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This article is about the Salish/Salishan language. For the Tacoma, Washington, neighbourhood, see Salishan, Tacoma, Washington. Salishan is a diverse but impoverished neighbourhood of Tacoma Washington, originally created as World War II housing project

The Salishan (also Salish) languages are a group of languages of western Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Pacific Northwest is a region in the northwest of North America (the term refers to the land not the ocean The United States of America —commonly referred to as the They are characterised by agglutinativity and astonishing consonant clusters—for instance the Nuxálk word xłp̓x̣ʷłtłpłłskʷc̓ (IPA: [xɬpʼχʷɬtɬpɬːskʷʦʼ]) meaning "he had had a bunchberry plant" has 13 consonants in a row with no vowels. In Linguistics, agglutination is the morphological process ofadding Affixes to the base of a Word. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal Nuxálk (also Bella Coola) is a Salishan language spoken in the vicinity of the Canadian town Bella Coola British Columbia by approximately

Pre-contact distribution of Salishan languages (in red)
Pre-contact distribution of Salishan languages (in red)

The terms Salish and Salishan are used interchangeably by Salishan linguists and anthropologists. The name Salish is actually the autonym of Flathead Nation. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation are the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles Tribes The name was later extended by linguists to refer to other related languages. Many languages do not have self-designations and instead have specific names for local dialects as the local group was more important culturally than larger tribal relations.

All Salishan languages are endangered—some extremely so with only three or four speakers left. An endangered language is a Language that it is at risk of falling out of use generally because it has few surviving speakers Practically all languages only have speakers who are over sixty years of age, and many languages only have speakers over eighty.

Contents

Family division

The Salishan language family consists of twenty-three languages. Below is a list of Salishan languages, dialects, and sub-dialects. This list is a linguistic classification that may not correspond to political divisions. Many Salishan groups consider their variety of speech to be a separate language rather than a dialect. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of

Flathead Indians (1903)
Flathead Indians (1903)

I. Bella Coola

1. Nuxálk (a. Nuxálk (also Bella Coola) is a Salishan language spoken in the vicinity of the Canadian town Bella Coola British Columbia by approximately k. a. Bella Coola, Salmon River)

II. Nuxálk (also Bella Coola) is a Salishan language spoken in the vicinity of the Canadian town Bella Coola British Columbia by approximately Coast Salish

A. Coast Salish refers to a cultural or ethnographic designation of a subgroup of the First Nations or Native American cultures in British Columbia, Central Coast Salish (a. k. a. Central Salish)
2. Comox
  • Comox (a. This article refers to the Comox people For other uses please see the disambiguation page at Comox. k. a. Qʼómox̣ʷs)
  • Sliammon (Homalco-Klahoose-Sliammon) (a. Tla A' minThe Sliammon First Nation (Tla A' min is a First Nations government located on the upper Sunshine Coast in southwestern British Columbia, k. a. ʔayʔaǰúθəm)
3. Halkomelem
Island (a. Halkomelem (also Halq'eméylem, Hul'qumi'num', and Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm') is a Coast Salishan language of the First Nations k. a. Hulʼq̱ʼumiʼnumʼ, həl̕q̓əmín̓əm̓)
Downriver (a. The Snuneymuxw First Nation (pronounced) is the Band government of the Snuneymux of west-central Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. k. a. Hunqʼumʔiʔnumʔ)
Upriver (a. The Katzie Nation are based in Pitt Meadows BC and on Barnston Island and at Yorkson Creek in Langley British Columbia. The Musqueam Indian Band is a First Nations government in the Canadian province of British Columbia, and is the only Indian band whose reserve lies within k. a. Upper Sto:lo, Halqʼəméyləm)
4. The Sts'Ailes are a First Nations people in the Lower Mainland of the Canadian province of British Columbia. Lushootseed (a. Lushootseed (also xʷəlšucid, dxʷləšúcid, Puget Salish, Puget Sound Salish, Skagit-Nisqually) is the language or Dialect k. a. Puget Salish, Skagit-Nisqually, Dxʷləšúcid)
Northern
  • Skagit (a. Skagit (pronounced /ˈskæʤɪt/ or approximately "skajit" refers to two groups of Native American people living in the state of Washington, the Upper k. a. Skaǰət)
  • Snohomish (a. Snohomish is the name of a Tribe of Native Americans who reside around the Puget Sound area of Washington, north of Seattle. k. a. Sduhubš)
Southern
  • Duwamish-Suquamish (a. The Duwamish tribe (dxʷdɐwʔabʃ in Lushootseed is a Native American tribe in western Washington, and the indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle. k. a. Dxʷduʔabš)
  • Puyallup (a. The Puyallup are a Native American tribe from western Washington state U k. a. Spuyaləpubš)
  • Nisqually (a. For other uses see Nisqually. Nisqually is a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United k. a. Sqʷaliʔabš)
5. Noxws'a7aq (a. k. a. Nooksack ɬə́čələsəm, ɬə́čælosəm) (†)
6. Pentlatch (a. The Pentlatch or Puntlatch or Puntledge language is a Salishan language that was spoken on Canada 's Vancouver Island in a small area k. a. Pənƛ̕áč) (†)
7. Sháshíshálh (a. The Sháshíshálh language, also called Shashishalhem and the Sechelt language, is a Coast Salish language spoken by the Shishalh (Sechelt k. a. Sechelt, Seshelt, Shashishalhem, šášíšáɬəm)
8. Sḵwxwú7mesh snichim (a. The Sḵwx̱wú7mesh language (also called Squamish; in Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, meaning "Sḵwx̱wú7mesh language" is of k. a. Squamish, Sqwxwu7mish, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, sqʷx̣ʷúʔməš)
i. Straits Salish group (a. k. a. Straits)
9. Klallam (a. Klallam or Clallam ( native name: Nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən is a nearly extinct Straits Salishan language that was traditionally spoken by k. a. Clallam, Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən)
  • Becher Bay
  • Eastern
  • Western
10. Northern Straits (a. North Straits Salish is a Salishan language which includes the dialects of Lummi, Samish, Saanich, k. a. Straits)
  • Lummi (a. k. a. Xwlemiʼchosen, xʷləmiʔčósən) (†)
  • Saanich (a. k. a. SENĆOŦEN, sənčáθən, sénəčqən)
  • Samish (a. The Samish are a Native American tribe who live in the US state of Washington. k. a. Siʔneməš)
  • Semiahmoo (a. Semiahmoo may refer to Semiahmoo Bay, south-eastern section of Boundary Bay that crosses the US-Canada border near White Rock British Columbia k. a. Tah-tu-lo) (†)
  • Sooke (a. Sooke is an incorporated district municipality situated on the southern tip of Vancouver Island, Canada. k. a. Tʼsou-ke, c̓awk) (†)
  • Songhees (a. The Songhees or Songish, also known as the Lekwungen or Lekungen, are an indigenous North American Coast Salish people who reside on southeastern k. a. Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ) (†)
11. Twana (a. Skokomish, also known as the Twana, are a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. k. a. Skokomish, Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq, Tuwáduqutšad) (†)
  • Quilcene
  • Skokomish (a. Quilcene is a Census-designated place (CDP in Jefferson County, Washington, United States. Skokomish, also known as the Twana, are a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. k. a. Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq)
B. Tsamosan (a. k. a. Olympic)
i. Inland
12. Cowlitz (a. The Cowlitz are a group of Native American peoples from what is now western Washington state in the United States. k. a. Lower Cowlitz, Sƛ̕púlmš) (†)
13. Upper Chehalis (a. Chehalis (tribe is a group of Native American peoples from western Washington state in the United States. k. a. Q̉ʷay̓áyiɬq̉) (†)
  • Oakville Chehalis
  • Satsop
  • Tenino Chehalis
ii. Satsop is a Census-designated place (CDP in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. Maritime
14. Lower Chehalis (a. Chehalis (tribe is a group of Native American peoples from western Washington state in the United States. k. a. ɬəw̓ál̕məš) (†)
15. Humptulips is a Census-designated place (CDP in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. Quinault (a. Quinault are a group of Native American peoples from western Washington in the United States. k. a. Kʷínayɬ)
C. Queets is an unincorporated community in western Jefferson County, Washington, United States. Tillamook
16. Tillamook (a. Tillamook is an extinct Salishan language formerly spoken by the Tillamook tribe in northwestern Oregon, USA. k. a. Hutyéyu) (†)
Siletz
Tillamook

III. This article refers to the historical Siletz tribe which is to be distinguished from the currently existing Confederated Tribes of Siletz. Interior Salish

A. Northern
17. Shuswap (a. The Shuswap language, known to its speakers as Secwepemctsín, is the traditional language of the Shuswap people (Secwépmec or) of British Columbia k. a. Secwepemctsín, səxwəpməxcín)
Eastern
  • Kinbasket
  • Shuswap Lake
Western
  • Canim Lake
  • Chu Chua
  • Deadman's Creek-Kamloops
  • Fraser River
  • Pavilion-Bonaparte
18. Stʼatʼimcets (a. St'at'imcets (also Lillooet, Lilloet, St’át’imcets) is an Interior Salishan language spoken in southern British Columbia, k. a. Lillooet, Lilloet, St'át'imcets)
  • Lillooet-Fountain
  • Mount Currie-Douglas
19. Thompson River Salish (a. The Nlaka'pamux (nɬeʔképmx commonly called "the Thompson", and also Thompson River Salish, Thompson Salish, Thompson River Indians k. a. Nlakaʼpamux, Ntlakapmuk, nɬeʔkepmxcín, Thompson River, Thompson Salish, Thompson, known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh, Klackarpun, Couteau or Knife Indians)
  • Lytton
  • Nicola Valley
  • Spuzzum-Boston Bar
  • Thompson Canyon
B. Spuzzum is a very small town in British Columbia, Canada. Because it is on the Trans-Canada Highway, approximately 50 km (31 mi north of the community Southern
20. Coeur d’Alene (a. Coeur d'Alene is a Salishan language spoken by only five of the 800 individuals in the Coeur d'Alene Tribe on the Coeur d'Alene Reservation in northern Idaho k. a. Snchitsuʼumshtsn, snčícuʔumšcn)
21. Columbian (a. The Sinkiuse-Columbia were a Native American tribe so called because of their former prominent association with the Columbia River. k. a. Columbia, Nxaʔamxcín)
  • Chelan
  • Entiat
  • Columbia-Moses
  • Wenatchee (a. Columbia-Moses is a Southern Interior Salish language also known as Nxaảmxcín. k. a. Pesquous)
22. Colville-Okanagan (a. k. a. Okanagan, Nsilxcín, Nsíylxcən, ta nukunaqínxcən)
Northern
  • Quilchena & Spaxomin [1]
  • Head of the Lakes
  • Penticton
  • Similkameen
  • Vernon
Southern
  • Lakes-Colville-Inchelium
  • Methow
  • San Poil-Nespelem
  • Southern Okanogan
23. Spokane-Kalispel-Flathead (a. Kalispel-Pend d'oreille is a near extinct language spoken on the Kalispel Reservation in Washington and on the Flathead Reservation in Montana k. a. Kalispel)
  • Flathead (a. The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation are the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles Tribes k. a. Séliš)
  • Kalispel (a. k. a. Qalispé)
  • Spokane (a. History Chewelah was officially incorporated on February 4, 1903. The Pend d'Oreilles, also known as the Kalispel, are a Tribe of Native Americans The Spokane (or Spokan) are a Native American people in the northeastern portion of the U k. a. Npoqínišcn)

Pentlatch, Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, and Tillamook are now extinct. According to some definitions an extinct language is a Language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken Additionally, the Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees, and Sooke dialects of Northern Straits are also extinct.

Genetic relations

No relationship to any other language is well established. The most plausible connection is with the language isolate Kutenai (Kootenai), which is generally considered not unlikely but not solidly established. A language isolate, in the absolute sense is a Natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic" relationship with other living languages that is The Kutenai language (also Kootenai or Ktunaxa language) is named after and is spoken by some of the Kootenai Native American / First

Edward Sapir suggested that the Salishan languages may be related to the Wakashan and Chimakuan languages in a hypothetical Mosan family. Edward Sapir (səˈpɪər ( January 26 1884 &ndash February 4 1939) was a Jewish German - American Wakashan is a family of languages spoken in British Columbia around and on Vancouver Island, and in the northwestern corner of the Olympic Peninsula of The Chimakuan language family consists of two languages spoken in northwestern Washington, USA on the Olympic Peninsula. This proposal persists primarily due to Sapir's stature. There is little evidence for it and no progress has been made in reconstructing such a family.

The Salishan languages, principally Chehalis, contributed greatly to the vocabulary of the Chinook Jargon. Chinook Jargon originated as a Pidgin trade language of the Pacific Northwest, and spread quickly up the West Coast from modern Oregon to the regions now

Family features


External links

Bibliography

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