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Saint Valentine
Saint Valentine of Terni oversees the construction of his basilica at Terni, from a 14th century French manuscript (BN, Mss fr. The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman Terni is an ancient town of Italy, capital of Terni province in southern Umbria, in the plain of the Nera river. 185)
Bishop and Martyr
Born unknown
Died ca. 269[1]
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Anglican Communion
Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod
Feast 14 February (Roman Catholic Church)
6 July (Eastern Orthodox Church)
Attributes birds; roses; bishop with a crippled or epileptic child at his feet; bishop with a rooster nearby; bishop refusing to adore an idol; bishop being beheaded; priest bearing a sword; priest holding a sun; priest giving sight to a blind girl[1]
Patronage affianced couples, against fainting, bee keepers, happy marriages, love, plague, epileptics[1]
Saints Portal

Saint Valentine (in Latin, Valentinus) is the name of several martyred saints of ancient Rome. Events By Place Roman Empire Claudius II repels a Gothic invasion of the Balkans at Naissus, and settles The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod (LCMS founded in 1847 in Missouri, is the eighth largest Protestant denomination in the United States and the second-largest The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Christianity has used symbols from its very beginnings Each Saint has a story and a reason why he or she led an exemplary life Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. A rose is a perennial flowering Shrub or vine of the Genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, that contains over 100 species A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A rooster (also called a cock or chanticleer) is a male Chicken ( Gallus gallus) the female being called a Hen. Idolatry is usually defined as Worship of any Cult image, Idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, Bee) is the maintenance of Honey bee colonies commonly in Hives NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** Love is any of a number of Emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong Affection. Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The term martyr ( Greek μάρτυς martys "witness" is most commonly used today to describe an individual who sacrifices their life (or personal freedom A saint (from the Latin sanctus) is a human being to whom has been attributed (and who has generally demonstrated a high level of Holiness and Sanctity Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Of the Saint Valentine whose feast is on February 14, nothing is known except his name and that he was buried at the Via Flaminia north of Rome on February 14. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum ( Rimini) and was the most important route to the north Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German It is even uncertain whether the feast of that day celebrates only one saint or two or more saints of the same name. For this reason this liturgical commemoration was not kept in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints for universal liturgical veneration as revised in 1969. For earlier forms of the General Roman Calendar see the Tridentine Calendar, the General Roman Calendar as in 1954, General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius [2] Traditional Roman Catholics continue to venerate St. Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical Valentine on his feast day, February 14. The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Valentine the Presbyter, is celebrated on 6 July,[3] and Hieromartyr Saint Valentine (Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy) is celebrated on 30 July. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England In the Eastern Orthodox tradition a hieromartyr is a Martyr (one who dies for their beliefs who was also one of the Clergy ( Deacon, Priest Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off [4]

The name "Valentine" does not occur in the earliest list of Roman martyrs, which was compiled by the Chronographer of 354. The Roman Martyrology is the official Martyrology of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. Events By Place Roman Empire Constantius Gallus, Caesar of the East is deposed and executed on orders of Constantius II The feast of St. Valentine was first established in 496 by Pope Gelasius I, who included Valentine among those ". Pope . . whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God. " As Gelasius implied, nothing was known, even then, about the lives of any of these martyrs. The first representation of Saint Valentine appeared in a The Nuremberg Chronicle, a great illustrated book printed in 1493. The Nuremberg Chronicle, written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel, with a version in German translation by Georg Alt is one of the best documented early printed books The Saint Valentine that appears in various martyrologies in connection with 14 February is described either as:

Text in the Nuremberg Chronicle alongside the woodcut portrait of Valentine states that he was a Roman priest martyred during the reign of Claudius II, known as Claudius the Goth. The Nuremberg Chronicle, written in Latin by Hartmann Schedel, with a version in German translation by Georg Alt is one of the best documented early printed books He was arrested and imprisioned upon being caught marrying Christian couples and otherwise aiding Christians who were at the time being persecuted by Claudius in Rome. Helping Christians at this time was considered a crime. Claudius took a liking to this prisoner -- until Valentinus tried to convert the Emperor -- whereupon this priest was condemned to death. He was beaten with clubs and stoned; when that didn't do it, he was beheaded outside the Flaminian Gate (circa 269).

The name "Valentine", derived from valens (worthy), was popular in late antiquity. [6]

Various dates are given for the martyrdom or martyrdoms: 269, 270, or 273. [7]

The official Roman Martyrology for February 14 mentions only one Saint Valentine. The Roman Martyrology is the official Martyrology of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German

English eighteenth-century antiquarians Alban Butler and Francis Douce, noting the obscurity of Saint Valentine's identity, suggested Valentine's Day was created as an attempt to supersede the pagan holiday of Lupercalia. Alban Butler ( October 13, 1709 - St-Omer, France May 15, 1773) English Roman Catholic Priest Francis Douce ( (1757-1834 Antiquary, born in London, was for some timeemployed at the British Museum. For the saint by the name 'Lupercus' see Marcellus of Tangier. This idea has lately been contested by Professor Jack Oruch of the University of Kansas. The University of Kansas (often referred to as KU or just Kansas) is a public research university with campuses located in Lawrence, Kansas City Many of the current legends that characterise Saint Valentine were invented in the fourteenth century in England, notably by Geoffrey Chaucer and his circle, when the feast day of February 14 first became associated with romantic love. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** [8]

While a website of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia and other sources give different lists of Saint Valentines, the Catholic Church's official list of recognized saints, the Roman Martyrology lists seven: a martyr (Roman priest or Terni bishop?) buried on the Via Flaminia (February 14), a priest from Viterbo (November 3), a bishop from Raetia who died in about 450 (January 7), a fifth-century priest and hermit (July 4), a Spanish hermit who died in about 715 (October 25), Valentine Berrio Ochoa, martyred in 1861 (November 24) and Valentine Jaunzarás Gómez, martyred in 1936 (September 18). The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (Ру́сская Правосла́вная Це́рковь Заграни́цей ru Russkaya Pravoslavnaya Tserkov' Zagranitsey The Roman Martyrology is the official Martyrology of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Viterbo is an ancient city and Comune in the Lazio region of central Italy, the capital of the Province of Viterbo. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Raetia (so always in inscriptions classical manuscripts usually use the form Rhaetia) was a province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated [9]

Contents

Earliest church dedications

Hagiographical sources speak of a Roman priest and a bishop of Terni each buried along the Via Flaminia outside Rome, at different distances from the city, with each venerated on February 14. Hagiography ( is the study of Saints. A hagiography, from Greek (hağios (ἅγιος "holy" or "saint" and graphē (γραφή Terni is an ancient town of Italy, capital of Terni province in southern Umbria, in the plain of the Nera river. The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum ( Rimini) and was the most important route to the north Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German [10] In the Middle Ages, two Roman churches were dedicated to Saint Valentine. One was the tenth-century church Sancti Valentini de Balneo Miccine or de Piscina, which was rededicated by Pope Urban III in 1186. The other, on the Via Flaminia, was the ancient basilica S. Valentini extra Portam founded by Pope Julius I (337‑352), though not under this dedication. Pope [11] The basilica apellatur Valentini, "is called Valentine's"; but early basilicas were as often called by the name of their former owner as by the saint to whom they were dedicated: see titulus. You may be looking for Titulus (inscription. In Christian archeology a titulus is one of a set number of Early Christian churches

This, the earlier and by far more important of the churches, is dedicated to the less prominent of the two saints, Valentine, presbyter of Rome;[12] this was the Basilica S. Valentini extra Portam, the "Basilica of Saint Valentine beyond the Gate" which was situated beyond the Porta Flaminia (the Porta del Popolo, which was the Porta S. The Piazza del Popolo is a square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means " Piazza of the people" but historically it derives from Valentini when William of Malmesbury visited Rome). Biography The education William received at Malmesbury Abbey included a smattering of Logic and Physics; Moral philosophy and History, It stood on the right hand side at the second milestone on the Via Flaminia. The Via Flaminia was a Roman road leading from Rome to Ariminum ( Rimini) and was the most important route to the north [13] It had its origins in a funerary chapel on the site of catacombs, which the Liber Pontificalis attributes to a foundation by Pope Julius I (337-352). The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. The Liber Pontificalis ( Latin for Book of the Popes) is a book of biographies of Popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century Pope However, the dedications of two basilicas dedicated by Julius are not specified in the Liber Pontificalis. It was restored or largely rebuilt by Pope Theodore (642‑649) and Pope Leo III (795‑816), enriched with an altar cloth by Pope Benedict II (683‑685) and by gifts of Pope Hadrian I (772‑795), Pope Leo III and Pope Gregory IV (827‑844), so that it had become ecclesia mirifice ornata, "a church marvellously adorned". Pope Theodore may refer to Pope Theodore I Pope Theodore II Antipope Theodore Pope Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816 Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome he subsequently strengthened Pope Pope Adrian, or Hadrian I, (d December 25, 795) was Pope from February 9 772 to December 25 795 Pope Leo III (died June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to 816 Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome he subsequently strengthened Gregory IV, Pope ( September 20, 827 - January 11, 844) was chosen to succeed Valentine in December 827 on which occasion The monastery of San Silvestro in Capite was annexed to it, and in the surviving epitome of a lost catalogue of the churches of Rome, compiled by Giraldus Cambrensis about 1200, it was hospitale S. Gerald of Wales (c 1146 &ndash c 1223 also known as Gerallt Gymro in Welsh or Giraldus Cambrensis in Latin, Valentini extra urbem, the "hospital of Saint Valentine outside the city". But in the thirteenth century the martyr's relics were transferred to Santa Prassede, and the ancient basilica decayed: in Signorili's catalogue, made in about 1425, it was Ecclesia sancti Valentini extra portam sine muris non habet sacerdotem, "the church of Saint Valentine beyond the gate without [enclosing] walls, has no priest". [14]

In the catacombs connected with the basilica of Valentine, outside the Porta del Popolo, nineteenth-century excavations unearthed two hundred Christian inscriptions. The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. [15] Lanciani reported, from the chronicle of the monastery of S. Michael ad Mosam, an account of a pilgrim of the eleventh century who obtained relics of saints "'from the keeper of a certain cemetery, in which lamps are always burning'. He refers to the basilica of S. Valentine and the small hypogaeum attached to it (discovered in 1887). Hypogeum or Hypogaeum (plural hypogea) literally means "underground" from Greek hypo (under and "[16]

The earliest written Acta for Saint Valentine were written in the sixth or seventh century, when the hagiographical was well established, with pious accounts of miracles and torture shared among many texts and applied to many martyr-saints. The longer of the two is that written of the martyr Valentine of Terni and his cure, through faith alone, of a crippled child. Bede, in the eighth century, knew of both hagiographies and included transcripts of both under 14 February in his martyrology. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German [17]

In the Golden Legend

The Legenda Aurea of Jacobus de Voragine, compiled about 1260 and one of the most-read books of the High Middle Ages, gives sufficient details of the saints for each day of the liturgical year to inspire a homily on each occasion. The Golden Legend (Legenda Aurea by Jacopo da Varagine is a collection of fanciful hagiographies or lives of the Saints that became a late medieval Blessed Jacobus de Varagine or Voragine (Giacomo da Varazze Jacopo da Varazze (c The very brief vita of St Valentine has him refusing to deny Christ before the "Emperor Claudius"[18] in the year 280. Before his head was cut off, this Valentine restored sight and hearing to the daughter of his jailer. Jacobus makes a play with the etymology of "Valentine", "as containing valour".

The Legenda Aurea does not contain anything about hearts and last notes signed "from your Valentine", as is sometimes suggested in modern works of sentimental piety [1]. Many of the current legends surrounding them appear in the late Middle Ages in France and England, when the feast day of February 14 became associated with romantic love. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** .

St. Valentine's Day

For more details on this topic, see Valentine's Day. Valentine's Day or Saint Valentine's Day is a Holiday celebrated on February 14

Professor Oruch has made the case[19] that the traditions associated with "Valentine's Day", documented in Geoffrey Chaucer's Parliament of Foules, and set in the fictional context of an old tradition, had no such tradition before Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. He argues that the speculative explanation of sentimental customs, posing as historical fact, had their origins among eighteenth-century antiquaries, notably Alban Butler, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have been perpetuated even by respectable modern scholars. An antiquarian or antiquary is one concerned with Antiquities or things of the past Alban Butler ( October 13, 1709 - St-Omer, France May 15, 1773) English Roman Catholic Priest In the French fourteenth-century manuscript illumination from a Vies des Saints[20] (illustration above), Saint Valentine, bishop of Terni, oversees the construction of his basilica at Terni; there is no suggestion here yet that the bishop was a patron of lovers. Terni is an ancient town of Italy, capital of Terni province in southern Umbria, in the plain of the Nera river.

Relics and liturgical celebration

In 1836, relics that were exhumed from the catacombs of Saint Hippolytus on the Via Tiburtina, then near (rather than inside) Rome, were identified with St Valentine; placed in a casket, they were transported to the Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland, to which they were donated by Pope Gregory XVI. A relic is an object or a personal item of religious significance carefully preserved with an air of Veneration as a tangible memorial The first Burial galleries to be referred to as catacombs lie beneath San Sebastiano fuori le mura, in Rome. Via Tiburtina is an ancient road of Italy leading east-northeast from Rome to Tivoli (Latin Tibur) The Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church is a Roman Catholic church in Dublin, Ireland maintained by the Carmelite order Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Pope Gregory XVI ( September 18 1765 &ndash June 1 1846) born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, named Mauro as a member of Many tourists visit the saintly remains on St. Valentine's Day, when the casket is carried in solemn procession to the high altar for a special Mass dedicated to young people and all those in love. Alleged relics of St. Valentine also lie at the reliquary of Roquemaure in France, in the Stephansdom in Vienna and also in Blessed John Duns Scotus' church in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland. Roquemaure is a commune in the department of Gard in southern France. St Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom is the Mother church of the Archdiocese of Vienna and the seat of the Archbishop of Vienna, Christoph Cardinal Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. The Gorbals ( Gort a' Bhaile in Gaelic) is a area on the south bank of the River Clyde in the city of Glasgow Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. There is also gold reliquary bearing the words 'Corpus St. Valentin, M' (Body of St. Valentine, Martyr) at The Birmingham Oratory, UK in one of the side altars in the main church. Birmingham Oratory is a Catholic oratory and church, also known as Little Rome in Birmingham.

Of greatest interest at this altar is the rich coffin which lies beneath it, containing the body of St. Valentine, a martyr whose relics from the Roman catacombs were given to John Henry Cardinal Newman by Blessed Pius IX in 1847. Family John Henry Newman was born in London and was the eldest son of John Newman (d Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 [21]

The Saint Valentine who is celebrated on February 14 remains in the Catholic Church's official list of saints (the Roman Martyrology), but, in view of the scarcity of information about him, his commemoration was removed from the Roman Catholic calendar of saints for universal liturgical veneration, when this was revised in 1969, but it is included in local calendars of places such as Balzan and Malta, where relics of the saint are claimed to be found. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German For earlier forms of the General Roman Calendar see the Tridentine Calendar, the General Roman Calendar as in 1954, General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius For the international Balzan prize and its donator Eugenio Balzan see Balzan Prize Balzan (or Ħal-Balzan, pronounced bal-tsan Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands It is kept as a commemoration by Traditionalist Roman Catholics who, in accordance with the authorization given by Pope Benedict XVI's motu proprio Summorum Pontificum of July 7, 2007, use the General Roman Calendar of 1962 and the liturgy of Pope John XXIII's 1962 edition of the Roman Missal, and, as a Simple Feast, by Traditionalist Roman Catholics who use the General Roman Calendar as in 1954. Traditionalist Catholics are Roman Catholics, or people who identify as Roman Catholics who believe that there should be a restoration of many or all of the liturgical Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger A motu proprio ( Latin "on his own impulse" is a document issued by the Pope on his own initiative and personally signed by him Summorum Pontificum (Of the Supreme Pontiffs is an Apostolic Letter of Pope Benedict XVI, issued " Motu proprio " (i Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This article lists the feast days of the General Roman Calendar as it was in 1962 following the reforms of Pope John XXIII introduced with his Motu proprio ''Rubricarum Pope John (numberingBlessed The Roman Missal ((Missale Romanum is the liturgical book that contains the texts and rubrics for the celebration of the Mass in the Roman Rite The following is a list of the feast days of the General Roman Calendar as it was in 1954. The following is a list of the feast days of the General Roman Calendar as it was in 1954.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Jones, Terry. La Fête du Baiser ("festival of the kiss" is a Festival, celebrated the Saturday after St Saint Fructus (San Fruitos Frutos Fructos was a Castilian Hermit of the eighth century venerated as a Saint. Valentine of Rome. Patron Saints Index. Retrieved on 2007-02-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German
  2. ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vatican, 1969), p. 117
  3. ^ Martyr Valentinus the Presbyter and those with him at Rome- Orthodox Church in America website
  4. ^ Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy - Orthodox Church in America website
  5. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Valentine
  6. ^ IOL, article dated February 09 2001
  7. ^ Jack Oruch, "St. The Orthodox Church in America ( OCA) is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in North America. The Orthodox Church in America ( OCA) is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in North America. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", Speculum 56. 3 (July 1981 pp 534-565) p 535.
  8. ^ Jack Oruch identified the inception of this possible connection in Butler's Lives of the. . . Saints, 1756, and Douce's Illustrations of Shakespeare, and of Ancient Manner. See Oruch, "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", Speculum 56. 3 (July 1981 pp 534-565).
  9. ^ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001, ISBN 88-209-7210-7), Index, p. 768)
  10. ^ René Aigrain, Hagiographie: Ses sources, ses méthodes, son histoire, (Paris 1953, pp 268-69; Agostino S. Amore, "S. Valentino di Roma o di Terni?", Antonianum 41. (1966), pp 260-77.
  11. ^ Christian Hülsen, Chiese di Roma nel Medio Evo (Florence: Olschki, (On-line text).
  12. ^ He figures only in the account of the martyrdom of Marius and Martha and their company, Passio SS. Marii, Marthae et socc. §§ 6-10, 15. (University of Manchester).
  13. ^ The later church also dedicated to a Valentine — the more prominent bishop of Terni, the only Valentine mentioned in Martyrologium Hieronymianum— was further along, at milestone 64 (Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911; Handlist of Roman martyrs). The Martyrologium Hieronymianum, the " Martyrology of Jerome" was the most widely used and influential of the medieval lists of martyrs
  14. ^ Christian Hülsen, Le Chiese di Roma nel Medio Evo (Florence: Olschki) 1927. (on-line text).
  15. ^ Rodolfo Lanciani, Pagan and Christian Rome (downloadable text of the English translation, 1892)
  16. ^ R. Lanciani, op. cit.
  17. ^ Oruch 1981:538.
  18. ^ Under the circumstances, the "Emperor Claudius" was a detail meant to enhance verisimilitude. Attempts to identify him with the only third-century Claudius, Claudius Gothicus, who spent his brief reign (268-270) away from Rome winning his cognomen, are illusions in pursuit of a literary phantom: "No evidence outside several late saints' legends suggests that Claudius II reversed the policy of toleration established by the policy of his predecessor Gallienus", Jack Oruch states, in "St. The cognomen (plural cognomina) was originally the third name of an Ancient Roman in the Roman naming convention. Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (218-268 ruled the Roman Empire as co-emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and then as the sole Roman Emperor Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", Speculum 56. 3 (July 1981),p 536, referencing William H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (New York, 1967, p 326.
  19. ^ Oruch 1981:534-565.
  20. ^ BN, Mss fr. 185. The book of Lives of the Saints, with illuminations by Richard de Montbaston and collaborators, was among the manuscripts that Cardinal Richelieu bequeathed to the King of France (Further illuminations can be found on-line). An illuminated manuscript is a Manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration such as decorated Initials borders and This article is about a cardinal For information on the Russian also called The Red Eminence, see Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov.
  21. ^ Birmingham Oratory Website: "Irish Historical Mysteries: St. Valentine in Dublin".

References

External links

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