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Sunni Islam
Schools of Law

Hanafi • Shafi`i • Maliki
Hanbali
Schools of Theology

Maturidi • Ash'ari • Athari • Mu'tazili
Movements

Deobandi • Barelwi • Salafi
Five Pillars

Shahada • Salah
Zakah • Sawm • Hajj
Rightly Guided Caliphs

Abu Bakr • Umar ibn al-Khattab
Uthman ibn Affan • Ali ibn Abi Talib

Hadith Collections

Sahih Bukhari • Sahih Muslim
Al-Sunan al-Sughra
Sunan Abi Dawood
Sunan al-Tirmidhi
Sunan ibn Maja • Al-Muwatta
Sunan al-Darami
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This article is on an Islamic movement. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the The Hanafi ( Arabic حنفي school is the oldest of the four schools of thought ( Madhhabs The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being Islamic theology is a branch of Islamic studies regarding the beliefs associated with the Islamic faith In Islam, a Maturidi ( Arabic: الماتريدي) is one who follows Abu Mansur Al Maturidi 's theology which is a close variant of the The Ash'ari theology ( Arabic الأشاعرة al-asha`irah) is a school of early Muslim speculative theology founded by the theologian Abu al-Hasan Athari ( al-Athariyya) in English is translated as textualism which is derived from the Arabic word Athar, which means "Narrations" Muʿtazilah ( Arabic المعتزلة al-mu`tazilah) is a theological school of thought within Sunni Islam. The Deobandi ( Urdu: دیو بندی devbandī) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist movement which started in India and has more recently Barelwi or Barelvi ( Hindi: बरेलवी Urdu: بریلوی is a movement of Sunni Sufism in South Asia that was founded by The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة‎, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Early life Abu Bakr was born at Mecca some time in the year 573 CE, in the Banu Taym branch of the Quraysh tribe Umar (a=عمر بن الخطاب|t=`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c 581-83 CE &ndash 7 November, 644) also known as Umar the Great or Omar the Great Early life Uthman was born in Ta’if, which is situated on a hill and the presumption is that Uthman was born during the summer months since wealthy Meccans ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH The six major Hadith collections (Arabic Al-Sihah al-Sittah) are the works of some individuals from Islamic scholars who by their Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections as-Sunan as-Sughra (السنن الصغرى also known as Sunan an-Nasa'i (Arabic سنن النسائي is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections Sunan Abu Da'ud (سُنن أبو داوود is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Abu Da'ud. Jami al-Tirmidhi (جامع الترمذي popularly Sunan al-Tirmidhi (سُـنَن الترمذي is one of the Sunni Six major Hadith collections Sunan Ibn Maja (سُنن ابن ماجه is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections collected by Ibn Maja. The Muwaṭṭa (الموطأ is an early statement of Muslim law compiled and edited by Imam Malik. Sunan al-Darami by Al-Darami (181H-255H is a Hadith collection considered by Sunnis to be among the nine the Six major Hadith collections For the article on the group of early Muslims, see Salaf

Salafism (Arabic: سلفي "predecessors" or "early generations"), is a Sunni Islamic school of thought that takes the pious ancestors (Salaf) of the patristic period of early Islam as exemplary models. This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church [1] Early usage of the term appears in the book Al-Ansab by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem al-Sama'ni, who died in the year 1166 (562 of the Islamic calendar). Under the entry for the ascription al-Salafi he stated, "This is an ascription to the salaf, or the predecessors, and the adoptation of their school of thought based upon what I have heard. " He then mentions an example or more of people who were utilizing this ascription in his time. [2] However, an even earlier ascription of the term Salaf was used by Muhammad who noted, "I am the best Salaf for you. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics "[3]

Salafis view the first three generations of Muslims, who are Muhammad's companions, and the two succeeding generations after them, the Tabi‘in and the Taba‘ at-Tabi‘in, as examples of how Islam should be practiced. The Tābi‘īn ( "Followers" are the generation of Muslims who were born after the death of Muhammad but who were contemporary of the Sahaba Tābi‘ al-Tābi‘īn ( is the generation after the Tabi'in in Islam. This principle is derived from the following Sunni hadith by Muhammad:

“ The people of my generation are the best, then those who follow them, and then those who follow the latter (i. Hadith ( ar الحديث, pl aḥadīth; lit. "narrative" are oral Traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic e. the first three generations of Muslims). [4] ”

The principal tenet of Salafism is that Islam was perfect and complete during the days of Muhammad and his companions, but that undesirable innovations have been added over the later centuries due to materialist and cultural influences. Salafism seeks to revive a practice of Islam that more closely resembles the religion during the time of Muhammad. [5] Salafism has also been described as a simplified version of Islam, in which adherents follow a few commands and practices. [6]

Salafism is often used interchangeably with "Wahhabism". Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to Adherents usually reject this term because it is considered derogatory and because neither did Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab establish a new school of thought nor did anyone of the adherents of Salafism in the past ever referred to themselves as such. Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab at-Tamimi' (1703&ndash1792 ( Arabic: محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمي)was an Islamic scholar born in Typically, adherents used terms like "Muwahidoon," "Ahle Hadith,"[7] or "Ahl at-Tawheed. Ahl Hadith ( Urdu: اہل حدیث ahl-e hadīs or ahl-i hadith) is an Islamic school found predominately in the Middle East and "[8]

Contents

Etymology

The word "Salaf" is an Arabic noun which may be translated as "(righteous) predecessor" or "(pious) ancestor. This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or "[9] In Islamic terminology, it is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims: the Sahabah, the Tabi‘in and the Taba‘ at-Tabi‘in. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Tābi‘īn ( "Followers" are the generation of Muslims who were born after the death of Muhammad but who were contemporary of the Sahaba Tābi‘ al-Tābi‘īn ( is the generation after the Tabi'in in Islam. These three generations are looked upon as examples of how Islam should be practiced.

Usage of phrase was noted by early Islamic scholars, including As-Sam'aanee who said: "As-Salafi: this is an ascription to the Salaf and following their ways, in that which is related from them. This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or " In commenting upon as-Sam'aanee's saying, Ibn al-Atheer noted: "And a group were known by this ascription. " Thus the term Salafi, and its ascription to the group, was a matter known in the time of early Islamic scholars. [10]

Other scholars, such as Ibn Taymiyyah have noted: "There is no criticism for the one who proclaims the madhab of the Salaf, who attaches himself to it and refers to it. Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah ( January 22, 1263 &ndash 1328 was a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or Rather, it is obligatory to accept that from him by unanimous agreement (ittifaaq) because the way (madhdhab) of the Salaf is nothing but the Truth (al-Haqq). This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or " [11]

Distinctive beliefs and practices

Just who, or what groups and movements, qualify as salafi is disputed. Some define the term broadly, including the Muslim Brotherhood (who include the term salafi in the min nahnu (about us) section of their website),[12] and the Deobandi[13] Others exclude the Muslim Brotherhood[14]and the Deobandi[15] since they believe these groups commit religious innovations (bid'ah), or worse. The Muslim Brothers ( Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان The Deobandi ( Urdu: دیو بندی devbandī) is a Sunni Islamic revivalist movement which started in India and has more recently In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin

Practices

Whichever definition is used, Salafis idealize an uncorrupted, pure Islamic religious community. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. They believe that Islam's decline after the early generations is the result of religious innovations (bid‘ah) and that an Islamic revival will result through the emulation of the three early generations and the purging of foreign influences from the religion. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Abstaining from Bidah or Newly invented matters in the Islamic creed

Salafis maintain that bidah or innovation in the Islamic creed can cause considerable rifts amongst Muslims and future generations of Muslims. In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin They explain that Muslims in one part of the world who engage in bidahs, such as circumambulating around shrines of saints [16] or commemorating urs, may not receive their newly invented practice with much welcome in other areas of the Islamic world where the practice is totally foreign, thus sparking dogmatic division. Urs ( Arabic: عرس) is the death anniversary of a Sufi saint in South Asia, usually held at the saint's Dargah (shrine or tomb Salafis further contend that actions stemming from a practice rooted in bidah will not result in any reward in spite of a worshiper's good intentions. Moreover, Salafis maintain that innovative religious acts and practices are dangerous to the Islamic creed since it replaces or corrupts the authentic Sunnah of Muhammad. Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Such innovative religious acts, including celebrating Muhammad's birthday, have received considerable criticism[17] from Salafis who contend that if such practices increase a devotee's faith, Muhammad would have known about it and assuredly directed Muslims to do such acts since he was the best worshiper amongst mankind and most dutiful. Mawlid ( Eid Milad an Nabi ( Turkish:Mevlid ( Qur'anic مَوْلِدُ آلنَبِيِّ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, “Birth of the Prophet” [18] In showing textual support for the impermissibility of bidah or innovation in the Islamic creed, Salafis frequently quote Prophet Muhammad who emphasized: "Every innovation is misguidance and going astray. In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics "[19] Salafis maintain that Muhammad also warned against the People of Innovation, from befriending, supporting, or taking from them, as Muhammad noted: "Whoever innovates or accommodates an innovator then upon him is the curse of Allah, His Angels, and the whole of mankind. "[19] Salafis often quote many companions of Muhammad including Ibn Abbas who said: "Indeed the most detestable of things to Allah are the innovations," [19] and, Ibn Umar who said: "Every innovation is misguidance, even if the people see it as something good. Abd-Allah ibn Abbas (عبد الله ابن عباس) was a cousin of Muhammad. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abdullah ibn Umar (عبدالله بن عمر بن الخطاب (ca " [19]

Earlier generations of Muslims like Imam Malik conveyed similar sentiment: "Whosoever introduces into Islam an innovation, and holds it to be something good, has indeed alleged that Muhammad (sallallaahu ’alayhi wa sallam) has betrayed his message. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Malik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn 'Amr al-Asbahi ( Arabic مالك بن أنس " Imam Malik then stressed: "Read the saying of Allah – the Most Blessed, the Most High: This day I have perfected your Religion for you, completed My favour upon you and I have chosen for you Islam as your Religion. [Al-Maa‘idah 5:3]. Malik then concluded: "So that which was not part of the Religion at that time, cannot be part of the Religion today. . . And the last part of this Ummah cannot be rectified, except by that which rectified its first part. "

Similarly, Abu Hanifa emphasized: "Adhere to the athar (narration) and the tareeqah (way) of the Salaf (Pious Predecessors) and beware of newly invented matters (in Religion) for all of it is innovation. Al-Imam al-A'zam ( الامام الاعظم) "The Greatest Imam" Nu’man bin Thabit bin Zuta bin Mahan ( النعمان بن ثابت‎) better known by This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or " [11] Likewise, Shaikh Saalih Aal ash-Shaikh, Minister of Islamic Affairs of Saudi Arabia, stated: "Muslims are of two groups: Salafis and Khalafis. As for the Salafis, then they are the followers of Salafus Saalih (first three generations of Muslims). And as for the Khalafis, then they are the followers of the understanding of the Khalaf and they are also called Innovators - since everyone who is not pleased and satisfied with the path of the Salafus Saalih, in knowledge and action, understanding and fiqh, then he is a khalafi, an innovator. "[20]

Staunch Monotheism

Particular emphasis is given to monotheism - (tawhid); many Muslim practices which have now become common are condemned as polytheism (shirk). A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Shirk (شرك is the Islamic concept of the Sin of Polytheism specifically but in a more general way refers to worshipping other than Allah Salafis believe that widespread Muslim practices such as venerating the graves of Islamic prophets and saints to be shirk. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Shirk (شرك is the Islamic concept of the Sin of Polytheism specifically but in a more general way refers to worshipping other than Allah Salafis in general are opposed to both Sufi and Shi'a doctrines, which Salafis regard as having many aspects of shirk, bid`ah and impermissible intercession of religious figures. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Shirk (شرك is the Islamic concept of the Sin of Polytheism specifically but in a more general way refers to worshipping other than Allah In Islam, bid‘ah ( is any type of Innovation. Though innovations in worldly matters are acceptable to an extent innovation within the religion is seen as a sin Tawassul (توسل is an Islamic religious practice in which a Muslim seeks nearness to Allah.

Prohibition of Kalam

Salafis reject traditional Islamic theology or kalam. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. They consider this to be based on classical Greek philosophy (such as Plato and Aristotle) and an import foreign to the original practice of Islam. Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Imaam adh-Dhahabee (d. 748H) said: "It is authentically related from ad-Daaraqutnee that he said: There is nothing more despised by me than kalam (innovated speech and rhetorics). Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. I say: He never entered into kalam, nor argumentation. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Rather, was a Salafee (a follower of the Salaf). This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or " [Siyar 16/457] [11]

Salafis, similarly to adherents of orthodox denominations of Islam, place great emphasis on ritual not only in prayer but in every activity in life -- many are careful to always use three fingers when eating, drink water in three pauses with the right hand while sitting,[21] make sure their galabea or other garment worn by them does not extend below the ankle -- so as to follow the example of Muhammad and the companions and make religion part of every activity in life. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics

Comparison with Islamism

Salafism differs from the earlier contemporary Islamic revival movements of the 1970s and 1980s commonly referred to as Islamism, in that (at least many) Salafis reject not only Western ideologies such as Socialism and Capitalism, but also common Western concepts like economics, constitutions, political parties, revolution and social justice. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Muslims should not engage in Western activities like politics, "even by giving them an Islamic slant. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin "[22] Instead, Muslims should stick to traditional activities, particularly Dawah. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Da‘wah usually denotes proselytizing of Islam. The Arabic دعوة da‘wah means literally "issuing a summons" Salafis promote Sharia rather than an Islamic political program or state. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Madh'hab

Salafism is a movement, and like the Sufis, Salafis can come from the Maliki, the Shafi, the Hanbali, or the Hanafi. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف The Maliki Madhhab ( Arabic مالكي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam The Shāfi‘ī Madhab ( ar شافعي) is one of the four schools of Fiqh, or religious law within Hanbali ( حنبلى) is one of the four schools ( Madhhabs of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam (the other three being [8] Salafis are divided on the question of adherence to the four recognized schools of legal interpretation (madh'habs). Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or

History of Salafism

From the perspective of the Salafis themselves, their history starts with Muhammad himself. IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics They consider themselves direct followers of his teachings, and wish to emulate the piety of the first three generations of Islam (the Salaf). For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. This article is on the group of early Muslims For the article on the contemporary Islamic movement see Salafi Salaf or All later scholars are merely revivers (not 'founders'). Modern scholars may only come to teach (or remind) us of the instructions of the original followers of Islam. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. From the perspective of some others, however, the history of Salafism started a few hundred years ago, the exact time and place still being a matter of discussion.

Muhammad Abduh, Jamal al-Din, Rashid Rida

From a perspective widely shared by scholars of Islam, the history of Salafism started in Egypt in the mid 19th century among intellectuals at al-Azhar University, the preeminent center of Islamic learning, located in Cairo. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Al-Azhar University (pronounced "az-HAR" الأزهر الشريف, "the Noble Azhar" in Egypt, founded in 975 is the chief centre of Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Prominent among them were Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1839-1897) and Rashid Rida (1865-1935). Muhammad Abduh (or Muhammad 'Abduh) (محمد عبده ( Nile Delta, 1849 - Alexandria, July 11 1905,) was an Egyptian Muhammad Rashid Rida ( September 23, 1865, Syria - August 22, 1935, Egypt) is said to have been "one of the most influential [23][24][25][26][27] These early reformers recognized the need for an Islamic revival, noticing the changing fortunes in the Islamic world following the Enlightenment in Europe. Several Arab political parties and movements have been named "al-Nahda" For the Tunisian political party see Renaissance Party; for the The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Al-Afghani was a political activist, whereas Abduh, an educator, and head of Egypt's religious law courts, sought gradual social reform and legal reform "to make sharia relevant to modern problems. " Abduh

argued that the early generations of Muslims (the salaf al-salihin, hence the name Salafiyya, which is given to Abduh and his disciples) had produced a vibrant civilization because they had creatively interpreted the Quran and hadith to answer the needs of their times. [28]

Other self-described Salafi disavow these early figures. One prominent Salafi website, for example, describing itself as promoting "the creed and manhaj of the salaf us-saalih - pure and clear," [29], includes among its publications one claiming al-Afghani and Muhammad ‘Abduh were "known freemasons and . . . also upon great misguidance in their ideologies. " It alleges they were interested in an "anti-colonial political movement" rather than "orthodox Islaam" or "the way of the Salaf," but their

call was deceptively surrounded with slogans of `returning back to the way of the forefathers. ` It is for this reason that you see the mistaken notion amongst western writers that `Salafiyyah` began at the hands of Jamaal ud-Deen al-Afghaani, and Muhammad Abduh, and also the mistaken notion that Hassan al-Bannah was upon `Salafiyyah`, due to the influence of Muhammad Rasheed Ridhaa upon him. [30][31]

Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab

Other self-described Salafi disavow these early figures. One prominent Salafi website, for example, describing itself as promoting "the creed and manhaj of the salaf us-saalih - pure and clear,"[32] includes among its publications one claiming al-Afghani and Muhammad ‘Abduh were "known freemasons and . . . also upon great misguidance in their ideologies. " It alleges they were interested in an "anti-colonial political movement" rather than "orthodox Islaam" or "the way of the Salaf," but their call was deceptively surrounded with slogans of `returning back to the way of the forefathers. ` It is for this reason that you see the mistaken notion amongst western writers that `Salafiyyah` began at the hands of Jamaal ud-Deen al-Afghaani, and Muhammad Abduh, and also the mistaken notion that Hassan al-Bannah was upon `Salafiyyah`, due to the influence of Muhammad Rasheed Ridhaa upon him. [33]

Many self-described Salafi today point instead to Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab as the first figure in the modern era to push for a return to the religious practices of the salaf as-salih or "righteous predecessors". Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab at-Tamimi' (1703&ndash1792 ( Arabic: محمد بن عبد الوهاب التميمي)was an Islamic scholar born in [34] His evangelizing in 18th century Saudi Arabia was a call to return to what he believed were the practices of the early generations of Muslims. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion His works (especially Kitab at-Tawhid) are still widely read by Salafis around the world today, and the majority of Salafi scholars still reference his works frequently. [35] After his death, his views flourished under the generous financing of the House of Saud and initiated the current worldwide Salafi movement. The House of Saud ( Arabic: آل سعود romanized Āl Suʿūd is the Royal family of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Regardless, it should still be pointed out that the terms "Salafi" and Wahhabi are not necessarily synonymous. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to Wahhabism has been variously described as a subset of Salafism,[8] a derogatory synonym for Salafism,[36] or a formerly separate current of Islamic thought that appropriated "language and symbolism of Salafism" until the two became "practically indistinguishable" in the 1970s. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to [37]

In recent years considerable publicity has been given to the self-described Salafism of Al-Qaeda, and related groups calling for the killing of civilians, and opposed many Muslim groups and governments, including the Saudi government and Muslim Brotherhood. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The The Muslim Brothers ( Arabic: الإخوان المسلمون al-ikhwān al-muslimūn, full title The Society of the Muslim Brothers, often simply الإخوان [38] Debate continues today over the appropriate method of reform, ranging from violent political Islamism to less politicized evangelism. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Despite some similarities, the different modern groups that claim to be part of Salafism often strongly disapprove of each other and deny their Salafi character.

Criticism

Salafism, or at least the "puritanical" forms of it, has been recently criticized by Professor Khaled Abou El Fadl of UCLA School of Law. Dr Khaled Abou El Fadl (born 1963 in Kuwait) is a professor of law at the UCLA School of Law where he teaches Islamic law, immigration human rights international El Fadl noted that the Salafi methodology "drifted into stifling apologetics" by mid-20th century, a reaction against "anxiety" to "render Islam compatible with modernity," by its leaders earlier in the century. [39] Salafi writers would allegedly claim, for example, that "any meritorious or worthwhile modern institutions were first invented and realized by Muslims. " The result was that "an artificial sense of confidence and an intellectual lethargy" developed, according to critics, "that took neither the Islamic tradition nor" the challenges of the modern world "very seriously. "[40]

Contemporary Salafis

Spread and effect

Salafism is a movement within Sunni Islam. It includes many groups and shades of belief. it is also found in most other Muslim-majority countries (see Islam by country and Demographics of Islam). Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population The following table analyzes the Demographics of Islam as of mid-year 2005 It is increasingly important to diasporic Muslims in Europe, Canada, and the United States. The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

For rootless immigrants and disaffected second-generation youths in Europe, salafism provides the attraction of the authentic. For those living in the squalid metropolises of the Middle East, it offers an emotionally rich alternative to the slogans of Arab nationalism. Arab nationalism ( Arabic: القومية العربية is a Nationalist ideology which rose to prominence amongst Arabs from the early 20th century onwards Salafism appeals to younger Muslims as a way to differentiate themselves from their parents and grandparents because it is seen as pure, stripped of the local, superstitious, and customary usages of their families' countries of origin. It confers a sense of moral superiority. Salafism has a potent appeal because it underscores Islam's universality. [41]

Salafism insists on the inerrancy of Muslim scripture and what might be called a strict constructionist brand of sharia or religious law. [41] The Salafis transmitted from the traditionalists, and the secularists from the modernists. Salafism was able to outdo secularism by taking over its traditional role of defending the weak against the powerful. [42] The impulse of Salafism has forced political leaders in the Middle East to accommodate a greater role for religion in public policy. [43]

Notable modern Salafi scholars

Saudi Arabia

Albania

Yemen

Pakistan


India

Older authorities accepted by modern Salafis as Salafi Imams

Greater Khorasan

Egypt

Iraq

Syria

References

  1. ^ Ghazali And The Poetics Of Imagination, by Ebrahim Moosa ISBN 0807856126 - Page 21
  2. ^ Al-Ansab, by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem Al-Sama'ni, vol. 7, pg. 168, photocopied from the Da'iah Al-Ma'arif Al-Uthmaniyah edition by the Al-Faruq publishing company of Egypt, not date provided. The names of those using this ascription were described by the verifier as being blank in all of the manuscript compies of the book, he obtained them by means od cross referencing.
  3. ^ Why the Word Salafee?
  4. ^ Bukhari 3:48:819 and 820 [1] and Muslim 31:6150 and 6151 [2].
  5. ^ Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah - One of the best Muslim scholars
  6. ^ The Idea of Pakistan, By Stephen P. Cohen ISBN 0815715021 - Page 183
  7. ^ The Muslim World After 9/11 By Angel M. Rabasa, pg. 275
  8. ^ a b c GlobalSecurity. org Salafi Islam
  9. ^ Dawat-us-Salafiyyah (Call of those who preceded us)
  10. ^ A Reply to the Doubts of the Qutubiyyah Concerning Ascription to Sunnah and Salafiyyah, page 29, SalafiPublications.com, Article ID: SLF010004
  11. ^ a b c Statements from the Salaf on Ascription to the Salaf, SalafiPublications.com, Article ID: SLF010001
  12. ^ http://ikhwanonline.net/Article.asp?ArtID=120&SecID=0
  13. ^ Pape, Dying to Win Random House, 2005, p. 106
  14. ^ Hasan al-Banna and the Ways and Means of Da'wah Hasan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, ". . . is the imaam of this crooked path/way which makes permissible for itself every single way or means for the sake of actualizing what they call the 'the benefit of the da'wah' but [in reality] it is nothing but the 'benefits of dejected hizbiyyah (party-spirit)' . . . "
  15. ^ Tableegh Jamaat: Teachings of Shirk .... ". . . And this is the trodden path of Salaf, so let the School of Deobandi and the generality of Tabligh beware that Allah loves not the spreaders of mischief and corruption upon the earth and that the oppression of Shirk (that they promote in their books) is great indeed . . . . "
  16. ^ Shocking Images of Graves and Tombs from Banglore, India
  17. ^ Who Really Loves the Messenger of Allah?
  18. ^ Every Innovation is Misguidance
  19. ^ a b c d Bidah, SalafiPublications.com, Knowledge Base - Bidah section
  20. ^ A Reply to the Doubts of the Qutubiyyah Concerning Ascription to Sunnah and Salafiyyah, page 24, SalafiPublications.com, Article ID: SLF010004
  21. ^ Six Points of Tabligh, Its chapter on `Desired Manners of Eating and Drinking`, includes 26 norms on the etiquette of eating and drinking. From: Globalized Islam : the Search for a New Ummah, by Olivier Roy, Columbia University Press, 2004
  22. ^ Globalized Islam : the Search for a New Ummah, by Olivier Roy, Columbia University Press, 2004 (p. Olivier Roy (born 1949) is a research director at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS and a lecturer for both the School for Advanced Studies in the Columbia University Press is a University press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. Olivier Roy (born 1949) is a research director at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS and a lecturer for both the School for Advanced Studies in the Columbia University Press is a University press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. 245)
  23. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Macmillan Reference, 2004, v. 2, p. 609
  24. ^ The New Encyclopedia of Islam by Cyril Glasse, Rowman and Littlefield, 2001, p. 19
  25. ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Islam by John L. Esposito, OUP, 2003, p. 275
  26. ^ Historical Dictionary of Islam by Ludwig W. Wadamed, Scarecrow Press, 2001, p. 233
  27. ^ see discussion section
  28. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, Macmillan Reference, 2004, p. 7
  29. ^ salafipublications.com
  30. ^ "Historical Development of the Methodologies of al-Ikhwaan al-Muslimeen And Their Effect and Influence Upon Contemporary Salafee Dawah: Part 8 Updated. accessed 12 May 2007. p. 5
  31. ^ Another example of how contemporary Salafi do not consider Muhammad ‘Abduh a Salafi or for that matter a Muslim to be emulated is "Shaikh muhammad amaan on sayyid qutb" which sarcastically refers to Muhammad ‘Abduh as "the ‘great imaam’" for making complementary remarks about Europe.
  32. ^ salafipublications.com
  33. ^ "Historical Development of the Methodologies of al-Ikhwaan al-Muslimeen And Their Effect and Influence Upon Contemporary Salafee Dawah: Part 8 Updated. accessed 12 May 2007. p. 5
  34. ^ The Principles of Salafiyyah
  35. ^ Shaikh Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahhab: His Salafi Creed, Reformist Movement and Scholars' Praise of Him, 4th ed. by Judge Ahmad Ibn 'Hajar Ibn Muhammad al-Butami al-Bin Ali, Ad-Dar as-Salafiyyah, Kuwait, 1983, p. 108-164
  36. ^ What is a Salafi and What is Salafism?
  37. ^ Abou El Fadl, Khaled M. , The Great Theft, HarperSanFrancisco, 2005, p. 79
  38. ^ PBS Frontline, interview with Dr. Mamoun Fandy [3]
  39. ^ Abou El Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 77
  40. ^ Abou El Fadl, Khaled, The Great Theft Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 78-9
  41. ^ a b The Next Attack, By Daniel Benjamin Steven Simon, ISBN 0805079416 - Page 55
  42. ^ Brief History of Islam, Hassan Hanafi, ISBN 1405109009 - Page 258-259
  43. ^ The Next Attack, By Daniel Benjamin, Steven Simon, ISBN 0805079416 - Page 274
  44. ^ a b c d e Introduction to the Salafi Dawah
  45. ^ Aqeedatut Tahaawiyyah
  46. ^ Salafi Islam

External links

Daniel Benjamin is a scholar on International security. From 1994 to 1997 he served on the National Security Council in the Clinton administration. Daniel Benjamin is a scholar on International security. From 1994 to 1997 he served on the National Security Council in the Clinton administration.

Dictionary

Salafism

-noun

  1. (Islam) A Muslim school of thought which calls to adherence to the Path of the Messenger Muhammad, may the peace of Allah upon him, and the Faithful Believers, namely the Pious Forefathers (i.e. As-Salaf as-Saalih) of the Islamic Community of Believers and all those who follow in their footsteps in belief, actions and morals [1].
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