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| History of Haiti |
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| Before 1492 |
| 1492-1791 |
| 1791-1804 |
| 1804-1843 |
| 1843-1915 |
| 1915-1986 |
| 1986-present |
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Saint-Domingue |
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Timeline |
Saint-Domingue was a French colony from 1659 to 1804, when it became the independent nation of Haiti. The recorded history of Haiti began on December 5, 1492 when the European navigator Christopher Columbus happened upon a large island in The Revolution (1791–1804 was the most successful of African Slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere The Revolution (1791–1804 was the most successful of African Slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere The first United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28 1915 and ended in mid-August 1934 The 2004 Haiti coup was a regime overthrow that happened as the result of conflicts fought for several weeks in Haiti during February 2004 This is a timeline of Haitian history. To read about the background to these events see History of Haiti. French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole:
Saint-Domingue is the French version of the Spanish name Santo Domingo. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Saint Dominic (Domingo also known as Dominic of Osma, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo de Guzmán Garcés (1170 &ndash August 6 Spain controlled the entire island of Hispaniola (also called Santo Domingo or San Domingo) from the 1490s until the 17th century, when French pirates began to establish bases on the western portions of the island. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of In the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, Spain formally recognized French control of the western third of the island. The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic.
This island of the Greater Antilles was discovered by Christopher Columbus on December 5, 1492. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer He named it Hispaniola. Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of The people of culture Arawak, the Caribbean and Tainos occupied the island before the arrival of the Spaniards. The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for Cassava flour was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Taínos were pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles.
Spain called the island Santo Domingo. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The western part of Hispaniola being neglected by the Spanish colonists, French buccaneers settled there, first on the Ile de la Tortue, also Island of Tortuga or Island of the Tortoise, then on Grande Terre (mainland West Hispaniola). Tortuga may refer to a Spanish word meaning Tortoise the name of several islands La Tortuga Island in Tortuga may refer to a Spanish word meaning Tortoise the name of several islands La Tortuga Island in French called the western part Saint Domingue. In 1804, Saint Domingue became the independent nation of Haïti. Year 1804 ( MDCCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole:
Contents |
Establishment
French buccaneers established a settlement on the island of Tortuga in 1625, before going to Grande Terre (mainland). This article refers to the type of pirate For other uses see Buccaneer (disambiguation The buccaneers were Pirates who attacked Tortuga may refer to a Spanish word meaning Tortoise the name of several islands La Tortuga Island in They survived by pirating Spanish ships, eating wild cattle and hogs, and selling hides to traders of all nations. Although the Spanish destroyed the buccaneers' settlements several times, on each occasion they returned due an abundance of natural resources: hardwood trees, wild hogs and cattle, and fresh water. The settlement on Tortuga was officially established in 1659 under the commission of King Louis XIV. Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent
Among the buccaneers was Bertrand d'Ogeron. He played a big part in the settlement of Saint Domingue. He was able to support the plantation of tobacco, thus allowing to turn into a sedentary population number of buccaneers and freebooters who didn’t gently accept the royal authority until 1660. d'Orgeron also attracted many colonists of Martinique and Guadeloupe, like Jean Roy, Jean Hebert and his family and Guillaume Barre and his family, driven out by the land pressure which was generated by the extension of the sugar dwellings. But in 1670, short after Cap François (later Cap Français, now Cap-Haïtien) had been established, the crisis of tobacco intervened and a great number of places was abandoned. Cap-Haïtien ( Okap or Kapayisyen in Kréyòl) is a city of about 130000 people on the north coast of Haiti. The rows of freebooting grew bigger; plundering, like those of Vera Cruz in 1683 or of Campêche in 1686, became increasingly numerous and Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay, elder son of Jean Baptist Colbert and at the time Minister of the Navy, brought back some order by taking a great number of measures. Jean-Baptiste Colbert ( August 29, 1619 — September 6, 1683) served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under For the French politician see Jean-Baptiste Colbert Marquis de Seignelay Seignelay is a commune in the Yonne Among those appeared the creation of plantations of indigo and of cane sugar. Indigo is the Color on the Electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in Wavelength, placing it between Blue and violet Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae The first sugar windmill was created in 1685.
Under the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, Spain officially ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France. The Treaty of Ryswick was signed on 20 September 1697 and named after Ryswick (now known as Rijswijk) in the Dutch Republic. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
Thriving colony
Prior to the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), the economy of Saint-Domingue gradually expanded, with sugar and, later, coffee becoming important export crops. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths After the war, which disrupted maritime commerce, the colony underwent rapid expansion. In 1767, it exported 72 million pounds of raw sugar and 51 million pounds of refined sugar, one million pounds of indigo, and two million pounds of cotton. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Indigo is the Color on the Electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in Wavelength, placing it between Blue and violet [1] Saint-Domingue became known as the "Pearl of the Antilles" — one of the richest colonies in the 18th century French empire. The Antilles (the same in French; Antillas in Spanish; Antillen in Dutch) refers to the islands forming the greater part of the France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world By the 1780s, Saint-Domingue produced about 40 percent of all the sugar and 60 percent of all the coffee consumed in Europe. This single colony, roughly the size of Maryland or Belgium, produced more sugar and coffee than all of Britain's West Indian colonies combined. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom.
The labor for these plantations was provided by an estimated 790,000 African slaves (accounting in 1783-1791 for a third of the entire Atlantic slave trade). The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history Between 1764 and 1771, the average importation of slaves varied between 10,000-15,000, by 1786 about 28,000 and, from 1787 onward, the colony received more than 40,000 slaves a year. However, the inability to maintain slave numbers without constant resupply from Africa meant the slave population, by 1789, totaled 500,000, ruled over by a white population that, by 1789, numbered only 32,000. [2] At all times, a majority of slaves in the colony were African-born, as the brutal conditions of slavery prevented the population from experiencing growth through natural increase [1]. African culture thus remained strong among slaves to the end of French rule, in particular the folk-religion of Vodou, which commingled Catholic liturgy and ritual with the beliefs and practices of Guinea, Congo and Dahomey. vodoo, vodun, or vodoun may refer to any of West African vodun, a west African religion Haitian vodou, mostly derived Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea The Kingdom of Kongo (1400 – 1914 ( Kongo: Kongo dya Ntotila or Wene wa Kongo) was an African kingdom located in west central Africa in what [3] Slave traders scoured the Atlantic coast of Africa, and the slaves who arrived came from hundreds of different tribes, their languages often incommensurable. The majority came from the Gold Coast and the Slave Coast, followed by Bantus from Congo and Angola. The Gold Coast was the region of West Africa which is now the nation of Ghana. The Slave Coast is the name of the coastal areas of present Togo, Benin (formerly Dahomey) and western Nigeria, a fertile region of coastal Bantu is the name of a large category of African languages It also is used as a general label for over 400 Ethnic groups in Sub-Saharan Africa, from Cameroon The Bakongo or the Kongo people (meaning "hunter" also sometimes referred to as Congolese, live along the Atlantic coast of Africa
To regularise slavery, in 1685 Louis XVI had enacted the code noir, which accorded certain human rights to slaves and responsibilities to the master, who was obliged to feed, clothe and provide for the general well-being of their slaves. The Code Noir ( French language: The Black Code) was a decree passed by France 's King Louis XIV in 1685. The code noir also sanctioned corporal punishment, allowing masters to employ brutal methods to instill in their slaves the necessary docilitiy, while ignoring provisions intended to regulate the administration of punishments. A passage from Henri Christophe's personal secretary, who lived more than half his life as a slave, describes the crimes perpetrated against the slaves of Saint-Domingue by their French masters:
- "Have they not hung up men with heads downward, drowned them in sacks, crucified them on planks, buried them alive, crushed them in mortars? Have they not forced them to eat shit? And, having flayed them with the lash, have they not cast them alive to be devoured by worms, or onto anthills, or lashed them to stakes in the swamp to be devoured by mosquitoes? Have they not thrown them into boiling cauldrons of cane syrup? Have they not put men and women inside barrels studded with spikes and rolled them down mountainsides into the abyss? Have they not consigned these miserable blacks to man eating-dogs until the latter, sated by human flesh, left the mangled victims to be finished off with bayonet and poniard?"[4]
Thousands of slaves found freedom by fleeing into the mountains, forming communities of maroons and raiding isolated plantations. Henri Christophe ( October 6, 1767 – October 8, 1820) became a career officer and general in the military forces that became the Haïtian Army Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death Drowning is Death as caused by suffocation when a liquid causes interruption of the body's absorption of oxygen from the air leading to Asphyxia. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from This article is about the method of execution See Crusher for a description of the manufacturing process and mechanisms for it Coprophagia is the consumption of Feces, from the Greek copros (feces and phagein (eat Flaying is the removal of Skin from the Body. Generally an attempt is made to keep the removed portion of skin intact Boiling to death is a crude and torturous method of execution. Maroons redirects here and may refer to Queensland state rugby league team. The most famous was Mackandal, a one-armed slave, originally from Guinea, who escaped in 1751. François Mackandal, (died 1758 was an early Haïtian Maroon leader in the revolt against the French Plantation owners Slave owners, and Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea A Vodou Houngan (priest), he united many of the different maroon bands, and spent the next six years staging successful raids and evading capture by the French, reputedly killing over 6,000 people, while preaching a fanatic vision of the destruction of white civilization in St. vodoo, vodun, or vodoun may refer to any of West African vodun, a west African religion Haitian vodou, mostly derived Domingue. In 1758, after a failed plot to poison the drinking water of the plantation owners, he was captured and burned alive at the public square in Cap-Français.
Saint-Domingue also had the largest and wealthiest free population of color in the Caribbean, a group also known as the gens de couleur. In the history of Slavery in the Americas a free person of color was a person of full or partial African descent who was not enslaved The history of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since the Fifteenth century. Gens de couleur is a French term meaning "people of color The royal census of 1789 counted roughly 25,000 such persons. While many free people of color were former slaves, most members of this class appear not to have been free Africans, but rather people of mixed European and African ancestry, or mulattoes. Mulatto is a term used to describe a person with one white parent and one black parent or a person whose Ancestry is a mixture of black and white Typically, they were the descendants of the enslaved women that French colonists took as mistresses; through plaçage, a type of common-law marriage planters enjoyed with their slave mistresses, many were able to inherit considerable property. Plaçage was a recognized extralegal system in which white French and Spanish and later Creole men entered into the equivalent of Common-law marriages As their numbers grew, they became subject to discriminatory legislation. Statutes forbade gens de couleur from taking up certain professions, marrying whites, wearing European clothing, carrying swords or firearms in public, or attending social functions where whites were present. However, these regulations did not restrict their purchase of land, and many accumulated substantial holdings and became slave-owners. By 1789, they owned one-third of the plantation property and one-quarter of the slaves of Saint-Domingue. [5] Central to the rise of the gens de couleur planter class was the growing importance of coffee, which thrived on the marginal hillside plots to which they were often relegated. The largest concentration of gens de couleur was in the southern peninsula, the last region of the colony to be settled, owing to its distance from Atlantic shipping lanes and its formidable terrain, with the highest mountain range in the Caribbean. In the parish of Jérémie, they formed the majority of the population.
End of colonial rule
A 1791 slave rebellion began the Haitian Revolution, which culminated with the establishment of the independent Republic of Haiti in 1804. The Revolution (1791–1804 was the most successful of African Slave rebellions in the Western Hemisphere
Note: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, French, American and British authors often referred to Saint-Domingue as "Santo Domingo" which can lead to confusion with its neighboring former Spanish colony (called Santo Domingo in colonial times) which is today the Dominican Republic for Santo Domingo, its capital. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with The name was changed to Haiti when Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared independence from the French in 1804. Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( September 20, 1758 – 17 October 1806 was a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent The recorded history of Haiti began on December 5, 1492 when the European navigator Christopher Columbus happened upon a large island in Like the name Haiti itself, Saint-Domingue may sometimes be used to refer to all of Hispaniola, but more frequently to the western part now occupied by the Republic of Haiti. Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of
See also
Footnotes
- ^ C.L.R. James The Black Jacobins (Vintage Books: New York, 1963) Pg. The recorded history of Haiti began on December 5, 1492 when the European navigator Christopher Columbus happened upon a large island in French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western Cyril Lionel Robert James ( 4 January 1901 &ndash 19 May 1989) was an Afro- Trinidadian Journalist 45
- ^ C. L. R. James The Black Jacobins Pg. 55
- ^ Vodou is a Dahomean word meaning 'god' or 'spirit'.
- ^ Robert Heinl, Written in Blood: The History of the Haitian People (University Press of America: Lantham, Md. , 1996)
- ^ Chapter 8 Page 1
Resources
- Paul Butel, Histoire des Antilles Françaises XVIIe - XXe siècle, Perrin 2002 ISBN 978-2-2620154-0-6
- Jack Claude Nezat The Nezat And Allied Families 1630-2007 Lulu 2007 ISBN 978-2-9528339-2-9, ISBN 978-0-6151-5001-7
External links
- The Louverture Project: Saint-Domingue - Saint-Domingue page on Haitian history Wiki. Jack Claude Nezat is an American author His works have been written in English German and French
- The Louverture Project: Slavery in Saint-Domingue
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