Part of a series on the Islamic creed: Aqidah

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahādah - Profession of faith Salah - Prayer Zakâh - Paying of alms (giving to the poor) Sawm - Fasting during Ramadan Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca

Sunni Six articles of belief

Tawhīd - Oneness Nabi and Rusul - Prophets and Messengers Kutub - Divinely Revealed Books. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. A creed is a statement of Belief — usually Religious belief — or Faith often recited as part of a religious service Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied ll This is a sub-article to Sawm and Ramadan During the entire month of Ramadan, Muslims are obliged to fast (صوم Sawm Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. In Islam, a rasul ( Arabic: رسول, "messenger" plural rusul) is a Prophet sent by God with a The Islamic holy books are the records believed from Muslims that were dictated by God to prophets Malā'ikah - Angels Qiyâmah - Judgment Day Qadr (Predestination)

Shi'a Twelver Principles of the Religion (Usul al-Din)

Tawhīd - Oneness Adalah - Justice Nubuwwah - Prophethood Imamah - Leadership Qiyâmah - Judgment Day

Shi'a Twelver Practices of the Religion (Furu al-Din)

Salah - Prayer Sawm - Fasting during Ramadan Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca Zakâh - Poor-rate Khums - One-fifth tax Jihad - Struggle Amr-Bil-Ma'rūf - Commanding good Nahi-Anil-Munkar - Forbidding evil Tawalla - Loving the Ahl al-Bayt Tabarra - Disassociating Ahl al-Bayt's enemies

Shi'a Ismaili 7 pillars

Walayah - Guardianship Taharah - Purity & cleanliness Salah - Prayers Zakâh - Purifying religious dues Sawm - Fasting during Ramadan Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca Jihad - Struggle

Others

Kharijite Sixth Pillar of Islam. An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyāmah "the Day of Resurrection" (يوم القيامة or Yawm ad-Din "the Day of Faith" (يوم الدين is God's final This is a sub-article of Sunni Islam, Aqidah and Predestination. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam In Twelver Shi'a Islam, the Principles of the Religion ( Usūl al-Dīn) are the five main theological beliefs that Shi'a Muslims must possess Adalah (عدالة means justice and denotes The Justice of God. In Islam, Nubuwwah (نبوة means "Prophethood" and denotes that God has appointed perfect Prophets and Messengers to teach mankind Gods religion This is a sub-article to Imamah (Shi'a doctrine and is specifically about the Shi'a Twelver conception of the term In Islam, Yawm al-Qiyāmah "the Day of Resurrection" (يوم القيامة or Yawm ad-Din "the Day of Faith" (يوم الدين is God's final See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam In Twelver Shi'a Islam, the ten Practices of the Religion ( Furū al-Dīn) are the ten practices that Shi'a Muslims must perform ll This is a sub-article to Sawm and Ramadan During the entire month of Ramadan, Muslims are obliged to fast (صوم Sawm Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Khums ( خمس xʊms is the Arabic word for One Fifth (1/5 According to Shia Islamic legal terminology it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Commanding the just ( Arabic: Amr bil Ma'rūf امر بالمعروف) is a part of Shia Islam 's Branches of Religion and Forbidding what is evil (النهي عن المنكر "Nahy an al-Munkar") is a part of Islam and means for example to oppose injustice Tawalla (تولّى - Loving the Ahl al-Bayt, is a part of the Twelver Shi'a Branches of Religion and is derived from a Qur'anic See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family Tabarra (تبرأ - is a Shia Muslim doctrine that refers to the obligation of hating those who hate Allah and cursing those who reject the Wilayah of See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family For the Egyptian city see Ismaïlia. The Ismāʿīlī ( Urdu: إسماعیلی Ismāʿīlī, Arabic: الإسماعيليون The Shi'a Ismāˤīlī - the Nizari, Druze and Mustaali - have Pillars beyond those of the Sunni. This is about the "pillar of Islam" for the historical view see Imamah (Shi'a Ismaili doctrine Guardianship (ولاية Walayah This article is about Hygiene in Islam. For the Jewish Taharah ritual preparation for burial see Bereavement in Judaism preparing the body — Taharah This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied ll This is a sub-article to Sawm and Ramadan During the entire month of Ramadan, Muslims are obliged to fast (صوم Sawm Ramadan or Ramazan ( Arabic: رمضان Ramaḍān) is a Muslim religious observance that takes place during the ninth month of the Islamic The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims. Kharijites (Arabic Khawārij خوارج literally "Those who Went Out" is a general term embracing various Muslims who while initially supporting the The term Sixth pillar of Islam refers to an addition to the Five Pillars of Islam; the five pillars of Islam explain the basic tenets of Islam Shi'a Islam This box: view • talk • edit

Ṣalat (Arabic: صلاة, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة, pl. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Classical Arabic (CA also known as Qur'anic or Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts from Umayyad ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and namāz نماز in Persian, Urdu and Turkish) is the ritual prayer practiced by Muslims in supplication to Allah, God. Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' The term is commonly used to refer to the daily prayers, which are compulsory upon all mature Muslims. Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit As-salat is considered the most important act of worship in Islam and its importance is such that only under very few circumstances can it be omitted. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

"As-salat" is one of the Five Pillars of Islam in Sunni Islam and one of the ten Practices of the Religion in Shia Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic In Twelver Shi'a Islam, the ten Practices of the Religion ( Furū al-Dīn) are the ten practices that Shi'a Muslims must perform

In central and South Asian languages such as Persian, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Albanian language, South Slavic languages such as the Bosnian language, Našinski, Macedonian language and Turkic languages it is called namāz (نماز) from the Indo-European root meaning 'to bow or prostrate'. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - South Slavic languages comprise one of the three geographical groups of Slavic languages (besides West and East Slavic) Bosnian language (Bosnian bosanski jezik) sometimes referred as Bosniak language or Bosniac language is a South Slavic language native Našinski, meaning "our (language" or Goranian is a South Slavic idiom more specifically a Torlakian dialect spoken by the Gorani Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the

The person performing As-salat is a musallee (مصلى), while the traditional prayer mat on which prayer is performed is a musalla

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Purpose 3 Preparation 3.1 Cleanliness and dress 3.2 Ritual ablution 4 Conditions 5 Articles of Prayer 6 Performance 7 Types of salah 8 Fard As-salat 8.1 The five daily prayers 9 Jumu'ah 9.1 Janazah 9.2 Istikhaarah 9.3 Exceptional circumstances 9.3.1 Qada 9.3.2 Qasr and Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn 10 Wajib salat 10.1 Witr 10.2 Eid 11 Sunnah salat 12 Nafl salat 13 Prayer in congregation 14 Further reading 15 References 16 External links

Etymology

The word "salat/salah" (صلاة) is from the root ṣad (ص), lām (ل), wāw (و) and has the following meanings, taken from classical Arabic lexicons (e. Tsade (also spelled Ṣādē or Tzadi or Sadhe or Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed and Arabic Waw ( also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew Vav) is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In Linguistics, the lexicon (from Greek Λεξικόν of a language is its Vocabulary, including its words and expressions g. E. W. Lane): prayer, supplication, petition, oration, eulogy, benediction, commendation, blessing, honour, magnify, bring forth, follow closely, walk/follow behind closely, to remain attached, to contact or to be in contact. Edward William Lane ( September 17, 1801, Hereford, England &mdash August 10, 1876, Worthing, Sussex Its core underlying meaning relevant to all its usage in the Al-Qur'an (القرآن) is to go/turn towards, as mentioned in Qur'an 5:4. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Similar roots appear in Aramaic and Modern Hebrew. Aramaic is a Semitic language with ا

Purpose

The purpose of salat is primarily to act as an individual's communication with Allah. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' It enables one to stand in front of God, thank and praise Him, and ask for Him to show one the "right path" (as mentioned in surah al-Fatihah which is recited in every prayer). Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded Sura Al-Fatiha ( سورة الفاتحة, Sūratu al-Fātihah, "The Opening" is the first chapter of the Muslim holy In addition, the daily ritual prayers serve as a constant reminder to Muslims that they should be grateful for God's blessings. It ensures that every Muslim prioritises Islam over all other concerns, thereby revolving their life around God and submitting to His will. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Prayer also serves as a formal method of remembering God.

In the Qur'an it is mentioned that:

"The true believers are those who feel a fear in their hearts (of the consequences of violating the commands of Allah) when Allah is mentioned. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran And when His Revelations are recited to them, they find their faith strengthened. They do their best and then put their trust in their Lord. " ^{[Qur'an 8:2]}

and also:

“To those whose hearts when Allah is mentioned, are filled with fear, who show patient perseverance over their afflictions, keep up regular prayer, and spend (in charity) out of what We have bestowed upon them”^{[Qur'an 22:35]}

The salat is also mentioned as a means to restrain the believer from social wrong and moral deviancy ^{[Qur'an 29:45]}. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran

Preparation

Cleanliness and dress

When praying, the clothes that are worn and the place of prayer must be clean. Men and women each are directed to cover their bodies (awrah) in reasonably loose-fitting garments. Awrah (عورة is a term used within Islam which denotes the parts of the Body that are not meant to be exposed in public

Ritual ablution

Main articles: Wudu, Tayammum, and Ghusl

Before conducting prayers, a Muslim has to perform a ritual ablution. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Tayammum (تيمم refers to the dry Ablution in Islam using sand or dust which may Ghusl (غسل is an Arabic term referring to the full ablution (ritual washing required in Islam for various rituals and prayers

The minor ablution is performed using water (wudu) or clean sand or dust (tayammum) when water is not available or not advisable to use such as due to sickness. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Tayammum (تيمم refers to the dry Ablution in Islam using sand or dust which may

In Sunni Islam, wudu' consists of washing the hands, mouth, nose, face, arms, forehead and hair, ears and feet three times each in that order. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Shia Muslims first wash their faces, then their arms, and then wipe their heads and feet with the moisture on their hands. Tayammum consists of wiping only the hands and face with sand or dust. Wudu is considered to cleanse a Muslim in a permanent fashion, such that he does not have to re-perform it for each solat (unless he commits an act that breaks his wudu). Tayammum however has to be re-performed before each salat.

The major ablution (ghusl) is required when a person has had sexual intercourse, ejected semen, has had menstrual bleeding or is a new convert to the faith. Ghusl (غسل is an Arabic term referring to the full ablution (ritual washing required in Islam for various rituals and prayers Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract Physiological aspects Internal and external fertilization Depending on the Species, spermatozoa can fertilize See also "Mensuration" a term sometimes used to describe Measurement, particularly in the context of Forestry. Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another Ghusl may also be performed voluntarily especially before Friday prayers.

Conditions

The compulsory prayer is obligated for those who meet these 3 conditions: ^[1]

• are muslim
• have reached puberty
• are of sound mind

Still, children as young as 7 years old are taught to pray. Children of 10 years old can be disciplined if they miss praying.

There are 5 elements that make a prayer valid: ^[2]

• Confident of the time of prayer. Being unsure invalidates even if the time turns out correct.
• Facing the qibla, with the chest facing the direction of kaabah. Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during The ill can negotiate, but needs to replace when healthier.
• Covering the awrah
• Clean clothes, body, place of prostration
• Pure from hadath (wudu, tayammum, ghusl)

Articles of Prayer

There are 13 articles:^[3]

[1] Reciting intention for prayer in the heart

E. Awrah (عورة is a term used within Islam which denotes the parts of the Body that are not meant to be exposed in public This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Tayammum (تيمم refers to the dry Ablution in Islam using sand or dust which may Ghusl (غسل is an Arabic term referring to the full ablution (ritual washing required in Islam for various rituals and prayers g. : I intend to offer 2 raka'ah obligatory prayer of Fajr for Allah Almighty. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. The Fajr (فجر prayer is the first of the five daily prayers ( Salat) recited by practising Muslims (Fajr means Dawn in the Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for '
It is done simultaneously with [2] Takbeeratul-Ihram (below).

[2] Takbeeratul-Ihram

Saying الله أَكْبَر (God is The Greatest).

[3] Standing right

For the abled, leaning until it's deemed not standing right invalidates prayer. If one is incapable of standing, he may sit, lay on his right, lay on his left, lay on his back or as he is able to do.

[4] Reciting Al-Fatiha

Recitation of Al-Fatiha is obligated for every raka'ah. Sura Al-Fatiha ( سورة الفاتحة, Sūratu al-Fātihah, "The Opening" is the first chapter of the Muslim holy Sura Al-Fatiha ( سورة الفاتحة, Sūratu al-Fātihah, "The Opening" is the first chapter of the Muslim holy The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah.
Reading another surah after Al-Fatiha is an additional option for the first 2 raka'ah. Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded Sura Al-Fatiha ( سورة الفاتحة, Sūratu al-Fātihah, "The Opening" is the first chapter of the Muslim holy The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah.

[5] Ruku' and stopping

Ruku' is bowing the body until the palms is on the knees. Rukūʿ (رُكوع refers to the bowing down following the recitation of the Quran in the standing position while praying according to Islamic ritual ( Salat) Rukūʿ (رُكوع refers to the bowing down following the recitation of the Quran in the standing position while praying according to Islamic ritual ( Salat) Stopping means all major body parts including arms, wrists, head, legs stop - as long as saying "subhanallah". If the body still moves, stopping is not done. An additional option is to read 3 times سبحان ربى العظيم و بحمده (Glory to my Lord, the Most Magnificent Most Praiseworthy).

[6] I'tidal and stopping

I'tidal is standing again after ruku'. Rukūʿ (رُكوع refers to the bowing down following the recitation of the Quran in the standing position while praying according to Islamic ritual ( Salat) While the body is raising up, an additional option is to read سمع الله لمن حمده (Allah Listens to him who praises Him). Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' During standing, an additional option is to read ربنا لك الحمد ملء السموات وملء الأرض وملء ما شئت من شئ بعد (Our Lord, to You is due all praise. . . ). The body must stop as long as saying "subhanallah".

[7] Prostration

Prostration involves putting these body parts - the bare forehead, 2 palms, 2 knees, the base of both feet's fingers - on the place of prostration. The forehead must be bare, a covered forehead invalidates prayer. An additional option is to read 3 times سبحان ربى الأعلى و بحمده (Glory to my Lord, the Most High Most Praiseworthy). There are 2 prostrations, the second is done after sitting between 2 prostrations (as [8] below).

[8] Sitting between 2 prostrations

During the sitting between the two prostrations, an additional option is to recite:
رب اغفرلى وارحمنى واجبرنى وارفعنى وارزقنى واهدنى وعافنى واعف عنى
(O my Lord, please forgive me, have mercy on me, fulfill my needs, raise me, provide for me, guide me, protect me from sickness and forgive me). The sitting should not be too long. After sitting, proceed to do the second prostration.

[9] Final Tasyahhud

Reciting the final tasyahhud:

التحيات المبركات الصلوات الطيبات لله
السلام عليك أيها النبي ورحمة الله وبركاته
السلام علينا وعلى عباد الله الصالحين
أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمدا رسول الله

All greetings, blessings and good acts are from You, my Lord.
Greetings to you, O Prophet, and the mercy and blessings of Allah.
Peace be unto us, and unto the righteous servants of Allah.
I bear witness that there is none worthy of worship except Allah.
And I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and messenger.

[10] Sitting for Final Tasyahhud

The final tasyahhud must be done while sitting.

[11] Greetings for Prophet Muhammad

At least by saying اللهم صلى على محمد.
At best
اللهم صلى على محمد وعلى آل محمد كما صليت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم
وبارك على محمد وعلى آل محمد كما باركت على إبراهيم وعلى آل إبراهيم
فى العالمين إنك حميد مجيد

O Allah, bless our Muhammad and the people of Muhammad; As you have blessed Abraham and the people of Abraham.
O Allah, be gracious unto Muhammad and the people of Muhammad; As you were gracious unto Abraham and the people of Abraham.
Surely you are the Most Praiseworthy, the Most Glorious.

[12] First greeting

Greeting "peace be upon you" to the right side. At least with السلام عليكم, at best السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

[13] Following the Prayer Sequence

Prayer not in its rightful sequence is invalidated.

From [3] standing right to the [8] second prostration makes one raka'ah. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. These are repeated for every raka'ah. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. At the last raka'ah, the rest [9] to [12] is completed. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. (Note: For more than 2 raka'ah prayers, an additional option is to sit for tasyahhud on the second raka'ah. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. )

Performance

Main article: Raka'ah

Salat is performed in "units" of prayer called raka'ah. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. One raka'ah consists of a series of positions (and movements from one position to the next), along with specific supplications and verses from the Qur'an which are read in each position. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran A raka'ah begins in a standing position called qiyaam and ends with the musallee in a prostrate position (sujud). Sajdah (ُسجدة sæʤədæh or sujūd (سُجود sʊʤʊːdə is an Arabic word meaning prostration to God in the direction of the Kaaba Different salat have different numbers of prescribed raka'at.

The salat must be performed with sincere devotion (khushoo), otherwise it is considered invalid. Salat is performed facing the direction of qibla (i. Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during e. towards the Kaaba in Mecca), to the best estimation of the musallee if there is no certain way to determine the correct direction. The Kaaba ( Arabic: ar الكعبة; 'kɑʕbɑ or 'kæʕbæ "Cube" is a Cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored

The musallee begins the prayer by standing in qiyaam, facing qibla and silently reciting the niyyah (intention to pray) for the specific salat he is about to make. Niyyah is an Islamic concept which is the intent one evokes in his heart to do an act of worship for the sake of Allah (God He then raises his hands and speaks aloud the takbir. The takbīr or takbeer (ar تَكْبِير is the act of saying the phrase, ar الله أكبر

For fard as-salat, the first raka'ah commences with the optional recitation of one of the opening supplications followed by the first chapter of the Qur'an, al-Fatihah. Sura (sometimes spelt "Surah" ar سورة, plural "Suwar" ar سور is an Arabic term literally meaning "something enclosed or surrounded Sura Al-Fatiha ( سورة الفاتحة, Sūratu al-Fātihah, "The Opening" is the first chapter of the Muslim holy For subsequent raka'at and other types of salat, each raka'ah commences with al-Fatihah. During the first two raka'ah, following the recitation of al-Fatihah any other chapter or several verses of the Qur'an are additionally recited (qira'at) while in the standing position before the musallee moves into the bowing position (ruku'). The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Qira'at, in the context of Islam, means literally the readings that is the method of recitation Rukūʿ (رُكوع refers to the bowing down following the recitation of the Quran in the standing position while praying according to Islamic ritual ( Salat)

After one raka'ah is complete (and on every subsequent odd raka'ah), the musallee returns from the prostrate position (sujud ) back to the standing position to begin another raka'ah. On every second raka'ah, he first moves from sujud to an upright sitting position (jalsa) and recites the first portion of a supplication known as the tashahhud, before returning to the standing position to begin the next raka'ah. The Tashahhud is the portion of Salah (obligatory prayer where the Muslim kneels facing Mecca.

On the final raka'ah the musallee moves to the jalsa from the sujud position and recites the complete tashahhud. Sunni Muslims then conclude the prayer by turning their face toward the right shoulder and then toward the left shoulder, each time saying a salutation (taslim) to the angels that take note of your good (right shoulder) and evil (left shoulder) deeds. For the refrain in Arabic music see Teslim. Taslim is the concluding portion of the Muslim prayer Kirama Katibin ( Arabic: كراماً كاتبين or "honourable recorders" are two angels in Islam who record a person's good and bad deeds

After the salat is completed it is common (but not compulsory) for Muslims to offer a supplication (du'a) to God. Du'a ( دُعَاء) is a Supplication in Islam, an Arabic term which means to 'call out' or to 'summon' This supplication, which essentially gives Muslims an opportunity to ask God for forgiveness and blessings, can be offered in any language.

Types of salah

Salah may be classified into four categories of obligation: fard, wajib, sunnah and nafl. Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet”

• Fard salah are compulsory, non-performance of which renders one a non-Muslim according to the Hanbali Sunni School, for the other Sunni schools it renders one a sinner. The denial of its compulsory status however is agreed upon by all Sunni schools to render the denier outside the fold of Islam.
• Wajib As-salat are compulsory, non-performance of which renders one a sinner and the denial of its obligatory nature renders one a 'fasiq' a transgressor whose witness would not be accepted in an Islamic court. There are some who believe that as the 5 prayers are obligatory, it automatically renders all other prayers optional.
• Sunnah salah are optional and were additional voluntary prayers performed by Muhammad—they are of two types—the 'Sunna Muakaddah', those practiced on a regular basis which if abandoned cause the abandoner to be regarded as sinful by the Hanafi School and the 'Sunnah Ghair Muakkadah' those practiced on a semi-regular practice by Muhammad which all are agreed upon that its abandonment doesn't render one sinful. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics
• Nafl salah are optional and regarded as extra prayers which bring more reward.

Fard As-salat

The fard As-salat are the five compulsory daily prayers, the Friday prayer (Jumu'ah) ("Cuma" in Turkish) and the funeral prayer (Janazah)("Cenaze" in Turkish). Fard prayers (as with all fard actions) are further classed as fard al-ayn (obligation of the self) and fard al-kifayah (obligation of sufficiency). Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty Fard al-ayn are those actions which are obligatory on each individual; he or she will be held to account if the actions are not performed. Fard al-kifayah are actions obligatory on the Muslim community at large, so that if some people within the community carry it out no Muslim is considered blameworthy, but if no one carries it out all incur a collective punishment.

Men are required to perform the fard salah in congregation (jama'ah) ("cemaat" in Turkish), behind an imam when they are able. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community According to most Islamic scholars, performing salat in congregation is obligatory for men, when they are able, but is neither required nor forbidden for women.

The five daily prayers

Muslims are commanded to perform salah five times a day. These prayers are obligatory on every Muslim above the age of puberty, with the exception being those who are mentally ill, too physically ill for it to be possible, menstruating, or experiencing post-partum bleeding. Those who are ill or otherwise physically unable to offer their prayers in the traditional form are permitted to offer their prayers while sitting or laying, as they are able. The five prayers are all given certain prescribed times (waqt)("vakit" in Turkish) in which they must be performed, unless there is a compelling reason for not being able to perform them on time. Salat times refers to times when Muslims perform prayers ( Salat)

Some Muslims offer voluntary prayers immediately before and after the prescribed fard prayers. Sunni Muslims classify these prayers as sunnah, while Shi'a Muslims consider them nafil. The number of raka'ah for each of the five obligatory prayers as well as the voluntary prayers (before and after) are listed below:

Name	Prescribed time period (waqt)	Voluntary before fard1		Fard	Voluntary after fard1
		Sunni	Shi'a		Sunni	Shi'a
Fajr (فجر)	Dawn to sunrise	2 Raka'ah2	2 Raka'ah2	2 Raka'ah	-	-
Dhuhr (ظهر)	After true noon until Asr	2-4 Raka'ah2	2-4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah4	2 Raka'ah2	-
Asr (عصر)	See footnote5 and 6	2-4 Raka'ah	2-4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah	-	-
Maghrib (مغرب)	After sunset until dusk	2-4 Raka'ah	2-4 Raka'ah	3 Raka'ah	2 Raka'ah2	2 Raka'ah3
Isha'a (عشاء)	Dusk until dawn6	4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah	4 Raka'ah	2 Raka'ah 2 + 3 Raka'ah Witr	2 Raka'ah 3 and 7, 8 raka'ah (4 x 2 Raka'ah) Salat al-Layl3

• Sunni often pray 2 Raka'ah Nafl after Dhuhr, Maghrib and Isha'a. The Fajr (فجر prayer is the first of the five daily prayers ( Salat) recited by practising Muslims (Fajr means Dawn in the Dawn refers to the Twilight before Sunrise. It is recognized by the presence of weak sunlight while the sun itself is still below the horizon Sunrise is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the Horizon in the East. The dhuhr (ظهر prayer ("dh" representing Ẓāʼ, an Emphatic voiced dental fricative" it is often simplified to "z" is See also ASR The Asr (عصر prayer is the afternoon daily prayer recited by practising Muslims. Maghrib (مَغْرِب is the fourth daily Salat in Islam, offered at sunset Sunset, also called sundown in some American English Dialects is the instant when the trailing edge of the Sun 's disk disappears below Dusk refers to the period of time following Sunset. Although commonly confused with twilight dusk is the time frame that occurs either before or after a twilight - when the The Isha (عشاء prayer is the night-time daily prayer recited by practising Muslims It is the fifth of the five daily prayers ( Salah) Witr (وتر is a Muslim prayer that is performed at night after Isha'a and before Fajr. Tahajjud (تهجد also known as the "night prayer" is a voluntary prayer performed by followers of Islam Nafilah salah (صلاة نفل is a type of optional Salah in Islam.

¹According to Shia Muslims, these are to be performed in sets of two raka'ah each.
²Prayed daily by Muhammad (Sunnis)
³Mustahab (praiseworthy) to do everyday. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Mustahabb (Arabic مستحبّ literally "recommended" is an Islamic term referring to recommended favored or virtuous actions (Shias)
⁴Replaced by Jumu'ah on Fridays, which consists of two raka'ah. "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people.
⁵According to Imam Abu Hanifa, "Asr starts when the shadow of an object becomes twice its height (plus the length of its shadow at the start time of Dhuhr). Al-Imam al-A'zam ( الامام الاعظم) "The Greatest Imam" Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mahan ( النعمان بن ثابت‎) better known by " For the rest of Imams, "Asr starts when the shadow of an object becomes equal to its length (plus the length of its shadow at the start time of Dhuhr). " Asr ends as the sun begins to set.
⁶According to Shia Muslims, 'Asr prayer and 'Ishaa prayer have no set times but are performed from mid-day. Zuhr and 'Asr prayers must be performed before sunset, and the time for 'Asr prayer starts after Zuhr has been performed. Maghrib and 'Ishaa prayers must be performed before midnight, and the time for 'Ishaa prayer can start after Maghrib has been performed, as long as no more light remains in the western sky signifying the arrival of the true night.
⁷According to Shia Muslims, this prayer is termed nawafil.

Jumu'ah

Main article: Jumu'ah

  Salat al-Jumu'ah is a congregational prayer performed on Friday which replaces the dhuhr prayer. "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people. It is compulsory upon men to perform it in congregation, while women may perform it so or may perform dhuhr salat instead. Salat al-Jumu'ah consists of a sermon (khutba) given by the speaker (khatib) after which two raka'ah are performed. There is no Salat al-Jumu'ah without a khutba. Giving a khutba is task assigned specifically to men, and women cannot perform this task. This does not imply superiority of men to women, but it is done in compliance with what Muslims have been commanded to do by God.

Janazah

Main article: Salatul janazah

Salat al-Janazah is a prayer performed at a Muslim funeral. Salat al-Janazah ( صلاة الجنازة) is the Funeral Prayer held by Muslims before the Burial but after the Shrouding It is classed as fard al-kifayah. Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty It does not follow the pattern of other salat in that there are no raka'ah. Instead it consists of four takbirs performed in the standing position, with various Qur'anic verses and supplications read between each. The takbīr or takbeer (ar تَكْبِير is the act of saying the phrase, ar الله أكبر

Istikhaarah

Main article: Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah

Salat al-Istikhaarah is a prayer performed when a Muslim needs guidance on a particular matter, such as whether they should marry a certain person. Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah is a prayer recited by Muslims when in need of guidance on an issue in their life In order to perform this salah one should perform a normal two raka'at salah to completion. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. After completion one should say the du'a which is called Istikhaarah. Du'a ( دُعَاء) is a Supplication in Islam, an Arabic term which means to 'call out' or to 'summon' Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah is a prayer recited by Muslims when in need of guidance on an issue in their life The intention for the salah should be in ones heart to perform two raka'at of salah followed by Istikhaarah. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. Salaat-ul-Istikhaarah is a prayer recited by Muslims when in need of guidance on an issue in their life The salah can be performed at any times where salah is not forbidden.

Exceptional circumstances

Dr. Muhammad Hedayetullah, scholar in comparative religion, in his book Dynamics of Islam (2006), stresses that even though salah is compulsory, flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on the circumstances: For example, in the case of sickness or a lack of space, a worshipper can offer salah while sitting, or even lying down, and the prayer can be shortened when travelling. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Prayer is the act of attempting to communicate with a Deity or spirit The salah must be performed in the Arabic language. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language

Qada

In certain circumstances one may be unable to perform one's prayer within the prescribed time period (waqt). For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of In this case, the prayer must be performed as soon as one is able to do so. These prayers performed after the prescribed waqt are called qada. It is not permissible to deliberately miss performing the salat within its waqt with the intention of performing it afterwards.

Qasr and Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn

When travelling over long distances, one may shorten some prayers, a practice known as qasr. Furthermore, several prayer times may be joined, which is referred to as Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn. Qasr involves shortening the obligatory components of the Dhuhr, Asr, and Isha'a prayers to two raka'ah. The dhuhr (ظهر prayer ("dh" representing Ẓāʼ, an Emphatic voiced dental fricative" it is often simplified to "z" is See also ASR The Asr (عصر prayer is the afternoon daily prayer recited by practising Muslims. The Isha (عشاء prayer is the night-time daily prayer recited by practising Muslims It is the fifth of the five daily prayers ( Salah) The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn combines the Dhuhr and Asr prayers into one prayer offered between noon and sunset, and the Maghrib and Isha'a prayers into one between sunset and Fajr. Noon (also midday) is the hour of 1200 in an observer's local time zone or more loosely a time near the middle of the day when workers in many countries take a meal break Sunset, also called sundown in some American English Dialects is the instant when the trailing edge of the Sun 's disk disappears below Maghrib (مَغْرِب is the fourth daily Salat in Islam, offered at sunset The Fajr (فجر prayer is the first of the five daily prayers ( Salat) recited by practising Muslims (Fajr means Dawn in the Neither Qasr nor Jam' bayn as-Salaatayn can be applied to the Fajr prayer.

There is no reference to Qasr during travel within the Qur'an itself; the Qur'an allows for Qasr only when there is fear of attack. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran

Wajib salat

The wajib salat are considered compulsory and not performing them is considered a sin.

Witr

Main article: Witr

Witr is performed after the salah of isha'a (dusk). Witr (وتر is a Muslim prayer that is performed at night after Isha'a and before Fajr. Some Muslims consider witr wajib while others consider it optional. It may contain any odd number of raka'ah from one to eleven according to the different schools of jurisprudence. Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or However, Witr is most commonly offered with three raka'ah.

To end prayers for the night after isha'a, the odd numbered raka'ah must have the niyyah of "wajib-ul-Lail", which is mandatory to "close" one's salat for that day.

Eid

Main article: Salat al Eid

Eid salat is performed on the morning of Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha. Salat al Eid (صلاة العيد also known as Salat al Eidain ( Arabic: صلاة العيدين is the special prayer offered to commemorate two Islamic festivals Eid ul-Fitr or Id-ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر ‘Īdu l-Fiṭr) often abbreviated to Eid, is a Muslim Holiday that marks the end of Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated The Eid prayer is most likely an individual obligation (fard al-ayn), though some Islamic scholars argue it is only a collective obligation (fard al-kifayah). Fard (الفرض also farida (الفريضة is an Islamic term which denotes a religious duty ^[4] It consists of two raka'at, with seven takbirs offered before the start of the first raka'ah and five before the second. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. After the salat is completed, a sermon (khutbah) is offered. Khutbah ( Arabic: (خطبة khuṭbah) serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition However, the khutbah is not an integral part of the Eid salat. ^[5] The Eid salat must be offered between sunrise and true noon i. e. between the time periods for Fajr and Dhuhr. The Fajr (فجر prayer is the first of the five daily prayers ( Salat) recited by practising Muslims (Fajr means Dawn in the The dhuhr (ظهر prayer ("dh" representing Ẓāʼ, an Emphatic voiced dental fricative" it is often simplified to "z" is

Sunnah salat

Main article: Sunnah salat

Sunnah salat are those prayers that are performed to emulate the practices of Muhammad. Sunnah salat (صلاة السنة are optional prayers that can be performed by Muslims at almost any time of the day IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics

Certain sunnah prayers have prescribed waqts associated with them. Those ordained for before each of the fard prayers must be performed between the first call to prayer (adhan) and the second call (iqama) which signifies the start of the fard prayer. Adhan (also - Athaan IPA /ʔæðæːn/ ( أَذَان) is the Islamic call to Prayer, recited by the Muezzin. The word iqama (إقامة refers to the second call to Islamic Prayer, given immediately before the prayer begins Those sunnah ordained for after the fard prayers can be performed any time between the end of the fard prayers and the end of the current prayer's waqt. Any amount of extra raka'ah may be offered, but most madha'ib prescribe a certain number of raka'ah for each sunnah salah. The word (ركعة pl ركعات) refers to one unit of Islamic prayer or Salah. Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or

Nafl salat

Main article: Nafl salat

Nafl salat (supererogatory prayers) are voluntary, and one may offer as many as he or she likes almost any time. Nafilah salah (صلاة نفل is a type of optional Salah in Islam. Supererogation ( Late Lat supererogatio, payment beyond what is due or asked from super, beyond erogare, to pay out expend ex out There are many specific conditions or situations when one may wish to offer nafl prayers. They cannot be offered at sunrise, true noon, or sunset. Sunrise is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the Horizon in the East. Noon (also midday) is the hour of 1200 in an observer's local time zone or more loosely a time near the middle of the day when workers in many countries take a meal break Sunset, also called sundown in some American English Dialects is the instant when the trailing edge of the Sun 's disk disappears below The prohibition against salat at these times is to prevent the practice of sun worship. "Sun god" redirects here For the Ramsey Lewis album see Sun Goddess (album.

Prayer in congregation

Prayer in congregation (jama'ah) is considered to have more social and spiritual benefit than praying by oneself. Jamia (جامعة (or Jami'a) is the Arabic word for gathering (n When praying in congregation, the musallees stand in straight parallel rows behind the chosen imam, facing qibla. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during The imam, who leads the congregation in salat, is usually chosen to be a scholar or the one who has the best knowledge of the Qur'an, preferably someone who has memorised it (a hafiz) . The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Hafith or Hafiz ( Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ plural huffaz) literally meaning 'guardian' is a term used by Muslims in modern In the first row behind the imam, if available, would be another hafiz to correct the imam in case a mistake is made during the performance of the salat. The prayer is performed as normal, with the congregation following the actions and movements of the imam as he performs the salat.

When the worshippers consist of men and women combined, a man is chosen as the imam. In this situation, women are typically forbidden from performing this role. This point, though unanimously agreed on by the major schools of Islam, is disputed by some groups, based partly on a hadith whose interpretation is controversial. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic When the congregation consists entirely of women and pre-pubescent children, one woman is chosen as imam.

When men, women, and children are praying, the children's rows are usually between the men's and women's rows, with the men at the front and women at the back. Another configuration is where the men's and women's rows are side by side, separated by a curtain or other barrier, with the primary intention being for there to be no direct line of sight between male and female worshippers, following a Qur'anic injunction toward men and women each lowering their gazes (Qur'an 24:30-31).

Further reading

• Muhammad Hedayetullah (2006). Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1553698425.  
• When to Perform the Daily Prayers. pray-in-time. org. Muslim Prayer Time and Calendar
• Muhammad Naasir ad-Deen al-Albaani. The Prophet's Prayer Described. University of Southern California Muslim Students' Association. The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly Retrieved on 2007-01-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.  
• Salah: Step by Step Instructions, According to Quran and Sunnah. interactiveislam. com. Retrieved on 2007-01-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate
• Rules of Namaz. majalla. org. Retrieved on 2007-01-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire.
• How to Perform the Daily Prayers. Al-Islam. org. Retrieved on 2007-01-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. How to pray according to Shi'a Ja'fari School of law
• CyberSalat. studyislam. com. A reference for description of how to perform Salat.
• Beginners guide to performing Islamic prayers. howdomuslimspray. com. Detailed Instructions for Performing Islamic Prayers

References

External links

• The Five Pillars
• "The Prophet's Prayer"
• Various articles related to different rulings on Salah
• Salat presentation in video, including how to perfrom salat in detail.
• Worldwide prayer time calculation.
• Quran and Science.

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