Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي
5th President of Iraq
In office July 16, 1979 – April 9, 2003
Prime Minister	Himself (twice) Sa'dun Hammadi Mohammed Amza Zubeidi Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
Preceded by	Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
Succeeded by	Deposed; Coalition Provisional Authority
57th & 61st Prime Minister of Iraq 11th & 15th Prime Minister of the Republic of Iraq
In office July 16, 1979 – March 23, 1991 May 29, 1994 – April 9, 2003
President	Himself
Preceded by	Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai
Succeeded by	Sa'dun Hammadi Deposed; Ayad Allawi
Born	April 28, 1937 Al-Awja, Iraq
Died	December 30, 2006 (aged 69) Kadhimiya, Baghdad, Iraq
Political party	Baath Party
Spouse	Sajida Talfah
Children	5
Religion	Islam (Sunni)

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي Ṣaddām Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Tikrītī^[1]; April 28, 1937^[2] – December 30, 2006)^[3] was the President of Iraq from July 16, 1979 until April 9, 2003. The President of Iraq is Iraq 's Head of state. Presidents of the Republic of Iraq (1958-2003 For most of the country's history Iraq's Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Sa'dun Hammadi ( June 22 1930 - March 14 2007) ( Arabic: سعدون حمادي was briefly Prime Minister of Iraq Mohammed Amza az-Zubeidi (1938&ndashDecember 2 2005 (محمد حمزة الزبيدي was the Prime Minister of Iraq from 1991 to 1993 Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai was Prime Minister of Iraq from 1993 to 1994, during the rule of President Saddam Hussein General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ( Arabic أحمد حسن البكر) ( July 1, 1914 – October 4, 1982) was The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة was established as a Transitional government following the Office The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's Head of government. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ( Arabic أحمد حسن البكر) ( July 1, 1914 – October 4, 1982) was Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai was Prime Minister of Iraq from 1993 to 1994, during the rule of President Saddam Hussein Sa'dun Hammadi ( June 22 1930 - March 14 2007) ( Arabic: سعدون حمادي was briefly Prime Minister of Iraq Ayad Allawi ( إياد علاوي) (born 1945 is an Iraqi politician and was the interim Prime Minister of Iraq prior to Iraq's 2005 legislative Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Al-Awja ( Arabic:العوجا also known as Owja, Al-Auja or Al-Ouja) is a Village 8 miles (13 km south of Tikrit For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. al-Kāżimiyyah (الكاظمية al-Kāżimiyyah; alternatively الكاظمين al-Kāżimayn) is a town located in what is now a northern neighbourhood of Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus Sajida Khairallah Talfah (ساجدة خيرالله طلفاح born 1937[http //news For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The President of Iraq is Iraq 's Head of state. Presidents of the Republic of Iraq (1958-2003 For most of the country's history Iraq's For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[4][5]

A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power. The Arab Socialist Ba'th Party (also spelled Baath or Ba'ath; Arabic: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي was founded in Damascus Pan-Arabism is a movement for Unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arab Socialism (الاشتراكية العربية al-ishtirākīya al-‘arabīya) is a political ideology based on an amalgamation of Pan-Arabism and As vice president under the ailing General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, Saddam tightly controlled conflict between the government and the armed forces—at a time when many other groups were considered capable of overthrowing the government—by creating repressive security forces. General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ( Arabic أحمد حسن البكر) ( July 1, 1914 – October 4, 1982) was In the early 1970s, Saddam spearheaded Iraq's nationalization of the Western-owned Iraq Petroleum Company, which had long held a monopoly on the country's oil. The Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC until 1929 called Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC was an oil company jointly owned by some of the world's largest oil companies Through the 1970s, Saddam cemented his authority over the apparatuses of government as Iraq's economy grew at a rapid pace. ^[6]

As president, Saddam maintained power during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he considered threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. Whereas some Arabs looked upon him as a hero for his aggressive stance against foreign intervention and for his support for the Palestinians,^[7] United States leaders continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Saddam was deposed by the U. S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia

Captured by U.S. forces on December 13, 2003, Saddam was brought to trial under the Iraqi interim government set up by U.S.-led forces. Operation Red Dawn is the US Military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of Ad-Dawr, Iraq near Tikrit, that captured Iraq President Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Iraqi Interim Government was created by the United States and its coalition allies as a Caretaker government to govern Iraq until the Iraqi On November 5, 2006, he was convicted of charges related to the executions of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites suspected of planning an assassination attempt against him, and was sentenced to death by hanging. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Saddam was executed on December 30, 2006,^[8] with highly controversial video clips of him and his captors insulting each other and recorded by mobile phone posted on the Internet within hours. The execution of Saddam Hussein ' s death sentence occurred on December 30 2006. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. This page is about the visual medium for the Thai film see Video Clip (2007 film. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks

Contents 1 Youth 2 Rise to power 2.1 Modernization program 2.2 Succession 3 Secular leadership 4 Foreign affairs 4.1 Iran-Iraq War 4.2 Tensions with Kuwait 5 Gulf War 6 Postwar period 7 2003 invasion of Iraq 8 Incarceration and trial 8.1 Capture and incarceration 8.2 Trial 9 Execution 10 Marriage and family relationships 11 List of government positions held 12 References 13 See also 14 External links

Youth

Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was born in the town of Al-Awja, 13 km (8 mi) from the Iraqi town of Tikrit, to a family of shepherds from the al-Begat tribal group. Al-Awja ( Arabic:العوجا also known as Owja, Al-Auja or Al-Ouja) is a Village 8 miles (13 km south of Tikrit Tikrit (تكريت Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located His mother, Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat, named her newborn son Saddam, which in Arabic means "One who confronts. " He never knew his father, Hussein 'Abid al-Majid, who disappeared six months before Saddam was born. Shortly afterward, Saddam's thirteen-year-old brother died of cancer. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled The infant Saddam was sent to the family of his maternal uncle, Khairallah Talfah, until he was three. Khairallah Talfah ( Arabic خير الله طلفاح) was an Iraqi Ba'ath Party official and the maternal uncle and father-in-law of Saddam ^[9]

His mother remarried, and Saddam gained three half-brothers through this marriage. His stepfather, Ibrahim al-Hassan, treated Saddam harshly after his return. At around ten, Saddam fled the family and returned to live in Baghdad with his uncle, Kharaillah Tulfah. Tulfah, the father of Saddam's future wife, was a devout Sunni Muslim and a veteran from the 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War between Iraqi nationalists and the United Kingdom, which remained a major colonial power in the region. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The Anglo-Iraqi War was a conflict between the United Kingdom and the Nationalist government of Iraq during World War II. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[10] Later in his life, relatives from his native Tikrit would become some of his closest advisors and supporters. According to Saddam, he learned many things from his uncle, a militant Iraqi nationalist. Under the guidance of his uncle, he attended a nationalistic high school in Baghdad. After secondary school, Saddam studied at an Iraqi law school for three years, prior to dropping out in 1957, at the age of twenty, to join the revolutionary pan-Arab Ba'ath Party, of which his uncle was a supporter. During this time, Saddam apparently supported himself as a secondary school teacher. ^[11]

Revolutionary sentiment was characteristic of the era in Iraq and throughout the Middle East. In Iraq progressives and socialists assailed traditional political elites (colonial era bureaucrats and landowners, wealthy merchants and tribal chiefs, monarchists). ^[12] Moreover, the pan-Arab nationalism of Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt would profoundly influence young Ba'athists like Saddam. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The rise of Nasser foreshadowed a wave of revolutions throughout the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s, which would see the collapse of the monarchies of Iraq, Egypt, and Libya. Libya ( ليبيا ar-Latn Lībiyā; Libyan vernacular: Lībya; Amazigh:) officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Nasser inspired nationalists throughout the Middle East for standing up to the British and the French during the Suez Crisis of 1956, and for striving to modernize Egypt and unite the Arab world politically. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh (Humphreys, 68)

In 1958, a year after Saddam had joined the Ba'ath party, army officers led by General Abdul Karim Qassim overthrew Faisal II of Iraq. Abd al-Karim Qasim (عبد الكريم قاسم) (1914 – February 9 1963 was a nationalist Iraqi Military officer who seized power in a 1958 Faisal II, GCVO ( Arabic: الملك فيصل الثاني Fayṣal) ( May 2, 1935 – July 14, 1958) was The Ba'athists opposed the new government, and in 1959, Saddam was involved in the attempted United States-backed plot to assassinate Qassim. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. ^[13]

Rise to power

Army officers with ties to the Ba'ath Party overthrew Qassim in a coup in 1963. Ba'athist leaders were appointed to the cabinet and Abdul Salam Arif became president. Abdul Salam Arif (1921 Baghdad - April 13 1966 ( Arabic: عبد السلام عارف) was president of Iraq from 1963 to 1966 Arif dismissed and arrested the Ba'athist leaders later that year. Saddam returned to Iraq, but was imprisoned in 1964. Just prior to his imprisonment and until 1968, Saddam held the position of Ba'ath party secretary. ^[14] He escaped prison in 1967 and quickly became a leading member of the party. In 1968, Saddam participated in a bloodless coup led by Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr that overthrew Abdul Rahman Arif. General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ( Arabic أحمد حسن البكر) ( July 1, 1914 – October 4, 1982) was Hajj Abdul Rahman Arif ( Arabic عبد الرحمن عارف) (1916 &ndash August 24, 2007) was President of Iraq Al-Bakr was named president and Saddam was named his deputy, and deputy chairman of the Baathist Revolutionary Command Council. According to biographers, Saddam never forgot the tensions within the first Ba'athist government, which formed the basis for his measures to promote Ba'ath party unity as well as his resolve to maintain power and programs to ensure social stability.

Various U. S. diplomats and intelligence officials have asserted that Saddam was strongly linked with the CIA, and that U. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all S. intelligence, under President John F. Kennedy, helped Saddam's party seize power for the first time in 1963. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Former US diplomats British scholars and former US intelligence officials have confirmed that Saddam Hussein was appeased by different United States governments ^{[15] [16]}

Saddam Hussein in the past was seen by U. S. intelligence services as a bulwark of anti-communism in the 1960s and 1970s. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and ^[16] His first contacts with U. S. officials date back to 1959, when he was part of a CIA-authorized six-man squad tasked with ousting then Iraqi Prime Minister Abdul Karim Qassim. ^[17]

Although Saddam was al-Bakr's deputy, he was a strong behind-the-scenes party politician. Al-Bakr was the older and more prestigious of the two, but by 1969 Saddam Hussein clearly had become the moving force behind the party.

Modernization program

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, as vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, formally the al-Bakr's second-in-command, Saddam built a reputation as a progressive, effective politician. ^[18] At this time, Saddam moved up the ranks in the new government by aiding attempts to strengthen and unify the Ba'ath party and taking a leading role in addressing the country's major domestic problems and expanding the party's following.

After the Baathists took power in 1968, Saddam focused on attaining stability in a nation riddled with profound tensions. Long before Saddam, Iraq had been split along social, ethnic, religious, and economic fault lines: Sunni versus Shi'ite, Arab versus Kurd, tribal chief versus urban merchant, nomad versus peasant. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic (Humphreys, 78) Stable rule in a country rife with factionalism required both massive repression and the improvement of living standards. (Humphreys, 78)

Saddam actively fostered the modernization of the Iraqi economy along with the creation of a strong security apparatus to prevent coups within the power structure and insurrections apart from it. Ever concerned with broadening his base of support among the diverse elements of Iraqi society and mobilizing mass support, he closely followed the administration of state welfare and development programs.

At the center of this strategy was Iraq's oil. On June 1, 1972, Saddam oversaw the seizure of international oil interests, which, at the time, dominated the country's oil sector. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A year later, world oil prices rose dramatically as a result of the 1973 energy crisis, and skyrocketing revenues enabled Saddam to expand his agenda. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of

Within just a few years, Iraq was providing social services that were unprecedented among Middle Eastern countries. Saddam established and controlled the "National Campaign for the Eradication of Illiteracy" and the campaign for "Compulsory Free Education in Iraq," and largely under his auspices, the government established universal free schooling up to the highest education levels; hundreds of thousands learned to read in the years following the initiation of the program. The government also supported families of soldiers, granted free hospitalization to everyone, and gave subsidies to farmers. Iraq created one of the most modernized public-health systems in the Middle East, earning Saddam an award from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 ^[19][20]

To diversify the largely oil-based Iraqi economy, Saddam implemented a national infrastructure campaign that made great progress in building roads, promoting mining, and developing other industries. Iraq 's economy is dominated by the Petroleum sector which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earningsort Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body The campaign revolutionized Iraq's energy industries. Electricity was brought to nearly every city in Iraq, and many outlying areas.

Before the 1970s, most of Iraq's people lived in the countryside, where Saddam himself was born and raised, and roughly two-thirds were peasants. But this number would decrease quickly during the 1970s as the country invested much of its oil profits into industrial expansion.

Nevertheless, Saddam focused on fostering loyalty to the Ba'athist government in the rural areas. After nationalizing foreign oil interests, Saddam supervised the modernization of the countryside, mechanizing agriculture on a large scale, and distributing land to peasant farmers. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture ^[11] The Ba'athists established farm cooperatives, in which profits were distributed according to the labors of the individual and the unskilled were trained. The government's commitment to agrarian reform was demonstrated by the doubling of expenditures for agricultural development in 1974-1975. Moreover, agrarian reform in Iraq improved the living standard of the peasantry and increased production, though not to the levels for which Saddam had hoped. Agrarian reform can refer either narrowly to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of Agricultural land (see Land reform) or can refer more broadly

Saddam became personally associated with Ba'athist welfare and economic development programs in the eyes of many Iraqis, widening his appeal both within his traditional base and among new sectors of the population. Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants These programs were part of a combination of "carrot and stick" tactics to enhance support in the working class, the peasantry, and within the party and the government bureaucracy. Carrot and stick (also spelled "carrot-and-stick" is an Idiom that refers to a policy of offering a reward for making progress towards benchmarks or goals but

Saddam's organizational prowess was credited with Iraq's rapid pace of development in the 1970s; development went forward at such a fevered pitch that two million persons from other Arab countries and even Yugoslavia worked in Iraq to meet the growing demand for labor. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian

Succession

In 1976, Saddam rose to the position of general in the Iraqi armed forces, and rapidly became the strongman of the government. A strongman is a political leader who rules by force and runs an Authoritarian regime As the weak, elderly al-Bakr became unable to execute his duties, Saddam took on an increasingly prominent role as the face of the government both internally and externally. He soon became the architect of Iraq's foreign policy and represented the nation in all diplomatic situations. He was the de-facto leader of Iraq some years before he formally came to power in 1979. He slowly began to consolidate his power over Iraq's government and the Ba'ath party. Relationships with fellow party members were carefully cultivated, and Saddam soon accumulated a powerful circle of support within the party.

In 1979 al-Bakr started to make treaties with Syria, also under Ba'athist leadership, that would lead to unification between the two countries. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Syrian President Hafez al-Assad would become deputy leader in a union, and this would drive Saddam to obscurity. Hafez al-Assad (حافظ الأسد) ( October 6, 1930 &ndash June 10, 2000) was president of Syria, for three Saddam acted to secure his grip on power. He forced the ailing al-Bakr to resign on July 16, 1979, and formally assumed the presidency. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar)

Shortly afterwards, he convened an assembly of Ba'ath party leaders on July 22, 1979. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) During the assembly, which he ordered videotaped, Saddam claimed to have found spies and conspirators within the Ba'ath Party and read out the names of 68 members that he alleged to be such fifth columnists. A fifth column is a group of people who clandestinely undermine a larger group to which it is expected to be loyal such as a Nation. These members were labelled "disloyal" and were removed from the room one by one and taken into custody. After the list was read, Saddam congratulated those still seated in the room for their past and future loyalty. The 68 people arrested at the meeting were subsequently put on trial, and 22 were sentenced to execution for treason. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation.

Secular leadership

Saddam saw himself as a social revolutionary and a modernizer, following the Nasser model. Gamal Abdel Nasser (جمال عبد الناصر Gamāl ‘Abd an-Nāṣir; - January 15 1918 September 28 1970) was the second President To the consternation of Islamic conservatives, his government gave women added freedoms and offered them high-level government and industry jobs. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Saddam also created a Western-style legal system, making Iraq the only country in the Persian Gulf region not ruled according to traditional Islamic law (Sharia). The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Saddam abolished the Sharia law courts, except for personal injury claims. A court is a forum used by a power base to adjudicate disputes and dispense civil, labour administrative and criminal Justice under its A personal injury occurs when a Person has suffered some form of Injury, either physical or psychological as the result of an Accident or Medical

Domestic conflict impeded Saddam's modernizing projects. Iraqi society is divided along lines of language, religion and ethnicity; Saddam's government rested on the support of the 20% minority of largely working class, peasant, and lower middle class Sunnis, continuing a pattern that dates back at least to the British mandate authority's reliance on them as administrators. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power.

The Shi'a majority were long a source of opposition to the government's secular policies, and the Ba'ath Party was increasingly concerned about potential Sh'ia Islamist influence following the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed The Kurds of northern Iraq (who are Sunni Muslims but not Arabs) were also permanently hostile to the Ba'athist party's pan-Arabism. To maintain power Saddam tended either to provide them with benefits so as to co-opt them into the regime, or to take repressive measures against them. The major instruments for accomplishing this control were the paramilitary and police organizations. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Beginning in 1974, Taha Yassin Ramadan, a close associate of Saddam, commanded the People's Army, which was responsible for internal security. Taha Yasin Ramadan al-Jizrawi ( February 22, 1938 – March 20, 2007) ( طه ياسين رمضان الجزراوي) was the Vice As the Ba'ath Party's paramilitary, the People's Army acted as a counterweight against any coup attempts by the regular armed forces. In addition to the People's Army, the Department of General Intelligence (Mukhabarat) was the most notorious arm of the state security system, feared for its use of torture and assassination. For the current Iraqi intelligence agency see Iraqi National Intelligence Service. Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is "any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental is intentionally AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. It was commanded by Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Saddam's younger half-brother. Barzan Ibrahim al-Hasan al-Tikriti ( February 17 1951 – January 15, 2007) (sometimes known as Barazan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Barasan Ibrahem Since 1982, foreign observers believed that this department operated both at home and abroad in their mission to seek out and eliminate Saddam's perceived opponents. [9]

Saddam justified Iraqi nationalism by claiming a unique role of Iraq in the history of the Arab world. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation As president, Saddam made frequent references to the Abbasid period, when Baghdad was the political, cultural, and economic capital of the Arab world. In Finance, mainly for financial services firms economic capital is the amount of Risk capital, assessed on a realistic basis which a firm requires to cover the He also promoted Iraq's pre-Islamic role as Mesopotamia, the ancient cradle of civilization, alluding to such historical figures as Nebuchadrezzar II and Hammurabi. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding The cradle of civilization is any of the possible locations for the emergence of Civilization. Nebuchadrezzar II, more often called Nebuchadnezzar (c 630-562 BC was a ruler of Babylon in the Chaldean Dynasty, who reigned c Hammurabi ( Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer" from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman" and Rāpi He devoted resources to archaeological explorations. In effect, Saddam sought to combine pan-Arabism and Iraqi nationalism, by promoting the vision of an Arab world united and led by Iraq.

As a sign of his consolidation of power, Saddam's personality cult pervaded Iraqi society. A cult of personality or personality cult arises when a country's leader uses Mass media to create a heroic public image through unquestioning flattery and praise Thousands of portraits, posters, statues and murals were erected in his honor all over Iraq. His face could be seen on the sides of office buildings, schools, airports, and shops, as well as on Iraqi currency. Saddam's personality cult reflected his efforts to appeal to the various elements in Iraqi society. He appeared in the costumes of the Bedouin, the traditional clothes of the Iraqi peasant (which he essentially wore during his childhood), and even Kurdish clothing, but also appeared in Western suits, projecting the image of an urbane and modern leader. The Bedouin, (from the Arabic (ar بدوي pl badū) are a desert-dwelling Arab Nomadic pastoralist, or previously Kurdish traditional Clothing (Cilî Kurdî are variant and an ongoing part of Kurdish heritage Sometimes he would also be portrayed as a devout Muslim, wearing full headdress and robe, praying toward Mecca. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored

Foreign affairs

See also: Saddam Hussein - United States relations

In foreign affairs, Saddam sought to have Iraq play a leading role in the Middle East. Iraq signed an aid pact with the Soviet Union in 1972, and arms were sent along with several thousand advisers. However, the 1978 crackdown on Iraqi Communists and a shift of trade toward the West strained Iraqi relations with the Soviet Union; Iraq then took on a more Western orientation until the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Popular Unity Party, a Political party in Iraq led by Youssif Hamdan

After the oil crisis of 1973, France had changed to a more pro-Arab policy and was accordingly rewarded by Saddam with closer ties. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of He made a state visit to France in 1976, cementing close ties with some French business and ruling political circles. In 1975 Saddam negotiated an accord with Iran that contained Iraqi concessions on border disputes. In return, Iran agreed to stop supporting opposition Kurds in Iraq. Saddam led Arab opposition to the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel (1979). The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17,

Saddam initiated Iraq's nuclear enrichment project in the 1980s, with French assistance. The first Iraqi nuclear reactor was named by the French Osirak. Osirak, also spelled Osiraq, (French Osirak Iraqi Tammuz 1 was a 40 MW light-water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR in Osirak was destroyed on June 7, 1981^[21] by an Israeli air strike (Operation Opera). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. An airstrike is a Military strike by Air forces on either a suspected or a confirmed enemy ground position Operation Opera (מבצע אופרה Mivtza Opera, also known as Operation Babylon and Operation Ofra) was a surprise Israeli Air strike

Nearly from its founding as a modern state in 1920, Iraq has had to deal with Kurdish separatists in the northern part of the country. (Humphreys, 120) Saddam did negotiate an agreement in 1970 with separatist Kurdish leaders, giving them autonomy, but the agreement broke down. The result was brutal fighting between the government and Kurdish groups and even Iraqi bombing of Kurdish villages in Iran, which caused Iraqi relations with Iran to deteriorate. However, after Saddam had negotiated the 1975 treaty with Iran, the Shah withdrew support for the Kurds, who suffered a total defeat.

Iran-Iraq War

Main article: Iran-Iraq War

In 1979 Iran's Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution, thus giving way to an Islamic republic led by the Ayatollah Khomeini. See Also Persian Empire History of Iran and Greater Iran (also referred to as the " Iranian Cultural Continent Seyyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini ( Persian:, pronounced muːsæviː-je xomejniː}}( September 24, 1902 – June 3 1989 The influence of revolutionary Shi'ite Islam grew apace in the region, particularly in countries with large Shi'ite populations, especially Iraq. Saddam feared that radical Islamic ideas—hostile to his secular rule—were rapidly spreading inside his country among the majority Shi'ite population.

There had also been bitter enmity between Saddam and Khomeini since the 1970s. Khomeini, having been exiled from Iran in 1964, took up residence in Iraq, at the Shi'ite holy city of An Najaf. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. There he involved himself with Iraqi Shi'ites and developed a strong, worldwide religious and political following. Under pressure from the Shah, who had agreed to a rapprochement between Iraq and Iran in 1975, Saddam agreed to expel Khomeini in 1978.

After Khomeini gained power, skirmishes between Iraq and revolutionary Iran occurred for ten months over the sovereignty of the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway, which divides the two countries. During this period, Saddam Hussein publicly maintained that it was in Iraq's interest not to engage with Iran, and that it was in the interests of both nations to maintain peaceful relations. However, in a private meeting with Salah Omar Al-Ali, Iraq's permanent ambassador to the United Nations, he revealed that he intended to invade and occupy a large part of Iran within months. Early years Al-Ali was born in Salah ad Din Governorate, in a village near the city of Tikrit. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Iraq invaded Iran, first attacking Mehrabad Airport of Tehran and then entering the oil-rich Iranian land of Khuzestan, which also has a sizeable Arab minority, on September 22, 1980 and declared it a new province of Iraq. Mehrabad Airport (فرودگاه مهرآباد is an Airport that serves Tehran, Iran. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. With the support of the Arab states, the United States, the Soviet Union, and Europe, and heavily financed by the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Saddam Hussein had become "the defender of the Arab world" against a revolutionary Iran. Consequently, many viewed Iraq as 'an agent of the civilized world'^[22]. The blatant disregard of international law and violations of international borders were ignored. Instead Iraq received economic and military support from its allies, who conveniently overlooked Saddam's use of chemical warfare against the Kurds and the Iranians and Iraq's efforts to develop nuclear weapons. ^[22]

In the first days of the war, there was heavy ground fighting around strategic ports as Iraq launched an attack on Khuzestan. After making some initial gains, Iraq's troops began to suffer losses from human wave attacks by Iran. By 1982, Iraq was on the defensive and looking for ways to end the war. At this point, Saddam asked his ministers for candid advice. Health Minister Riyadh Ibrahim suggested that Saddam temporarily step down to promote peace negotiations. Pieces of Ibrahim’s dismembered body were delivered to his wife the next day. ^[23]

Iraq quickly found itself bogged down in one of the longest and most destructive wars of attrition of the twentieth century. This article is about the military strategy For the Israeli-Egyptian conflict see War of Attrition, for the game theoretical model see War of attrition (game During the war, Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian forces fighting on the southern front and Kurdish separatists who were attempting to open up a northern front in Iraq with the help of Iran. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. These chemical weapons were developed by Iraq from materials and technology supplied primarily by West German companies. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( ^[24]

Saddam reached out to other Arab governments for cash and political support during the war, particularly after Iraq's oil industry severely suffered at the hands of the Iranian navy in the Persian Gulf. The Iranian Navy has traditionally been the smallest branch of Iran's armed forces and is designed solely for securing its own ports and coast with The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the Iraq successfully gained some military and financial aid, as well as diplomatic and moral support, from the Soviet Union, China, France, and the United States, which together feared the prospects of the expansion of revolutionary Iran's influence in the region. The Iranians, demanding that the international community should force Iraq to pay war reparations to Iran, refused any suggestions for a cease-fire. Despite several calls for a ceasefire by the United Nations Security Council, hostilities continued until 20 August 1988. Iraq related resolutions Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar)

On March 16, 1988, the Kurdish town of Halabja was attacked with a mix of mustard gas and nerve agents, killing 5,000 civilians, and maiming, disfiguring, or seriously debilitating 10,000 more. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Halabja ( Kurdish: هه‌ڵه‌بجه or Helepçe) is a Kurdish town in a majority Kurdish area of Iraq about northeast of The sulfur mustards, of which mustard gas ( Bis (2-chloroethyl sulfide is a member are a class of related Cytotoxic, Vesicant Chemical Nerve agents (also being referred to as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature are a class of Phosphorus -containing organic chemicals A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. (see Halabja poison gas attack)^[25] The attack occurred in conjunction with the 1988 al-Anfal campaign designed to reassert central control of the mostly Kurdish population of areas of northern Iraq and defeat the Kurdish peshmerga rebel forces. The Halabja poison gas attack occurred in the period March 16 – 17, 1988, during the Iran-Iraq War. The al-Anfal Campaign (حملة الأنفال also known as Operation Anfal, was a genocidal campaign against Kurds led by the Iraqi regime Peshmerga, Peshmerga or Peshmerge ( Kurdish: pêşmerge) is the term used by Kurds to refer to armed Kurdish fighters The United States now maintains that Saddam ordered the attack to terrorize the Kurdish population in northern Iraq,^[25] but Saddam's regime claimed at the time that Iran was responsible for the attack^[26] and US analysts supported the claim until several years later. The Halabja poison gas attack occurred in the period March 16 – 17, 1988, during the Iran-Iraq War.

The bloody eight-year war ended in a stalemate. There were hundreds of thousands of casualties with estimates of up to one million dead for both sides total. Both economies, previously healthy and expanding, were left in ruins.

Iraq was also stuck with a war debt of roughly $75 billion. Borrowing money from the U. S. was making Iraq dependent on outside loans, embarrassing a leader who had sought to define Arab nationalism. Saddam also borrowed a tremendous amount of money from other Arab states during the 1980s to fight Iran. Faced with rebuilding Iraq's infrastructure, Saddam desperately sought out cash once again, this time for postwar reconstruction.

Tensions with Kuwait

The end of the war with Iran served to deepen latent tensions between Iraq and its wealthy neighbor Kuwait. The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Saddam saw his war with Iran as having spared Kuwait from the imminent threat of Iranian domination. Since the struggle with Iran had been fought for the benefit of the other Persian Gulf Arab states as much as for Iraq, he argued, a share of Iraqi debt should be forgiven. Saddam urged the Kuwaitis to forgive the Iraqi debt accumulated in the war, some $30 billion, but the Kuwaitis refused. (Humphreys, 105)

Also to raise money for postwar reconstruction, Saddam pushed oil-exporting countries to raise oil prices by cutting back oil production. Kuwait refused to cut production. In addition to refusing the request, Kuwait spearheaded the opposition in OPEC to the cuts that Saddam had requested. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil, and thus keeping prices low, when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its wells to pay off a huge debt.

On another compelling level, Saddam Hussein and many Iraqis considered the boundary line between Iraq and Kuwait, cutting Iraq off from the sea, a historical wrong imposed by British imperial officials in 1922. (Humphreys, 105) Saddam was not alone in this belief. For at least half a century, Iraqi nationalists were espousing emphatically the belief that Kuwait was historically an integral part of Iraq, and that Kuwait had only come into being through the maneuverings of British imperialism. This belief was one of the few articles of faith uniting the political scene in a nation rife with sharp social, ethnic, religious, and ideological divides. (Humphreys, 105)

The colossal extent of Kuwaiti oil reserves also intensified tensions in the region. The oil reserves of Kuwait (with a population of a mere 2 million next to Iraq's 25) were roughly equal to those of Iraq. Taken together Iraq and Kuwait sat on top of some 20 percent of the world's known oil reserves; as an article of comparison, Saudi Arabia holds 25 percent. (Humphreys, 105)

Furthermore Saddam argued that the Kuwaiti monarchy had slant drilled oil out of wells that Iraq considered to be within its disputed border with Kuwait. Given that at the time Iraq was not regarded as a pariah state, Saddam was able to complain about the slant drilling to the U. S. State Department. Although this had continued for years, Saddam now needed oil money to stem a looming economic crisis. Saddam still had an experienced and well-equipped army, which he used to influence regional affairs. He later ordered troops to the Iraq–Kuwait border.

As Iraq-Kuwait relations rapidly deteriorated, Saddam was receiving conflicting information about how the U. S. would respond to the prospects of an invasion. For one, Washington had been taking measures to cultivate a constructive relationship with Iraq for roughly a decade. The Reagan administration gave Saddam roughly $40 billion in aid in the 1980s to fight Iran, nearly all of it on credit. The U. S. also sent billions of dollars to Saddam to keep him from forming a strong alliance with the Soviets. ^[27] Saddam's Iraq became "the third-largest recipient of US assistance" [10].

U. S. ambassador to Iraq April Glaspie met with Saddam in an emergency meeting on July 25, where the Iraqi leader stated his intention to continue talks. April Catherine Glaspie (born April 26, 1942) is an American diplomat, best-known for her role in the events leading up to the Persian Gulf Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler U. S. officials attempted to maintain a conciliatory line with Iraq, indicating that while George H. W. Bush and James Baker did not want force used, they would not take any position on the Iraq–Kuwait boundary dispute and did not want to become involved. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political Whatever Glapsie did or did not say in her interview with Saddam, the Iraqis assumed that the United States had invested too much in building relations with Iraq over the 1980s to sacrifice them for Kuwait. (Humphreys, 106) Later, Iraq and Kuwait then met for a final negotiation session, which failed. Saddam then sent his troops into Kuwait.

Although no reliable first-hand information on Saddam's appraisal of the situation exists, we can surmise from the prewar standpoint of the Iraqi leader and his interests and the conflicting prewar signals from Washington that the invasion was likely born out of Iraq's postwar debt problem and faltering attempts to gain the resources needed for postwar reconstruction, rebuild the devastated Iraqi economy, and stabilize the domestic political situation. ^[28]

Gulf War

Main articles: Invasion of Kuwait and Gulf War

On August 2, 1990, Saddam invaded and annexed Kuwait, thus sparking an international crisis. The flag of Iraq ( علم العراق) has had five different designs since the Kingdom of Iraq was established in 1921 The Invasion of Kuwait, also known as the Iraq-Kuwait War, was a major conflict between the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait which resulted Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Just two years after the 1988 Iraq and Iran truce 'Saddam Hussein did what his Gulf patrons had earlier paid him to prevent. ' Having removed the threat of Iranian fundamentalism he 'overran Kuwait and confronted his Gulf neighbors in the name of Arab nationalism and Islam. '^[22]

The U. S. had provided assistance to Saddam Hussein in the war with Iran, but with Iraq's seizure of the oil-rich emirate of Kuwait in August 1990 the United States led a United Nations coalition that drove Iraq's troops from Kuwait in February 1991. The ability for Saddam Hussein to pursue such military aggression was from a 'military machine paid for in large part by the tens of billions of dollars Kuwait and the Gulf states had poured into Iraq and the weapons and technology provided by the Soviet Union, Germany, and France. '^[22]

U. S. President George H. W. Bush responded cautiously for the first several days. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 On one hand, Kuwait, prior to this point, had been a virulent enemy of Israel and was the Persian Gulf monarchy that had had the most friendly relations with the Soviets. ^[29] On the other hand, Washington foreign policymakers, along with Middle East experts, military critics, and firms heavily invested in the region, were extremely concerned with stability in this region. ^[30] The invasion immediately triggered fears that the world's price of oil, and therefore control of the world economy, was at stake. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Britain profited heavily from billions of dollars of Kuwaiti investments and bank deposits. President Bush was perhaps swayed while meeting with the tough British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, who happened to be in the U. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 S. at the time. ^[31]

Co-operation between the United States and the Soviet Union made possible the passage of resolutions in the United Nations Security Council giving Iraq a deadline to leave Kuwait and approving the use of force if Saddam did not comply with the timetable. U. S. officials feared Iraqi retaliation against oil-rich Saudi Arabia, since the 1940s a close ally of Washington, for the Saudis' opposition to the invasion of Kuwait. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Accordingly, the U. S. and a group of allies, including countries as diverse as Egypt, Syria and Czechoslovakia, deployed massive amounts of troops along the Saudi border with Kuwait and Iraq in order to encircle the Iraqi army, the largest in the Middle East. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

During the period of negotiations and threats following the invasion, Saddam focused renewed attention on the Palestinian problem by promising to withdraw his forces from Kuwait if Israel would relinquish the occupied territories in the West Bank, the Golan Heights, and the Gaza Strip. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Saddam's proposal further split the Arab world, pitting U. S. - and Western-supported Arab states against the Palestinians. The allies ultimately rejected any linkage between the Kuwait crisis and Palestinian issues.

Saddam ignored the Security Council deadline. Backed by the Security Council, a U. S. -led coalition launched round-the-clock missile and aerial attacks on Iraq, beginning January 16, 1991. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Israel, though subjected to attack by Iraqi missiles, refrained from retaliating in order not to provoke Arab states into leaving the coalition. A ground force comprised largely of U. S. and British armoured and infantry divisions ejected Saddam's army from Kuwait in February 1991 and occupied the southern portion of Iraq as far as the Euphrates. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת

On March 6, 1991, Bush announced: "What is at stake is more than one small country, it is a big idea—a new world order, where diverse nations are drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal aspirations of mankind: peace and security, freedom, and the rule of law. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. "

In the end, the over-manned and under-equipped Iraqi army proved unable to compete on the battlefield with the highly mobile coalition land forces and their overpowering air support. Some 175,000 Iraqis were taken prisoner and casualties were estimated at over 85,000. As part of the cease-fire agreement, Iraq agreed to scrap all poison gas and germ weapons and allow UN observers to inspect the sites. UN trade sanctions would remain in effect until Iraq complied with all terms. Saddam publicly claimed victory at the end of the war.

Postwar period

Iraq's ethnic and religious divisions, together with the brutality of the conflict that this had engendered, laid the groundwork for postwar rebellions. In the aftermath of the fighting, social and ethnic unrest among Shi'ite Muslims, Kurds, and dissident military units threatened the stability of Saddam's government. Uprisings erupted in the Kurdish north and Shi'a southern and central parts of the Iraq, but were ruthlessly repressed.

The United States, which had urged Iraqis to rise up against Saddam, did nothing to assist the rebellions. U. S. ally Turkey opposed any prospect of Kurdish independence, and the Saudis and other conservative Arab states feared an Iran-style Shi'ite revolution. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Saddam, having survived the immediate crisis in the wake of defeat, was left firmly in control of Iraq, although the country never recovered either economically or militarily from the Gulf War. Saddam routinely cited his survival as "proof" that Iraq had in fact won the war against America. This message earned Saddam a great deal of popularity in many sectors of the Arab world. John Esposito, however, claims that 'Arabs and Muslims were pulled in two directions. That they rallied not so much to Saddam Hussein as to the bipolar nature of the confrontation (the West versus the Arab Muslim world) and the issues that Saddam proclaimed: Arab unity, self-sufficiency, and social justice. ' As a result, Saddam Hussein appealed to many people for the same reasons that attracted more and more followers to Islamic revivalism and also for the same reasons that fueled anti-Western feelings. 'As one U. S. Muslim observer noted: People forgot about Saddam's record and concentrated on America. . . Saddam Hussein might be wrong, but it is not America who should correct him. ' A shift was, therefore, clearly visible among many Islamic movements in the post war period 'from an initial Islamic ideological rejection of Saddam Hussein, the secular persecutor of Islamic movements, and his invasion of Kuwait to a more populist Arab nationalist, anti-imperialist support for Saddam (or more precisely those issues he represented or championed) and the condemnation of foreign intervention and occupation. '^[22]

Saddam, therefore, increasingly portrayed himself as a devout Muslim, in an effort to co-opt the conservative religious segments of society. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Some elements of Sharia law were re-introduced, and the ritual phrase "Allahu Akbar" ("God is great"), in Saddam's handwriting, was added to the national flag. The takbīr or takbeer (ar تَكْبِير is the act of saying the phrase, ar الله أكبر

Relations between the United States and Iraq remained tense following the Gulf War. The U. S. launched a missile attack aimed at Iraq's intelligence headquarters in Baghdad June 26, 1993, citing evidence of repeated Iraqi violations of the "no fly zones" imposed after the Gulf War and for incursions into Kuwait. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Some speculated that it was in retaliation for Iraq's sponsorship of a plot to kill former President George H. W. Bush.

The UN sanctions placed upon Iraq when it invaded Kuwait were not lifted, blocking Iraqi oil exports. This caused immense hardship in Iraq and virtually destroyed the Iraqi economy and state infrastructure. Only smuggling across the Syrian border, and humanitarian aid ameliorated the humanitarian crisis. [11] On December 9, 1996 the United Nations allowed Saddam's government to begin selling limited amounts of oil for food and medicine. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Limited amounts of income from the United Nations started flowing into Iraq through the UN Oil for Food program. The Oil-for-Food Programme, established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) and terminated in late 2003 was intended

U. S. officials continued to accuse Saddam of violating the terms of the Gulf War's cease fire, by developing weapons of mass destruction and other banned weaponry, and violating the UN-imposed sanctions and "no-fly zones. A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e " Isolated military strikes by U. S. and British forces continued on Iraq sporadically, the largest being Operation Desert Fox in 1998. The December 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from December 16 - December 19 Western charges of Iraqi resistance to UN access to suspected weapons were the pretext for crises between 1997 and 1998, culminating in intensive U. S. and British missile strikes on Iraq, December 16-19, 1998. After two years of intermittent activity, U. S. and British warplanes struck harder at sites near Baghdad in February, 2001.

Saddam's support base of Tikriti tribesmen, family members, and other supporters was divided after the war, and in the following years, contributing to the government's increasingly repressive and arbitrary nature. Domestic repression inside Iraq grew worse, and Saddam's sons, Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein, became increasingly powerful and carried out a private reign of terror. Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (18 June 1964 Baghdad &ndash 22 July 2003 Mosul) (عُدي صدّام حُسين was the eldest son of Saddam Hussein Qusay Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (قصي صدام حسين (or Qusai) ( May 17, 1966 &ndash July 22, 2003) was the second son They likely had a leading hand when, in August 1995, two of Saddam Hussein's sons-in-law (Hussein Kamel and Saddam Kamel), who held high positions in the Iraqi military, defected to Jordan. Hussein Kamel Hassan al-Majid (حسين كامل حسن المجيد (died February 23, 1996) was the son-in-law and second cousin of Iraqi leader Saddam Kamel Hassan al-Majid was the second cousin and son-in-law of deposed Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. Both were killed after returning to Iraq the following February.

Iraqi co-operation with UN weapons inspection teams was intermittent throughout the 1990s. It now appears more likely that Iraq was playing a game of bluff, hoping to convince the Western powers and the other Arab states that Iraq was still a power to be reckoned with, than that Iraq was hiding significant stockpiles of prohibited materials.

Saddam Hussein's intelligence agency footed the bill for a U. S. congressional delegation's trip during a buildup to the Iraq war. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Muthanna al-Hanooti, a former official with an Islamic charity in Detroit, Michigan, was taken into custody March 25, 2008. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Hussein's spy agency secretly paid al-Hanooti 2 million barrels (320,000 m³) of oil, during the time of the U. N. Oil-for-Food Programme between 1995 and 2003. The Oil-for-Food Programme, established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) and terminated in late 2003 was intended ^[32]

2003 invasion of Iraq

Main article: 2003 Invasion of Iraq

The U. S. continued to view Hussein as a bellicose tyrant who was a threat to the stability of the region. Saddam, meanwhile, was embittered by the aftermath of the Gulf War, which he viewed as a betrayal by a nation that once considered him an indispensable ally. During the 1990s, President Bill Clinton maintained sanctions and ordered air strikes in the "Iraqi no-fly zones" (Operation Desert Fox), in the hope that Saddam would be overthrown by political enemies inside Iraq. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The December 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from December 16 - December 19

The domestic political equation changed in the U. S. after the September 11, 2001 attacks, which bolstered the influence of the neoconservative faction in the presidential administration and throughout Washington. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism In his January 2002 state of the union address to Congress, George W. Bush spoke of an "axis of evil" consisting of Iran, North Korea, and Iraq. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Moreover, Bush announced that he would possibly take action to topple the Iraqi government, because of the alleged threat of its "weapons of mass destruction. A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e " Bush claimed, "The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade. " "Iraq continues to flaunt its hostility toward America and to support terror," said Bush. ^[34][35]

As the war was looming on February 24, 2003, Saddam Hussein talked with CBS News reporter Dan Rather for more than three hours—his first interview with a U. Daniel Irvin "Dan" Rather Jr (born October 31, 1931) is a journalist and former news anchor for the CBS Evening News S. reporter in over a decade. ^[36] CBS aired the taped interview later that week.

The Iraqi government and military collapsed within three weeks of the beginning of the U. S. -led 2003 invasion of Iraq on March 20. The United States made at least two attempts to kill Saddam with targeted air strikes, but both failed to hit their target, killing civilians instead. By the beginning of April, U. S. -led forces occupied much of Iraq. The resistance of the much-weakened Iraqi Army either crumbled or shifted to guerrilla tactics, and it appeared that Saddam had lost control of Iraq. He was last seen in a video which purported to show him in the Baghdad suburbs surrounded by supporters. When Baghdad fell to U. S-led forces on April 9, Saddam was nowhere to be found.

Incarceration and trial

Capture and incarceration

Main article: Operation Red Dawn

In April 2003, Saddam's whereabouts remained in question during the weeks following the fall of Baghdad and the conclusion of the major fighting of the war. Operation Red Dawn is the US Military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of Ad-Dawr, Iraq near Tikrit, that captured Iraq President Various sightings of Saddam were reported in the weeks following the war but none was authenticated. At various times Saddam released audio tapes promoting popular resistance to the U. S. -led occupation.

Saddam was placed at the top of the U. S. list of "most-wanted Iraqis. ----In April 2003 the United States drew up a list of most-wanted Iraqis, consisting of the 55 members of the deposed Iraqi regime whom they most wanted to capture " In July 2003, his sons Uday and Qusay and 14-year-old grandson Mustapha were killed in a three-hour [12] gunfight with U. Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (18 June 1964 Baghdad &ndash 22 July 2003 Mosul) (عُدي صدّام حُسين was the eldest son of Saddam Hussein Qusay Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (قصي صدام حسين (or Qusai) ( May 17, 1966 &ndash July 22, 2003) was the second son Mustapha Qusay Hussein al-Tikriti ( January 3[[ 989]] - July 22[[ 003]] was the son of Qusay Hussein, and grandson of former Iraqi President S. forces.

On December 14, 2003, U. S. administrator in Iraq Paul Bremer announced that Saddam Hussein had been captured at a farmhouse in ad-Dawr near Tikrit. Lewis Paul Bremer III (born September 30 1941 known as Paul Bremer and also nicknamed Jerry Bremer, is an American Diplomat. For the musical genre see Dawr. Ad-Dawr' ( الدور) is a small agricultural town near the Iraqi town of Tikrit [13] Bremer presented video footage of Saddam in custody.

Saddam was shown with a full beard and hair longer than his familiar appearance. He was described by U. S. officials as being in good health. Bremer reported plans to put Saddam on trial, but claimed that the details of such a trial had not yet been determined. Iraqis and Americans who spoke with Saddam after his capture generally reported that he remained self-assured, describing himself as a 'firm but just leader. '

According to U. S. military sources, following his capture by U. S. forces on December 13, Saddam was trasported to a U. S. base near Tikrit, and later taken to the U. S. base near Baghdad. The day after his capture he was reportedly visited by longtime opponents such as Ahmed Chalabi. It is believed he remained there in high security during most of the time of his detention. Details of his interrogations remain unclear.

A British tabloid named The Sun posted a picture of Saddam wearing white briefs on the front cover of a newspaper. The Sun is a Tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland with the highest circulation of any daily English-language For other uses of Brief(s see Brief Briefs are a type of short tight Y-shaped Underwear and Swimwear, as opposed Other photographs inside the paper show Saddam washing his trousers, shuffling, and sleeping. The United States Government stated that it considers the release of the pictures a violation of the Geneva Convention, and that it would investigate the photographs. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. The Geneva Conventions consist of four Treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for International law for humanitarian ^[37][38]

The nickname and the garden are among the details about the former Iraqi dictator that emerged during a March 27, 2008-tour of prison of the Baghdad-cell where Hussein slept, bathed, and kept a journal in the final days before he was executed on December 30, 2006. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [14]

Trial

Main article: Trial of Saddam Hussein

On June 30, 2004, Saddam Hussein, held in custody by U. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper S. forces at the U. S. base "Camp Cropper," along with 11 other senior Baathist leaders, were handed over legally (though not physically) to the interim Iraqi government to stand trial for alleged "crimes against humanity" and other offences. Camp Cropper Theater Internment Facility is a holding facility for security detainees operated by the United States Army near Baghdad International Airport in

A few weeks later, he was charged by the Iraqi Special Tribunal with crimes committed against residents of Dujail in 1982, following a failed assassination attempt against him. The Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (formerly Iraqi Special Tribunal) is a body established under Iraqi national law to try Iraqi nationals or residents accused Dujail ( Arabic: الدجيل; alternate spelling Ad Dujayl) is a small Shiite town in the Salah ad Din Governorate. Specific charges included the murder of 148 people, torture of women and children and the illegal arrest of 399 others. ^[39] Among the many challenges of the trial were:

• Saddam and his lawyers’ contesting the court's authority and maintaining that he was yet the President of Iraq. ^[40]
• The assassinations and attempts on the lives of several of Saddam's lawyers.
• Midway through the trial, the chief presiding judge was replaced.

On November 5, 2006, Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Saddam's half brother, Barzan Ibrahim, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, head of Iraq's Revolutionary Court in 1982, were convicted of similar charges as well. Barzan Ibrahim al-Hasan al-Tikriti ( February 17 1951 – January 15, 2007) (sometimes known as Barazan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Barasan Ibrahem Awad Hamad al-Bandar (عواد حمد بندر السعدون aka Awad Hamad Bandar Alsa'doon ( January 2, 1945 - January 15, 2007) was an The verdict and sentencing were both appealed but subsequently affirmed by Iraq's Supreme Court of Appeals. ^[41] On December 30, 2006, Saddam was hanged. The execution of Saddam Hussein ' s death sentence occurred on December 30 2006. ^[8]

Execution

Main article: Execution of Saddam Hussein

Saddam was hanged on the first day of Eid ul-Adha, December 30, 2006, despite his wish to be shot (which he felt would be more dignified). Eid al-Adha ( Arabic: عيد الأضحى ‘Īd ul-’Aḍḥā, Urdu: بقرعید or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. ^[42] The execution was carried out at "Camp Justice," an Iraqi army base in Kadhimiya, a neighborhood of northeast Baghdad. Camp Justice is the name of several American military bases Camp Justice on the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Camp Justice is the informal al-Kāżimiyyah (الكاظمية al-Kāżimiyyah; alternatively الكاظمين al-Kāżimayn) is a town located in what is now a northern neighbourhood of The execution was videotaped on a mobile phone, showing Saddam being taunted before his hanging. The video was leaked to electronic media, becoming the subject of global controversy. ^[43]

Not long before the execution, Saddam's lawyers released his last letter:

“	To the great nation, to the people of our country, and humanity, Many of you have known the writer of this letter to be faithful, honest, caring for others, wise, of sound judgment, just, decisive, careful with the wealth of the people and the state . . . and that his heart is big enough to embrace all without discrimination. You have known your brother and leader very well and he never bowed to the despots and, in accordance with the wishes of those who loved him, remained a sword and a banner. This is how you want your brother, son or leader to be . . . and those who will lead you (in the future) should have the same qualifications. Here, I offer my soul to God as a sacrifice, and if He wants, He will send it to heaven with the martyrs, or, He will postpone that . . . so let us be patient and depend on Him against the unjust nations. Remember that God has enabled you to become an example of love, forgiveness and brotherly coexistence . . . I call on you not to hate because hate does not leave a space for a person to be fair and it makes you blind and closes all doors of thinking and keeps away one from balanced thinking and making the right choice. I also call on you not to hate the peoples of the other countries that attacked us and differentiate between the decision-makers and peoples. Anyone who repents - whether in Iraq or abroad - you must forgive him. You should know that among the aggressors, there are people who support your struggle against the invaders, and some of them volunteered for the legal defence of prisoners, including Saddam Hussein . . . some of these people wept profusely when they said goodbye to me. Dear faithful people, I say goodbye to you, but I will be with the merciful God who helps those who take refuge in him and who will never disappoint any faithful, honest believer . . . God is Great . . . God is great . . . Long live our nation . . . Long live our great struggling people . . . Long live Iraq, long live Iraq . . . Long live Palestine . . . Long live jihad and the mujahedeen (the insurgency). Saddam Hussein President and Commander in Chief of the Iraqi Mujahed Armed Forces Additional clarification note: I have written this letter because the lawyers told me that the so-called criminal court — established and named by the invaders — will allow the so-called defendants the chance for a last word. But that court and its chief judge did not give us the chance to say a word, and issued its verdict without explanation and read out the sentence — dictated by the invaders — without presenting the evidence. I wanted the people to know this. [44]	”
	— Letter by Saddam Hussein

A second unofficial video, apparently showing Saddam's body on a trolley, emerged several days later. It sparked speculation that the execution was carried out incorrectly as Saddam Hussein had a massive gaping hole in his neck. ^[45]

Saddam was buried at his birthplace of Al-Awja in Tikrit, Iraq, 3 km (2 mi) from his sons Uday and Qusay Hussein, on December 31, 2006. Al-Awja ( Arabic:العوجا also known as Owja, Al-Auja or Al-Ouja) is a Village 8 miles (13 km south of Tikrit Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (18 June 1964 Baghdad &ndash 22 July 2003 Mosul) (عُدي صدّام حُسين was the eldest son of Saddam Hussein Qusay Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (قصي صدام حسين (or Qusai) ( May 17, 1966 &ndash July 22, 2003) was the second son ^[46]

Marriage and family relationships

While Saddam Has no official Marital history he is belived to have been married to at least 4 women, two of which have been confirmed and has had 5 children.

• Saddam's married his first wife and cousin Sajida Talfah in 1963 in an arranged marriage. Sajida Khairallah Talfah (ساجدة خيرالله طلفاح born 1937[http //news Sajida is the daughter of Khairallah Talfah, Hussein's uncle and mentor. Their marriage was arranged for Hussein at age five when Sajida was seven; however, the two never met until their wedding. They were married in Egypt during his exile. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The couple have had 5 Children.

• Uday Hussein (June 28, 1964 - June 22, 2003), was Saddam's estranged son who ran the Iraqi Football Association, Fedayeen Saddam, and several media corporations in Iraq including Iraqi TV and the newspaper Babel. Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (18 June 1964 Baghdad &ndash 22 July 2003 Mosul) (عُدي صدّام حُسين was the eldest son of Saddam Hussein The Iraqi Football Association (الاتحاد العراقي لكرة القدم is the governing body of football in Iraq, controlling the Iraqi national team Fedayeen Saddam (فدائيي صدام was a Paramilitary Organization loyal to the former Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. Before Saddam Television was first introduced to Iraq in May 1956. Babel (בָּבֶל Bavel) (بابل Babel) is the name used in the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an for the city of Babylon Uday, while being raised to succed his father, eventually fell out of favor with his father due to his erratic behavior being responsible for many car crashes and rapes around Baghdad, constant feuds with other members his family, and killing his fathers favorite valet and food taster Kemal Hana Gegeo at a party in Egypt honoring Egyptian first lady Suzanne Mubarak, wife of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. Suzanne Mubarak (birth name Suzanne Saleh Sabet or Thabet) ( Arabic: سوزان مبارك (born February 28, 1941) is married As punishment for the murder, Saddam briefly imprisoned his son. The original sentence was eight years; Uday probably served half of that in a private prison. In response to personal intervention from King Hussein of Jordan, Saddam released Uday, banishing him to Switzerland as the assistant to the Iraqi ambassador there. Hussein bin Talal King of Jordan (حسين بن طلال Ḥusayn bin Ṭalāl) ( November 14, 1935 – February 7, 1999) was Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation He was expelled by the Swiss government after he threatened to stab someone in a restaurant. He was briefly married to Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri's daughter but later divorced her. ' Izzat (Ezzet Ibrahim al-Douri (ad-Douri al-Duri ad-Duri ( Arabic: عزة ابراهيم الدوري) (born 1 July 1942) is an Iraqi The couple had no children. He was killed in a gun battle with US Forces in Mosul on June 22, 2003.
• Qusay Hussein ( May 17, 1966 - June 22, 2003), was Saddam's second and favorite son. Qusay Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (قصي صدام حسين (or Qusai) ( May 17, 1966 &ndash July 22, 2003) was the second son Qusay was belived to have been Saddam's successor as he was less erratic than his older brother and kept a low profile. He was second in command of the military (behind his father) and ran the elite Iraqi Republican Guard and the SSO. The Iraqi Republican Guard ( Arabic: الحرس العراقي الجمهوري/al-Haris Al-Jamhuri was a branch of the Iraqi military. He was belived to have ordered the army to kill thousands of rebelling Marsh Arabs and frequently ordered airstrikes on Kurdish and Shitt'e settlements. The Marsh Arabs (عرب الأهوار ˤArab al-Ahwār "Arabs of the Marshlands" also known as the Maˤdān (معدان are inhabitants of the He was also belived to have assisted Ali Hassan al-Majid in the 1988 Halabja and Dujail chemical attacks. Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (علي حسن عبد المجيد التكريتي, born 1941 is a former Ba'athist Iraqi Defense Minister, He was married once and had three Children. His oldest son Mustapha Hussein was killed along with his father and uncle in Mosul. Mustapha Qusay Hussein al-Tikriti ( January 3[[ 989]] - July 22[[ 003]] was the son of Qusay Hussein, and grandson of former Iraqi President For the village in Azerbaijan see Mosul Azerbaijan. Mosul (الموصل Al Mūṣul, Kurdish: Mosul/Ninawa, Musul
• Raghad Hussein (September 2, 1968) was Saddam's Oldest Daughter. Raghad Saddam Hussein (رغد صدام حسين (born 2 September, 1968) is the eldest daughter of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein After the War, Raghad fled to Amman, Jordan Where she recived sanctuary from the Royal Family. Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern She is currently wanted by the Iraqi Government for allegedly financing and supporting the insurgency and the now Banned Iraqi Baath Party. However The Jordanese Royal Family refused to hand her over. She married Hussein Kamel and has 5 children from this marriage. Hussein Kamel Hassan al-Majid (حسين كامل حسن المجيد (died February 23, 1996) was the son-in-law and second cousin of Iraqi leader
• Rana Hussein (c. Rana Saddam Hussein ( Arabic language رنا صدام حسين, born 1971 is the second-eldest daughter of the former president of Iraq, Saddam 1971), was Saddam's second Daughter. She like her sister fled to Jordan and has stood up for her fathers rights. She was married to Saddam Kamel and has had 4 children from this marriage. Saddam Kamel Hassan al-Majid was the second cousin and son-in-law of deposed Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.
• Hala Hussein (c. Hala Saddam Hussein (حلى صدام حسين born 1972) is the third daughter of the former president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein Late 70s), was Saddam's third and last Daughter. Very little information is known about her. Her father arranged for her to marry General Kamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan al-Tikriti in 1998. She Fled with her children and sisters to Jordan. The couple have two children.

• Saddam Married his second wife Samira Shahbandar^[47], in 1993. Samira Shahbandar was allegedly Saddam Hussein 's second wife There have been no Political Issues from this marriage. After the war, Samira Fled to Beirut. She is belived to have mothered Saddam's Sixth Son Ali, but members of Saddams Family has contradicted this. Ali Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (Arabic علي صدام حسين التكريتي born 1983 is the supposed third son of Saddam Hussein, whose mother is Samira Shahbandar

• Saddam Married has allegedly married a Third Wife, Nidal al-Hamdani, the general manager of the Solar Energy Research Center in the Council of Scientific Research. Nidal al-Hamdani is allegedly the third wife of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. ^[48] She bore him no children. Her current Whearabouts are unknown.

• Wafa el-Mullah al-Howeish is rumoured to have married Saddam as his fourth wife in 2002. Wafa el-Mullah al-Howeish (born 1975) is rumoured to have married former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein as his fourth wife in 2002. There is no firm evidence for this marriage. Wafa is the daughter of Abdul Tawab el-Mullah Howeish, a former minister of military industry in Iraq and Saddam's last deputy Prime Minister. There were no Children from this marriage. Her Current Wherabouts are unknown.

In August 1995, Rana and her husband Hussein Kamel al-Majid and Raghad and her husband, Saddam Kamel al-Majid, defected to Jordan, taking their children with them. Hussein Kamel Hassan al-Majid (حسين كامل حسن المجيد (died February 23, 1996) was the son-in-law and second cousin of Iraqi leader Saddam Kamel Hassan al-Majid was the second cousin and son-in-law of deposed Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern They returned to Iraq when they received assurances that Saddam would pardon them. Within three days of their return in February 1996, both of the Majid brothers were attacked and killed in a gunfight with other clan members who considered them traitors. Saddam had made it clear that although pardoned, they would lose all status and would not receive any protection.

In August 2003, Saddam's daughters Raghad and Rana received sanctuary in Amman, Jordan, where they are currently staying with their nine children. Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern That month, they spoke with CNN and the Arab satellite station Al-Arabiya in Amman. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Al Arabiya (العربية) is an Arabic-language Television News channel When asked about her father, Raghad told CNN, "He was a very good father, loving, has a big heart. " Asked if she wanted to give a message to her father, she said: "I love you and I miss you. " Her sister Rana also remarked, "He had so many feelings and he was very tender with all of us. "^[49]

List of government positions held

• Head of Security (Iraqi Intelligence Service), 1963
• Vice President of the Republic of Iraq, 1968 – 1979
• President of the Republic of Iraq, 1979 – 2003
• Prime Minister of the Republic of Iraq, (various non-continuous dates)
• Head of the Revolutionary Command Council, 1979 – 2003

References

See also

• Iran-Iraq War
• Al-Anfal Campaign
• Baghdad International Airport (formerly Saddam International Airport)
• Human rights in Saddam's Iraq
• Saddam Hussein - United States relations
• Operation Rockingham
• Saddam Hussein's novels
• Trial of Saddam Hussein
• Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda
• Saddam Hussein, Sri Lanka
• Rumours of the death of Saddam Hussein
• Ayad Rahim, Iraqi-American journalist who reports on Middle East affairs
• Saddam Beach, a fishing village in India named after Saddam Hussein, in an act of solidarity during the 1991 Gulf War
• Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards, a deck of playing cards featuring Saddam Hussein as the ace of spades

External links

• Saddam Hussein Profile by BBC News
• The Saddam Hussein Sourcebook (National Security Archive)

Political offices
Preceded by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr	Prime Minister of Iraq 16 July 1979 — 23 March 1991	Succeeded by Sa'dun Hammadi
	President of Iraq July 16, 1979 — April 9, 2003	Suspended 2003 Invasion of Iraq Offices abolished and power transferred to CPA and IGC Positions re-created in mid-2004
Preceded by Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai	Prime Minister of Iraq 29 May 1994 — 9 April 2003

Persondata
NAME	Hussein, Saddam
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Saddam Hussein Abid al-Majid al-Tikriti (full name); ṣaddām ḥusayn ʿabdu-l-maǧīd al-tikrītī (strict transliteration); صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي (Arabic)
SHORT DESCRIPTION	President of Iraq
DATE OF BIRTH	April 28, 1937
PLACE OF BIRTH	Iraq
DATE OF DEATH	December 30, 2006
PLACE OF DEATH	Iraq

The al-Anfal Campaign (حملة الأنفال also known as Operation Anfal, was a genocidal campaign against Kurds led by the Iraqi regime Baghdad International Airport ( Arabic:مطار بغداد الدولي, BIAP is Iraq 's largest Airport, located in a suburb about 16 km (10 Iraq under Saddam Hussein had high levels of Torture and Mass murder. Former US diplomats British scholars and former US intelligence officials have confirmed that Saddam Hussein was appeased by different United States governments Operation Rockingham was the codeword for UK involvement in inspections in Iraq following the war over Kuwait in 1990-91 Saddam Hussein, the late President of Iraq, wrote four Novels whether personally or with the help of Ghostwriters Zabibah and the King The Trial of Saddam Hussein was the trial of the deposed President of Iraq Saddam Hussein by the Iraqi Interim Government for alleged Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations were made by some U Saddam Hussein Town ( Tamil: சதாம் உசேன் நகர் is the name of a Village exclusively inhabited by local Muslims in the Batticaloa See also Execution of Saddam Hussein Prior to his execution on December 30, 2006, former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein 's death was reported Ayad Rahim is an Iraqi American journalist He has written extensively on Middle Eastern affairs including a series of articles on the Operation Iraqi Freedom Saddam Beach is a fishing village in the Malappuram district of the Indian state of Kerala. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a United States -led coalition the U A playing card is a piece of specially prepared heavy paper thin card or thin plastic figured with distinguishing motifs and used as one of a set for playing Card games The National Security Archive is a 501(c(3 non-governmental non-profit research and archival institution located within The George Washington University in General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr ( Arabic أحمد حسن البكر) ( July 1, 1914 – October 4, 1982) was Office The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's Head of government. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Sa'dun Hammadi ( June 22 1930 - March 14 2007) ( Arabic: سعدون حمادي was briefly Prime Minister of Iraq The President of Iraq is Iraq 's Head of state. Presidents of the Republic of Iraq (1958-2003 For most of the country's history Iraq's Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA سلطة الائتلاف الموحدة was established as a Transitional government following the The Iraqi Governing Council (IGC was the provisional government of Iraq from July 13, 2003 to June 1, Ahmad Husayn Khudayir as-Samarrai was Prime Minister of Iraq from 1993 to 1994, during the rule of President Saddam Hussein Office The Prime Minister of Iraq is Iraq's Head of government. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics.

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