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| IUPAC name | Safranin |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Safranin (also Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in histology and cytology. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Staining is an auxiliary Technique used in Microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and Safranin is used as a counterstain in some staining protocols, colouring all cell nuclei red. In Cell biology, the nucleus (pl nuclei; from Latin la ''nucleus'' or la ''nuculeus'' "little nut" or kernel is a membrane-enclosed This is the classic counterstain in a Gram stain. Gram staining (or Gram's method) is an empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups ( Gram-positive and It can also be used for the detection of cartilage[1], mucin and mast cell granules. Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix Mucins are a family of large heavily glycosylated Proteins ( Glycoconjugates. A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in Histamine and Heparin
Safranin typically has the chemical structure shown at right (sometimes described as dimethyl safranin). There is also trimethyl safranin, which has an added methyl group in the ortho- position of the lower ring. In Chemistry, a methyl group is a Hydrophobic Alkyl Functional group named after Methane (4 Both compounds behave essentially identically in biological staining applications, and most manufacturers of safranin don't distinguish between the two. Commercial safranin preparations often contain a blend of both types.
Safranin also used as redox indicator in analytical chemistry. A redox indicator (also called an oxidation-reduction indicator) is an Indicator that undergoes a definite color change at a specific Electrode potential Analytical chemistry is the study of the Chemical composition of natural and artificial Materials.
Safranines
Safranines are the azonium compounds of symmetrical 2,8-dimethyl-3,7-diamino-phenazine. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Symmetry generally conveys two primary meanings The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically-pleasing proportionality and balance such that it reflects beauty or They are obtained by the joint oxidation of one molecule of a para-diamine with two molecules of a primary amine; by the condensation of para-aminoazo compounds with primary amines, and by the action of para-nitrosodialkylanilines with secondary bases such as diphenylmetaphenylenediamine. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and They are crystalline solids showing a characteristic green metallic luster; they are readily soluble in water and dye blue or violet. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied They are strong bases and form stable monacid salts. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Their alcoholic solution shows a yellow-red fluorescence. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an Phenosafranine is not very stable in the free state; its chloride forms green plates. History See also Orange Free State Geography The Free State is situated on flat boundless plains in the heart of South Africa The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus It can be readily diazotized, and the diazonium salt when boiled with alcohol yields aposafranine or benzene induline, C18H12N3. F. Kehrmann showed that aposafranine could be diazotized in the presence of cold concentrated sulfuric acid, and the diazonium salt on boiling with alcohol yielded phenylphenazonium salts. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Aposafranone, C18H12N2O, is formed by heating aposafranine with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water These three compounds are perhaps to be represented as ortho- or as para-quinones. "DDQ" redirects here DDQ is also the former callsign of a TV station in Toowoomba Queensland Australia The "safranine" of commerce is a ortho-tolusafranine. The first aniline dye-stuff to be prepared on a manufacturing scale was mauveine, which was obtained by Sir William Henry Perkin by heating crude aniline with potassium bichromate and sulfuric acid. Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an Organic compound with the formula C6H7N Mauveine, also known as Aniline Purple and Perkin's mauve, was the first synthetic organic Dye. Sir William Henry Perkin, FRS ( March 12, 1838 July 14, 1907) was an English Chemist best known for his Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Chromates and dichromates are Salts of Chromic acid and dichromic acid respectively Mauveine was converted to parasafranine (1,8-dimethyl Safranine) by Perkin in 1878 by oxidative/reductive loss of the 7-N-para-tolyl group. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state [2]
References
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- ^ Rosenberg L (1971). "Chemical Basis for the Histological Use of Safranin O in the Study of Articular Cartilage" (abstract). J Bone Joint Surg Am. 53 (1): 69-82. PMID 4250366.
- ^ W. H. Perkin F.R.S. (1879). Sir William Henry Perkin, FRS ( March 12, 1838 July 14, 1907) was an English Chemist best known for his "LXXIV. —On mauveine and allied colouring matters". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 35: 717 - 732. The Journal of the Chemical Society was a Scientific journal published from 1862 to 1877 and from 1926 to 1965 by the Chemical Society which merged with other doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
External links
- Safranin O Staining Protocol
- Safranine has recently been employed as the cationic component of a tecton used to build a porous anionic Hydrogen Bonded Network. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen (doi:10.1021/ja042233m)
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| InChI= | 1/C20H18N4/c1-12-8-17-19(10-15(12)21)24(14-6-4-3-5-7-14)20-11-16(22)13(2)9-18(20)23-17/h3-11H,1-2H3,(H3,21,22)/p+1]] |
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