable oils. Docosahexaenoic acid (commonly known as DHA; 226(ω-3 all-cis -docosa-4710131619-hexa- enoic acid Trivial name cervonic Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or also icosapentaenoic acid is an Omega-3 fatty acid. This means that if the farmed salmon is fed on a meal which is partially grain then the amount of Omega 3 it contains will be present as ALA (Linoleic acid). The body can itself convert ALA Omega 3 into DHA and EPA, but at a very inefficient rate (2–15%). Nonetheless, according to a 2006 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the benefits of eating even farmed salmon still outweigh any risks imposed by contaminants [1]. Type of Omega 3 present may not be a factor for other important health functions. A simple rule of thumb is that the vast majority of Atlantic salmon available on the world market are farmed (greater than 99%), whereas the majority of Pacific salmon are wild-caught (greater than 80%). A rule of thumb is a principle with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable for every situation Atlantic salmon, known scientifically as Salmo salar, is a species of Fish in the family Salmonidae, which is found in the northern The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Farmed salmon outnumber wild salmon 85 to 1. ^[7]

Raw salmon sashimi

Salmon flesh is generally orange to red in colour, although there are some examples of white fleshed wild salmon. Sashimi ( IPA: /'saɕimi/ 刺身 is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of very fresh raw Seafood, sliced into thin pieces about 2 The natural colour of salmon results from carotenoid pigments, largely astaxanthin (E161j), in the flesh. Carotenoids are organic Pigments that are naturally occurring in Chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic Organisms Astaxanthin (pronounced as-tuh-zan'-thin is a Carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of Phytochemicals known as Terpenes It is classified as a ^[8] Wild salmon get these carotenoids from eating krill and other tiny shellfish. Krill are a type of Shrimp -like marine Invertebrate animal These small Crustaceans are important organisms of the Zooplankton, particularly Shellfish is a Culinary and Fisheries term for those aquatic Invertebrate animals that are used as Food: various species of molluscs Because consumers have shown a reluctance to purchase white fleshed salmon, astaxanthin, and very minutely canthaxanthin (E161g)), are added as artificial colorants to the feed of farmed salmon because prepared diets do not naturally contain these pigments. Canthaxanthin is a Carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature In most cases the astaxanthin is made chemically; alternatively it is extracted from shrimp flour. Another possibility is the use of dried red yeast, which provides the same pigment. However, synthetic mixtures are the least expensive option. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant that stimulates the development of healthy fish nervous systems and that enhances the fish's fertility and growth rate. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules The nervous system is a Network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself Research has revealed canthaxanthin may have negative effects on the human eye, accumulating in the retina at high levels of consumption. Canthaxanthin is a Carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature ^[8] Today the concentration of carotenoids (mainly canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) exceeds 8 mg/kg of flesh and all fish producers try to reach a level that represents a value of 16 on the "Roche Color Card", a colour card used to show how pink the fish will appear at specific doses. This scale is specific for measuring the pink colour due to astaxanthin and is not for the orange hue obtained with canthaxanthin. The development of processing and storage operations, which can be detrimental on canthaxanthin flesh concentration, has led to an increased quantity of pigments added to the diet to compensate for the degrading effects of the processing. In wild fish, carotenoid levels of up to 20–25 mg are present, but levels of canthaxanthin are, in contrast, minor. ^[8]

Canned salmon in the U. S. is usually wild Pacific catch, though some farmed salmon is available in canned form. Smoked salmon is another popular preparation method, and can either be hot or cold smoked. Smoked salmon is a preparation of Salmon, typically a fillet that has been cured and then hot or cold smoked. Smoking is the process of flavoring, Cooking, or preserving Food by exposing it to the Smoke from burning or smoldering plant materials Lox can refer either to cold smoked salmon or to salmon cured in a brine solution (also called gravlax). Lox is Salmon fillet that has been cured. In its most popular form it is thinly sliced&mdashless than in thickness&mdashand typically served on a Gravlax or gravad lax ( Swedish, Danish) gravlaks ( Norwegian) graavilohi ( Finnish) graflax ( Traditional canned salmon includes some skin (which is harmless) and bone (which adds calcium). Skinless and boneless canned salmon is also available.

Raw salmon flesh may contain Anisakis nematodes, marine parasites that cause Anisakiasis. Anisakis is a Genus of Parasitic Nematodes which have a life cycle involving Fish and Marine mammals They are infective The nematodes or roundworms ( Phylum Nematoda from Greek (nema "thread" + -ode "like" are one of the most common Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. Anisakis is a Genus of Parasitic Nematodes which have a life cycle involving Fish and Marine mammals They are infective Before the availability of refrigeration, the Japanese did not consume raw salmon. Refrigeration is the process of removing Heat from an enclosed space or from a substance and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Salmon and salmon roe have only recently come into use in making sashimi (raw fish) and sushi. Roe or hard roe is the fully ripe internal ovaries or egg masses of Fish and certain marine Animals such as Shrimp, Scallop Sashimi ( IPA: /'saɕimi/ 刺身 is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of very fresh raw Seafood, sliced into thin pieces about 2 In Japanese cuisine, is Vinegared Rice, usually topped with other ingredients including fish various meats and vegetables

Poached salmon	White Alaskan Salmon	Salmon roe at the Shiogama seafood market in Japan	Ovary of the salmon was opened and loosened
Salad with ham and smoked salmon	Salmon in marinade	Grilled salmon	Salmon for sale

Environmental pressures

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Salmon die shortly after spawning. Poaching is the process of gently Simmering food in liquid generally Water, stock or Wine. Marination, also known as marinating, is the process of soaking foods in a seasoned often acidic liquid before cooking There are multiple varieties of grills, with most falling into one of two categories Gas - Fueled and Charcoal. Commercial fishing, also known as industrial fishing, is the activity of capturing Fish and other Seafood for commercial Profit, mostly The anchovies are a family ( Engraulidae) of small common salt-water fish Catfish ( order Siluriformes) are a very diverse group of bony Fish. Cod is the common name for the Genus Gadus of Fish, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name of a variety The Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, is a well-known Demersal food fish belonging to the family Gadidae. True eels ( Anguilliformes) are an order of Fish, which consists of four suborders 19 families 110 Genera and approximately 600 The Eel is a long thin bony fish of the order Anguilliformes. A halibut is a type of Flatfish Herring are small Oily fish of the genus Clupea found in the shallow temperate waters of the North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the North Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of Fish, mostly but not exclusively from the family Scombridae. Pollock (or pollack, pronounced the same and listed first in most UK and US dictionaries is the common name used for either of the two Species of marine Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. For the hide and seek-like game see Hide and seek. Sardines, or pilchards, are a group of several types of small Oily The soles are Flatfishes of various families Generally speaking they are the members of the family Soleidae, but outside Europe, the name 'sole' is also Sturgeon is the Common name used for some 26 species of fish in the family Acipenseridae, including the genera Acipenser, The white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus, meaning "sturgeon beyond the mountains" also known as the Pacific sturgeon, Oregon sturgeon Tilapia (təˌlɑpiə is the common name for nearly a hundred Species of Cichlid Fishes from the Tilapiine cichlid tribe The Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides is a fish found Tuna, are several Species of ocean-dwelling Fish in the family Scombridae, mostly in the genus Thunnus. Turbot ( family Scophthalmidae order Pleuronectiformes) are Flatfish native to marine or Brackish waters of the North This article is concerned with whitebait as the juvenile of various species of fish around the world for other uses of the term see Whitebait (disambiguation. The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking culturing processing preserving storing transporting marketing or selling fish or fish products For the fishing industry and the practice of fishing see Fishing. This one was photographed at a spawning site along Eagle Creek in Oregon. Eagle Creek is a creek in Hood River County, Oregon, United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

Many wild Salmon stocks have seen a marked decline in recent decades, especially north Atlantic populations which spawn in western European and eastern Canadian waters, and wild salmon of the Snake and Columbia River systems in the Northwest USA. The causes of these declines likely include a number of factors, among them:

• Disease transfer from open net cage salmon farming, especially sea lice. A sea louse (plural sea lice) is a name given to any oceanic stinging Larvae, which includes many juvenile Cnidarians (notably Linuche unguiculata The European Commission (2002) concluded “The reduction of wild salmonid abundance is also linked to other factors but there is more and more scientific evidence establishing a direct link between the number of lice-infested wild fish and the presence of cages in the same estuary. ”^[9] It is reported that wild salmon on the west coast of Canada are being driven to extinction by sea lice from nearby salmon farms. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. A sea louse (plural sea lice) is a name given to any oceanic stinging Larvae, which includes many juvenile Cnidarians (notably Linuche unguiculata ^[10]
• Overfishing in general but especially commercial netting in the Faroes and Greenland. The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the
• Ocean and river warming which can delay spawning and accelerate transition to smolting.
• Ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) infections of the 1970s and 1980s which severely affected adult salmon in freshwater rivers. Ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN is a chronic dermatological disease of cold water Salmonid fish that had a severe impact on north Atlantic Salmon and sea trout
• Loss of suitable freshwater habitat, especially degradation of stream pools and reduction of suitable material for the excavation of redds. A stream pool, in Hydrology, is a stretch of a River or creek in which the water depth is above average and the stream velocity is quite low Historically stream pools were, to a large extent, created by beavers. With the extirpation of the beaver, the nurturing function of these ponds was lost. Beavers are two primarily nocturnal semi-aquatic species of Rodent, one native to North America and one to Europe
• Reduction of the retention of the nutrients brought by the returning adult salmon in stream pools. Without stream pools, dead adult salmon tend to be washed straight back down the streams and rivers.
• The construction of dams, weirs, barriers and other "flood prevention" measures, which bring severe adverse impacts to river habitat and on the accessibility of those habitats to salmon. This is particularly true in the northwest USA, where large numbers of dams have been built in many river systems, including over 400 in the Columbia River Basin.
• Loss of invertebrate diversity and population density in rivers because of modern farming methods and various sources of pollution, thus reducing food availability. A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in
• Reduction in freshwater base flow in rivers and disruption of seasonal flows, because of diversions and extractions, hydroelectric power generation, irrigation schemes, and slackwater reservoirs, which inhibit normal migratory processes and increase predation for salmon. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops

There are efforts to relieve this situation. As such, several governments and NGOs are sharing in research and habitat restoration efforts.

• NOAA's Office of Protected Resources maintains a list of Endangered Species, the Endangered Species Act
• Sweden has generated a protection program as part of its Biodiversity Action Plan
• State of Salmon maintains an IUCN redlist of endangered salmon
• The Kamchatka Peninsula, in the Russian Far East, contains the world's greatest salmon sanctuary. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA) is a scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce focused on the conditions of the The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( et seq or ESA is the most wide-ranging of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. This article is about a conservation biology topic For other uses of BAP see BAP (disambiguation. Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i
• Bear Lake, Alaska, is the site of salmon enhancement activities since 1962. Bear Lake (one of a dozen Lakes by this name in Alaska is near the town of Seward and Resurrection Bay, in the Kenai Peninsula Borough Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent ^[11]

Salmon and beavers

Beavers' ponds may provide critical habitat for juvenile salmon. Beavers are two primarily nocturnal semi-aquatic species of Rodent, one native to North America and one to Europe An example of this was seen in the years following 1818 in the Columbia River Basin. In 1818, the British government made an agreement with the U. S. government to allow U. S. citizens access to the Columbia catchment (see Treaty of 1818). The Convention respecting fisheries boundary and the restoration of slaves between the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, also known as the At the time, the Hudson's Bay Company sent word to trappers to extirpate all furbearers from the area in an effort to make the area less attractive. The activity of animal trapping has two separate but related meanings In response to the elimination of beavers from large parts of the river system, salmon runs plummeted, even in the absence of many of the factors usually associated with the demise of salmon runs. Salmon recruitment can be effected by beavers' dams because dams can:^[12][13][14]

• Slow the rate at which nutrients are flushed from the system; nutrients provided by adult salmon dying throughout the fall and winter remain available in the spring to newly-hatched juveniles
• Provide deeper water pools where young salmon can avoid avian predators
• Increase productivity through photosynthesis and by enhancing the conversion efficiency of the cellulose-powered detritus cycle
• Create low-energy environments where juvenile salmon put the food they ingest into growth rather than into fighting currents
• Increase structural complexity with many physical niches where salmon can avoid predators

Beavers' dams are able to nurture salmon juveniles in Estuarine tidal marshes where the salinity is less than 10ppm. Beavers build small dams of generally less than 2 feet (0. 61 m) high in channels in the Myrtle zone. These dams can be overtopped at high tide and hold water at low tide. This provides refuges for juvenile salmon so they don't have to swim into large channels where they are subject to predation. ^[15]

Aquaculture

Artificially-incubated chum salmon

Salmon aquaculture is the major economic contributor to the world production of farmed fin-fish, representing over $1 billion US annually. Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including Molluscs Crustaceans and aquatic plants Other commonly cultured fish species include: tilapia, catfish, sea bass, carp, bream, and trout. Tilapia (təˌlɑpiə is the common name for nearly a hundred Species of Cichlid Fishes from the Tilapiine cichlid tribe Catfish ( order Siluriformes) are a very diverse group of bony Fish. Sea bass refers to many fish species of various families including Black sea bass ( Centropristis striata, in the family Serranidae) Carp is a common name for various Freshwater Fish of the family Cyprinidae, a very large Bream is a general term for a number of species of Freshwater and marine Fish, mainly but not exhaustively drawn from the genera Trout is the common name given to a number of Species of Freshwater Fish belonging to the Salmonidae family Salmon farming is very big in Chile, Norway, Scotland, Canada and the Faroe Islands, and is the source for most salmon consumed in America and Europe. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse Atlantic salmon are also, in very small volumes, farmed in Russia, Tasmania, Australia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Salmon are carnivorous and are currently fed a meal produced from catching other wild fish and other marine organisms. A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting Consequently, as the number of farmed salmon increase, so does the demand for other fish to feed the salmon. Work continues on substituting vegetable proteins for animal proteins in the salmon diet. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Unfortunately though, this substitution results in lower levels of the highly valued Omega-3 content in the farmed product. n −3 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−3 fatty acids or omega-3 fatty acids) are a family of unsaturated Fatty acids that Intensive salmon farming now uses open net cages which have low production costs but have the drawback of allowing disease and sea lice to spread to local wild salmon stocks. A sea louse (plural sea lice) is a name given to any oceanic stinging Larvae, which includes many juvenile Cnidarians (notably Linuche unguiculata

On a dry-dry basis, it takes 2-4 kg of wild caught fish to produce one kg of salmon. ^[16] Salmon farms (feed lots actually, as there is no farming involved) introduce levels of untreated sewage into the ocean that has already been outlawed for sea side communities. This detritus is thought to contribute to toxic algal blooms and also has negative affects on local benthic communities. An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of Algae in an aquatic system

Another form of salmon production, which is safer but less controllable, is to raise salmon in hatcheries until they are old enough to become independent. For the third season episode of Star Trek Enterprise, see " Hatchery (Star Trek Enterprise " They are then released into rivers, often in an attempt to increase the salmon population. This practice was very common in countries like Sweden before the Norwegians developed salmon farming, but is seldom done by private companies, as anyone may catch the salmon when they return to spawn, limiting a company's chances of benefiting financially from their investment. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Because of this, the method has mainly been used by various public authorities as a way of artificially increasing salmon populations in situations where they have declined due to overharvest, construction of dams, and habitat destruction or disruption. Unfortunately, there can be negative consequences to this sort of population manipulation, including genetic "dilution" of the wild stocks, and many jurisdictions are now beginning to discourage supplemental fish planting in favour of harvest controls and habitat improvement and protection. A variant method of fish stocking, called ocean ranching, is under development in Alaska. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent There, the young salmon are released into the ocean far from any wild salmon streams. When it is time for them to spawn, they return to where they were released where fishermen can then catch them.

An alternative method to hatcheries is to use spawning channels. These are artificial streams, usually parallel to an existing stream with cement or rip-rap sides and gravel bottoms. Water from the adjacent stream is piped into the top of the channel, sometimes via a header pond to settle out sediment. Spawning success is often much better in channels than in adjacent streams due to the control of floods which in some years can wash out the natural redds. Because of the lack of floods, spawning channels must sometimes be cleaned out to remove accumulated sediment. The same floods which destroy natural redds also clean them out. Spawning channels preserve the natural selection of natural streams as there is no temptation, as in hatcheries, to use propholactic chemicals to control diseases.

Farm raised salmon are fed the dye astaxanthin (3,3'-hydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione), a carotenoid pigment, so that their flesh color matches wild salmon. Astaxanthin (pronounced as-tuh-zan'-thin is a Carotenoid. It belongs to a larger class of Phytochemicals known as Terpenes It is classified as a ^[17]

Diseases and parasites affecting wild salmon

Henneguya salminicola, a protozoan parasite commonly found in the flesh of salmonids on the West Coast of Canada

According to Canadian biologist Dr. Dorothy Kieser, protozoan parasite Henneguya salminicola is commonly found in the flesh of salmonids. Henneguya zschokkei is species of a myxosporean Parasite of certain species of Salmons of genus Oncorhynchus. It has been recorded in the field samples of salmon returning to Queen Charlotte Island streams. The fish responds by walling off the parasitic infection into a number of cysts that contain milky fluid. This fluid is an accumulation of a large number of parasites.

Henneguya and other parasites in the myxosporean group have a complex lifecycle where the salmon is one of two hosts. The fish releases the spores after spawning. In the Henneguya case, the spores enter a second host, most likely an invertebrate, in the spawning stream. When juvenile salmon out-migrate to the Pacific Ocean, the second host releases a stage infective to salmon. The parasite is then carried in the salmon until the next spawning cycle. The myxosporean parasite that causes whirling disease in trout has a similar lifecycle. ^[18] However, as opposed to whirling disease, the Henneguya infestation does not appear to cause disease in the host salmon - even heavily infected fish tend to return to spawn successfully.

According to Dr. Kieser, a lot of work on Henneguya salminicola was done by scientists at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo in the mid-1980, in particular, an overview report ^[19] which states that "the fish that have the longest fresh water residence time as juveniles have the most noticeable infections. Hence in order of prevalence coho are most infected followed by sockeye, chinook, chum and pink. " As well, the report says that, at the time the studies were conducted, stocks from the middle and upper reaches of large river systems in British Columbia such as Fraser, Skeena, Nass and from mainland coastal streams in the southern half of B. C. "are more likely to have a low prevalence of infection. " The report also states "It should be stressed that Henneguya, economically deleterious though it is, is harmless from the view of public health. It is strictly a fish parasite that cannot live in or affect warm blooded animals, including man".

According to Klaus Schallie, Molluscan Shellfish Program Specialist with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, "Henneguya salminicola is found in southern B. C. also and in all species of salmon. I have previously examined smoked chum salmon sides that were riddled with cysts and some sockeye runs in Barkley Sound (southern B. C. , west coast of Vancouver Island) are noted for their high incidence of infestation. "

As noted above, the Lepeophtheirus salmonis, a sea louse, causes deadly infestations of farm-grown and wild salmon. A sea louse (plural sea lice) is a name given to any oceanic stinging Larvae, which includes many juvenile Cnidarians (notably Linuche unguiculata On the Pacific coast of Canada, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon is commonly over 80%. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions ^[10]

Species

The various species of salmon have many names, and varying behaviors.

Atlantic Ocean species

Atlantic salmon

Atlantic ocean species belong to the genus Salmo. See Salmo British Columbia for the Canadian village of the same name They include,

• Atlantic salmon or Salmon (Salmo salar), is the species after which all the others are named. Atlantic salmon, known scientifically as Salmo salar, is a species of Fish in the family Salmonidae, which is found in the northern

Pacific Ocean species

Pacific species belong to the genus Oncorhynchus, some examples include;

• Cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus masu or O. Oncorhynchus is a Genus of in the family Salmonidae; it contains the Pacific Salmons and Pacific Trouts Seema, also sima and sema ( Russian сима Japanese サクラマス or ヤマメ Japanese salmon, Masu salmon, or masou) is found only in the western Pacific Ocean in Japan, Korea and Russia and also landlocked in central Taiwan's Chi Chia Wan Stream. ^[20]
• Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is also known in the USA as King or Blackmouth Salmon, and as Spring Salmon in British Columbia. Chinook are the largest of all Pacific salmon, frequently exceeding 30 lb (14 kg). ^[21]The name Tyee means Chinook over 30 pounds in British Columbia.
• Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is known as Dog or Calico salmon in some parts of the USA. Keta redirects here Keta can also refer to a character from the Myst franchise. This species has the widest geographic range of the Pacific species:^[22] south to the Sacramento River in California in the eastern Pacific and the island of Kyūshū in the Sea of Japan in the western Pacific; north to the Mackenzie River in Canada in the east and to the Lena River in Siberia in the west. The Sacramento River is the longest River entirely within the U or Kyushu is the third-largest Island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. The Sea of Japan is a Marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by Japan, Korea, North Korea and Russia The Mackenzie River (Fleuve Mackenzie originates in Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories, and flows north into the Arctic Ocean.
• Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is also known in the USA as Silver salmon. The Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, (from the Russian кижуч kizhuch) is a Species of Anadromous Fish This species is found throughout the coastal waters of Alaska and British Columbia and up most clear-running streams and rivers.
• Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), known as humpies in south east Alaska, are found from northern California and Korea, throughout the northern Pacific, and from the Mackenzie River in Canada to the Lena River in Siberia, usually in shorter coastal streams. Pink salmon or humpback salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, (from a Russian name for this species gorbuscha--горбуша is a Species of anadromous Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The Mackenzie River (Fleuve Mackenzie originates in Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories, and flows north into the Arctic Ocean. It is the smallest of the Pacific species, with an average weight of 3. 5 lb (1. 6 kg) to 4 lb (1. 8 kg). ^[23]
• Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) is known in the USA as Red salmon. Sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka) also called red salmon or blueback salmon, is an Anadromous Species of Salmon ^[24] This lake-rearing species is found south as far as the Klamath River in California in the eastern Pacific and northern Hokkaidō Island in Japan in the western Pacific and as far north as Bathurst Inlet in the Canadian Arctic in the east and the Anadyr River in Siberia in the west. The Klamath River ( Ishkêesh in Karuk) approximately long is a major River in southern Oregon and northern California in the California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. WikipediaWikiProject Japanese prefectures for guidelines --> formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan 's For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Bathurst Inlet is a deep inlet located along the northern coast of the Canadian mainland into which the Burnside and Western Rivers empty Northern Canada is the vast Northernmost Region of Canada variously defined by Geography and Politics. Anadyr (Ана́дырь is a River in the extreme northeast of Siberia, Russian Federation. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Although most adult Pacific salmon feed on small fish, shrimp and squid; sockeye feed on plankton that they filter through gill rakers. Plankton consist of any drifting Organisms ( Animals Plants Archaea, or Bacteria) that inhabit the Pelagic zone of ^[3]
• Steelhead or Steelhead trout or Rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss) are river spawners, usually found in the same rivers that produce chinook, especially the Columbia, Snake, Skeena, and other large rivers on the Pacific Coast. The rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of Salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America Steelhead have also been introduced into some rivers surrounding the Laurentian Great Lakes. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border.

Other species

• Land-locked salmon (Salmo salar sebago) live in a number of lakes in eastern North America. This subspecies of Atlantic Salmon is non-migratory, even when access to the sea is not barred. In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species.
• Kokanee salmon is a land-locked form of sockeye salmon.
• Huchen or Danube salmon (Hucho hucho), the largest permanent fresh water salmonid

Salmon in mythology

In Irish mythology, the hero Fionn mac Cumhaill, leader of the Fianna, gained powers of perception from a salmon. The huchen or Danube salmon ( Hucho hucho) is a Species of Freshwater Fish in the Salmon family (family The Mythology of pre-Christian Ireland did not entirely survive the conversion to Christianity, but much of it was preserved shorn of its religious meanings Fionn mac Cumhaill (ˈɸʲiːn̪ˠ mˠak ˈkũw̃aːlʲ in Irish, ˈfɪn mə ˈkuːl in English) (earlier Finn or Find mac Cumail or mac In early Ireland, fianna (singular fian) were small semi-independent warrior bands who lived apart from society in the forests as The young Fionn met the poet Finegas near the river Boyne and studied under him. Finn Eces ( Finneces, Finegas, Finnegas) is a legendary Irish poet and sage according to the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology Finegas had spent seven years trying to catch the salmon of knowledge which lived in a pool on the Boyne, for whoever ate the salmon would gain all the knowledge in the world. The Salmon of Wisdom or Salmon of Knowledge ( bradán feasa) is a creature figuring in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology. Eventually he caught it and told the boy to cook it for him. While cooking it Fionn burst a blister on the salmon's skin, burning his thumb, and instinctively put his thumb in his mouth, swallowing a piece of the salmon's skin. This imbued him with the salmon's wisdom. ^[25]

The salmon is also one of the incarnations of both Tuan mac Cairill^[26] and Fintan mac Bóchra^[27]. In Irish mythology Tuan mac Cairill was a follower of Partholon who alone survived the plague that killed the rest of his people In Irish mythology Fintan mac Bóchra, known as "the Wise" was a seer who accompanied Noah 's granddaughter Cessair to Ireland before

In Welsh mythology, the salmon of Llyn Llyw is the oldest animal in the world. Welsh mythology, the remnants of the Mythology of the pre Christian Britons, has come down to us in much altered form in medieval Welsh manuscripts King Arthur and his knights are charged with finding Mabon ap Modron, and consult several animals—an ousel, a stag, an owl and an eagle—before finding the salmon, who lets Cai and Bedwyr ride its back to the walls of Mabon's prison in Gloucester. In Welsh mythology, Mabon ("divine son" was the son of Modron ("divine mother" A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. ^[28]

In Norse mythology, when Loki, god of mischief and strife, tricked Hod the blind god into killing Baldr, god of beauty and light, Loki jumped into a river and transformed himself into a salmon in order to escape punishment from the other gods. Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland In Cryptography, LOKI89 and LOKI91 are Block ciphers designed as possible replacements for the Data Encryption Standard (DES Höðr (often anglicized as Hod) is the brother of Baldr in Norse mythology. In Old Norse, áss (or ǫ́ss ás, plural æsir, feminine ásynja, feminine plural ásynjur) is the term denoting one of the principal When they held out a net to trap him he attempted to leap over it but was caught by Thor who grabbed him by the tail with his hand, and this is why the salmon's tail is tapered. Thor ( Old Norse: Þórr) is the red-haired and bearded God of Thunder in Germanic paganism and its subset Norse paganism ^[29]

Salmon are central to Native American mythology on the Pacific coast, from the Haida to the Nootka. Like other religions Native American belief systems include many sacred narratives The Haida (19th C-early 20th C Indigenous nation of the west coast of North America.

References

Durham Ranger, a classic design of salmon fly used in the sport of fly fishing. Artificial fly is an Angling term closely associated with the sport of Fly fishing although artificial flies may be used in other forms of angling Fly fishing is a distinct and ancient Angling method most renowned as a method for catching Trout and Salmon, but employed today for a wide variety of

External links

• The Salmon 2100 Project An unbiased collaboration on the outlook for wild pacific salmon
• University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Salmon Collection A collection of documents describing salmon of the Pacific Northwest. The Fenian Cycle or Fiannaidheacht (modern Irish Fiannaíocht) also known as the Fionn Cycle, Finn Cycle, Fianna Cycle, Finnian Oisín ( Old Irish, pronounced /ˈɔʃiːnʲ/ or roughly "ush-een" often anglicized to Ossian) son of Fionn mac Cumhail and of Sadb (daughter Culhwch and Olwen ( Culhwch ac Olwen) is a Welsh tale about a hero connected with Arthur and his warriors that survives in only two manuscripts The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda ( Snorra Edda) or simply Edda, is an Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician
• Salmon-omics: Effect of Pacific Decadal Oscillation on Alaskan Chinook Harvests and Market Price, Kevin Ho, Columbia University, 2005.
• Alaska Department of Fish & Game Salmon Species Descriptions
• Tribal Salmon Restoration Plan
• Cholesterol content in salmon
• Save Our Wild Salmon Coalition a non-profit union of over 50 organizations and 6 million members working to restore wild salmon in the Pacific NW, especially the Columbia/Snake basins.
• Think Salmon A salmon sustainability and awareness effort
• Wild Salmon Center
• SalmonFund.org A registered non-profit for sustainable development of salmon habitat in the Pacific Northwest.
• Salmon Nation A movement to create a bioregional community, based on the historic spawning area of Pacific salmon (CA to AK).
• One Hour Radio Broadcast on Farmed Salmon in British Columbia, Canada - Kootenay Co-op Radio's Deconstructing Dinner program
• Is Something Fishy Going On? by Linda Joyce Forristal, worldandi. com, 2003 - Salmon specific.
• Is Something Fishy Going On? by Judith E. Foulke, FDA Consumer, September 1993 - General talk on consumer fraud in the fish industry, with a section on salmon coloring.
• Effects of Salmon on the skin disorder Acne
• History of Salmon Canning in British Columbia
• Speaking for the Salmon, Simon Fraser University
• World Summit on Salmon, Simon Fraser University
• Salmon fossils dated to 1 million years
• NASCO, North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
• Genetic Status of Atlantic Salmon in Maine: Interim Report (2002) online book
• U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 21CFR161 Fish and Shellfish
• [2]

Further reading

• Atlas of Pacific Salmon, Xanthippe Augerot and the State of the Salmon Consortium, University of California Press, 2005, hardcover, 152 pages, ISBN 0-520-24504-0
• Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis, Joseph E. Taylor III, University of Washington Press, 1999, 488 pages, ISBN 0-295-98114-8
• Trout and Salmon of North America, Robert J. Behnke, Illustrated by Joseph R. Tomelleri, The Free Press, 2002, hardcover, 359 pages, ISBN 0-7432-2220-2
• Come back, salmon, By Molly Cone, Sierra Club Books, 48 pages, ISBN 0-87156-572-2 - A book for juveniles describes the restoration of 'Pigeon Creek'.
• The salmon: their fight for survival, By Anthony Netboy, 1973, Houghton Mifflin Co. , 613 pages, ISBN 0-395-14013-7
• A River Lost, by Blaine Harden, 1996, WW Norton Co. , 255 pages, ISBN 0-393-31690-4. (Historical view of the Columbia River system).
• River of Life, Channel of Death, by Keith C. Peterson, 1995, Confluence Press, 306 pages, ISBN 978-0870714962. (Fish and dams on the Lower Snake river. )
• Salmon, by Dr Peter Coates, 2006, ISBN 1861892950
• NEWS January 31, 2007: U.S. Orders Modification of Klamath River - Dams Removal May Prove More Cost-Effective for allowing the passage of Salmon
• Salmon age and sex composition and mean lengths for the Yukon River area, 2004 / by Shawna Karpovich and Larry DuBois. Hosted by Alaska State Publications Program.
• Trading Tails: Linkages Between Russian Salmon Fisheries and East Asian Markets. Shelley Clarke. (November 2007). 120pp. ISBN 978 1 85850 230 4.