In medicine, saline (also saline solution) is a general term referring to a sterile solution of sodium chloride (table salt) in water. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants It is used for intravenous infusion, rinsing contact lenses, and nasal irrigation. In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the Cornea Nasal irrigation or nasal lavage is the personal Hygiene practice in which the Nasal cavity is washed to flush out excess Mucus and debris Saline solutions are available in various formulations for different purposes. Salines are also used in cell biology, molecular biology and biochemistry experiments.
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Concentrations
Concentrations vary from low to normal to high. High concentrations are used rarely in medicine but frequently in molecular biology.
Normal
In medicine, normal saline is a solution of 0. 9% w/v of NaCl, about 300 mOsm/L. In Biology, percentage solutions are often preferred to molar ones For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a Osmolarity is a measure of the osmoles of solute per Liter of solution while the osmolality is a measure of the osmoles of Solute per Kilogram Normal saline (NS) is therefore used frequently in intravenous drips (IVs) for patients who cannot take fluids orally and have developed severe dehydration. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object Normal saline is typically the first fluid used when dehydration is severe enough to threaten the adequacy of blood circulation and is the safest fluid to give quickly in large volumes. Physiological saline is 9g NaCl dissolved in 1 liter water. The molecular weight of sodium chloride is approximately 58 g/mole, so 58g NaCl is 1 mole. Since saline contains 9 grams NaCl, the concentration is 9g/L divided by 58g/mole = 0. 154 mole/L. Since NaCl dissociates into two ions – sodium and chloride – 1 molar NaCl is 2 osmolar. It contains 154 mEq/L of Na+ and Cl−. The equivalent (Eq or eq is a reasonably common Measurement unit used in Chemistry and the biological sciences. It has a slightly higher degree of osmolality (i. Osmolarity is a measure of the osmoles of solute per Liter of solution while the osmolality is a measure of the osmoles of Solute per Kilogram e. more solute per liter) compared to blood (hence, though it is said to be isotonic with blood in clinical contexts, this is a technical inaccuracy). In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells €”such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products
Note that in chemistry, a normal concentration of sodium chloride is 5. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance 85% w/v (also expressed as 1M NaCl(aq)), which is 6. 5 times more concentrated than medically normal saline.
Other
Other concentrations commonly used include
- Half-normal saline (0. 45% NaCl), often with "D5" (5% dextrose), contains 77 mEq/L of Na and Cl and 4. 5 g/L glucose.
- Quarter-normal saline (0. 22% NaCl) has 39 mEq/L of Na and Cl and always contains 5% dextrose for osmolality reasons.
- Dextrose (glucose) 4% in 0. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. 18% saline is used sometimes for maintenance replacement.
Solutions of saline with added ingredients
In medicine, common types of salines include:
And in cell biology, in addition to the above the following are used:
- Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (recipes from Dulbecco = D-PBS, Galfre, Kuchler, Ausubel etc. Lactated Ringer's solution is a solution that is isotonic with Blood and intended for intravenous administration. Lactated Ringer's solution is a solution that is isotonic with Blood and intended for intravenous administration. Phosphate buffered saline (abbreviated PBS is a Buffer solution commonly used in biological research. )
- TRIS-buffered saline (TBS) (recipes from Goldsmith, Ausubel etc. Tris-Buffered Saline (abbreviated TBS is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the PH within a relatively narrow range )
- Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS)
- Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS)
- Standard saline citrate (SSC)
- HEPES-buffered saline (HBS) (recipes from Dittmar, Liu, Ausubel etc. HEPES ( 4-(2-hydroxyethyl-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) is a Zwitterionic organic chemical Buffering agent. )
Usage
The amount of normal saline infused depends largely on the needs of the patient (e. g. ongoing diarrhea or heart failure) but is typically between 1. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply 5 and 3 litres a day for an adult. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume.
Other concentrations of saline are frequently used for other medical purposes, such as supplying extra water to a dehydrated patient or supplying the daily water and salt needs ("maintenance" needs) of a patient who is unable to take them by mouth. Because infusing a solution of low osmolality can cause problems, intravenous solutions with reduced saline concentrations typically have dextrose (glucose) added to maintain a safe osmolality while providing less sodium chloride. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. As the molecular weight (MW) of dextrose is greater, this has the same osmolality as normal saline despite having less sodium. The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Because the dextrose used in these preparations is dextrose monohydrate (a commercial form having MW 198 in contrast to MW 180 for glucose), 5% dextrose is equivalent to 4. 5% glucose.
History
Saline was believed to have originated during the cholera pandemic that swept across Europe in 1831. Cholera, sometimes known as Asiatic cholera or epidemic cholera, is an infectious Gastroenteritis caused by the Bacterium Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a However, an examination of the composition of the fluids used by the pioneering physicians of that era reveals solutions that bear no resemblance to 0. 9% or so-called 'normal' saline which appears to have very little scientific or historical basis for its routine use, except for Hamburger's in vitro studies of red cell lysis. The composition of 0. 9% sodium chloride is in no way 'normal' or 'physiological', our current practice may be based on historical fallacy and misconception[1]
References
- ^ Awad, Sherif; Allison Simon P, Lobo Dileep N (Apr 2008). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common "The history of 0. 9% saline". Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 27 (2): 179-88. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 18313809.
See also
Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. Oral rehydration therapy, (also called ORT, oral rehydration salts or solutions (ORS, oral electrolyte) is a simple cheap and effectiveDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic