Sacred architecture (also known as religious architecture) is concerned with the design and construction of places of worship and/or sacred or intentional space, such as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples. A place of worship or house of worship is a building or other location where a group of people (a congregation) comes to perform acts of religious praise honour Church architecture or ecclesiastical architecture refers to the Architecture of buildings of Christian churches A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist Unlike other types of Religious architecture where worship buildings often conform to consistent rules for a given architectural period such as the cruciform plan of Gothic Churches A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites Many cultures devoted considerable resources to their sacred architecture, and their places of worship, religion and sacred spaces are amongst the most impressive and permanent monolithic buildings created by humanity. In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made Conversely, sacred architecture as a locale for meta-intimacy may also be non-monolithic, ephemeral and intensely private, personal and non-public.

Sacred, religious and holy structures often evolved over centuries and were the largest buildings in the world, prior to the modern skyscraper. While the various styles employed in sacred architecture sometimes reflected trends in other structures, these styles also remained unique from the contemporary architecture used in other structures. With the rise of monotheism, religious buildings increasingly became centres of worship and meditation.

The Western scholarly discipline of the History of Architecture itself closely follows the history of religious architecture from ancient times until the Baroque period, at least. Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Sacred geometry, iconography and the use of sophisticated semiotics such as signs, symbols and religious motif are endemic to sacred architecture. Sacred geometry is Geometry used in the design of Sacred architecture and Sacred art. Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both

Contents 1 Spiritual aspects of religious architecture 2 Ancient architecture 3 Classical architecture 4 Indian architecture 4.1 Buddhism 4.2 Hinduism 5 Byzantine architecture 6 Islam 7 Medieval architecture 8 Gothic architecture 9 Renaissance architecture 10 Baroque architecture 11 Latter-day Saint temples 12 Modern and post-modern architectures 12.1 Shaker communities 13 See also 13.1 Notes 13.2 References 14 External links

Spiritual aspects of religious architecture

Sacred and/or religious architecture is sometimes called sacred space. Architect Norman L. Koonce has suggested that the goal of sacred architecture is to make "transparent the boundary between matter and mind, flesh and the spirit. " In discussing sacred architecture, Protestant minister Robert Schuller, has suggested that "to be psychologically healthy, human beings need to experience their natural setting—the setting we were designed for, which is the garden. The Reverend Robert Harold Schuller, (born September 16, 1926) is an American televangelist and pastor known around the world through his " Meanwhile, Richard Kieckhefer suggests that entering into a religious building is a metaphor for entering into spiritual relationship. Kieckhefer suggests that sacred space can be analyzed by three factors affecting spiritual process: longitudinal space emphasizes the procession and return of sacramental acts, auditorium space is suggestive of proclamation and response, and new forms of communal space designed for gathering and return depend to a great degree on minimized scale to enhance intimacy and participation in worship.

Ancient architecture

Sacred architecture spans a number of ancient architectural styles including Neolithic architecture, ancient Egyptian architecture and Sumerian architecture. The Karnak temple complex, universally known only as Karnak, describes a vast conglomeration of ruined temples chapels pylons and other buildings Neolithic architecture is the Architecture of the Neolithic period The Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential Civilizations which developed a vast array of diverse structures encompassing Ancient Egyptian The Sumerians were a people who lived in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) from the 4th millennium BC to the 3rd millennium BC. Ancient religious buildings, particularly temples, were often viewed as the dwelling place, the temenos, of the gods and were used as the site of various kinds of sacrifice. Temenos ( from the Greek verb "to cut" plural temene is a piece of land cut off and assigned as an official domain especially to kings Ancient tombs and burial structures are also examples of architectural structures reflecting religious beliefs of their various societies. The Temple of Karnak at Thebes, Egypt was constructed across a period of 1300 years and its numerous temples comprise what may be the largest religious structure ever built. The Karnak temple complex, universally known only as Karnak, describes a vast conglomeration of ruined temples chapels pylons and other buildings Ancient Egyptian religious architecture has fascinated archaeologists and captured the public imagination for millennia.

Classical architecture

See also: Classical architecture, Architecture of Ancient Greece, and Roman architecture

Around 600 BCE the wooden columns of the Temple of Hera at Olympia were replaced by stone columns. The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece Architecture was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC to the 7th century BC when urpeppeeban life and prosperity recovered The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new With the spread of this process to other sanctuary structures a few stone buildings have survived through the ages. Greek architecture preceded Hellenistic and Roman periods (Roman architecture heavily copied Greek). Since temples are the only buildings which survive in numbers, most of our concept of classical architecture is based on religious structures. The Parthenon which served as a treasury building as well as a place for veneration of deity, is widely regarded as the greatest example of classical architecture. The Parthenon ( Ancient Greek:) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis

Indian architecture

See also: Indian rock-cut architecture, Hoysala architecture, and Hindu temple architecture

Indian architecture is related to the history and religions of the time periods as well as to the geography and geology of the Indian subcontinent. Indian rock-cut architecture is more various and found in greater abundance than any other form of rock-cut architecture around the world Hoysala architecture (ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire, in the region known today A basic Hindu Temple consists of an inner sanctum the Garbha griha or womb-chamber in which the image is housed often with space for its circumambulation India was crisscrossed by trading routes of merchants from as far away as Siraf and China as well as weathering invasions by foreigners, resulting in multiple influences of foreign elements on native styles. Siraf (also called Bandar-e Si-raf Ta-hiri Taheri Bandar-i Tahiri was a legendary ancient Sassanid Port, destroyed around 970 AD which was located China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The diversity of Indian culture is represented in its architecture. Indian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and technologies from West, Central Asia, and Europe. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south

Buddhism

See also: Buddhist architecture

Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia beginning in the third century BCE. Buddhist religious architecture developed in the South Asia in the third century BC is the informal name of Rokuon-ji (鹿苑寺 Deer Garden Temple) in Kyoto, Japan. Buddhist religious architecture developed in the South Asia in the third century BC Two types of structures are associated with early Buddhism: viharas and stupas. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Vihara (विहार is Sanskrit or Pali for ( Buddhist) Monastery. A stupa (from Sanskrit and Pāli: m स्तूप stūpa, literally meaning "heap" is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist

Originally, Viharas were temporary shelters used by wandering monks during the rainy season, but these structures later developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalized Buddhist monasticism. Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from Greek monos, alone is the religious practice in which one An existing example is at Nalanda (Bihar). Nālandā is the name of an ancient University in Bihar, India. Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India.

The initial function of the stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of the Buddha. Siddhārtha Gautama ( Sanskrit; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual Teacher from Ancient India and the founder The earliest existing example of a stupa is in Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh). Sanchi is a small Village in Raisen District of India, it is located 46 km north east of Bhopal, and 10 km from Besnagar and Madhya Pradesh (abbreviated as MP) ( Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश pronounced, Translation: Middle Province) often In accordance with changes in religious practice, stupas were gradually incorporated into chaitya-grihas (stupa halls). A chaitya is a Buddhist or Jain shrine including a Stupa. In modern texts on Indian architecture the term chaitya-griha is often used These reached their highpoint in the first century BCE, exemplified by the cave complexes of Ajanta and Ellora (Maharashtra). Ellora ( Marathi: Verul is an archaeological site 30 km (186 miles from the city of Aurangabad in the Indian state of Maharashtra Maharashtra ( Marathi: mahārāṣṭra, IPA) is a state located on the western coast of India.

The pagoda is an evolution of the Indian stupa that is marked by a tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Nepal and other parts of Asia. A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered Tower with multiple Eaves common in China, Japan, Korea Towers are tall human-made Structures that are always taller than they are wide usually by a significant Margin. An eave is the edge of a Roof. Eaves usually project beyond the side of the building generally to provide weather protection Buddhist temples were developed rather later and outside South Asia, where Buddhism gradually declined from the early centuries CE onwards, though an early example is that of the Mahabodhi temple at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. Buddhist Temples monasteries, Stupas and Pagodas sorted by location WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Bodh Gaya or Bodhgaya (Hindi बोधगया is a city in Gaya district in the Bihar ( Hindi:बिहार Urdu: بہار bɪhaːr) is a state in eastern India. The architectural structure of the stupa spread across Asia, taking on many diverse forms as details specific to different regions were incorporated into the overall design. It was spread to China and the Asian region by Araniko, a Nepali architect in the early 13th century for Kublai Khan. Araniko (real name Balabahu) was a Nepalese Architect born in the 13th century AD in Kathmandu. Nepal (नेपाल) is a Landlocked country in South Asia. Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it

Hinduism

Main article: Hindu temple architecture

Hindu temple architecture is based on Sthapatya Veda and many other ancient religious texts like the Brihat Samhita, Vaastu shastra and Shilpa Shastras in accordance to the design principles and guidelines believed to have been laid by the divine architect Vishvakarma. A basic Hindu Temple consists of an inner sanctum the Garbha griha or womb-chamber in which the image is housed often with space for its circumambulation A basic Hindu Temple consists of an inner sanctum the Garbha griha or womb-chamber in which the image is housed often with space for its circumambulation The Bṛhat Saṃhitā is a 6th century Sanskrit encyclopedia by Varahamihira of wide ranging subjects of human interest including Astrology Shilpa Shastras (Sanskrit Śilpa Śāstras) are traditional Hindu texts that describe the standards for religious Hindu iconography, prescribing Vishvakarma Or Vishwabrahmin ( Sanskrit: विश्वकर्मा viśvá-karman "all-accomplishing all-creator" is It evolved over a period of more than 2000 years. The Hindu architecture conforms to strict religious models that incorporate elements of astronomy and sacred geometry. Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Sacred geometry is Geometry used in the design of Sacred architecture and Sacred art. In Hindu belief, the temple represents the macrocosm of the universe as well as the microcosm of inner space. A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites Macrocosm and microcosm is an ancient Greek schema of seeing the same patterns reproduced in all levels of the Cosmos, from the largest scale (macrocosm or universe-level While the underlying form of Hindu temple architecture follows strict traditions, considerable variation occurs with the often intense decorative embellishments and ornamentation.

A basic Hindu temple consists of an inner sanctum, the garbhagriha or womb-chamber, a congregation hall, and possibly an antechamber and porch. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites Garbhagriha or garbha gṛha is a Sanskrit word meaning the interior of the Sanctum sanctorum, the innermost sanctum of a Hindu temple where The sanctum is crowned by a tower-like shikara. Shikaras are a type of wooden boat found on Dal Lake, and other water bodies of Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India. The Hindu temple represents Mount Meru, the axis of the universe. A Hindu temple or Mandir ( Sanskrit: मंदिर is a house of worship for Hindus followers of Hinduism. There are strict rules which describe the themes and sculptures on the outer walls of the temple buildings.

The two primary styles that have developed are the Nagara style of Northern India and the Dravida style of Southern India. Nagara is a village in the Shimoga district of the state of Karnataka, India. Dravidian peoples refers to the peoples that natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. A prominent difference between the two styles are the elaborate gateways employed in the South. They are also easily distinguishable by the shape and decoration of their shikharas. The Nagara style is beehive shaped while the Dravida style is pyramid shaped.

Byzantine architecture

See also: byzantine architecture

Byzantine architecture evolved from Roman architecture. Eventually, a style emerged incorporating Near East influences and the Greek cross plan for church design. In addition, brick replaced stone, classical order was less stirctly observed, mosaics replaced carved decoration, and complex domes were erected. One of the great breakthroughs in the history of Western architecture occurred when Justinian's architects invented a complex system providing for a smooth transition from a square plan of the church to a circular dome (or domes) by means of squinches or pendentives. The prime example of early Byzantine religious architecture is the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later

Islam

See also: Islamic architecture

Byzantine architecture had a great influence on early Islamic architecture with its characteristic round arches, vaults and domes. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction Many forms of mosques have evolved in different regions of the Islamic world. The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings Notable mosque types include the early Abbasid mosques, T-type mosques, and the central-dome mosques of Anatolia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black

The earliest styles in Islamic architecture produced Arab-plan or hypostyle mosques during the Umayyad Dynasty. The Mezquita (Spanish for " Mosque " of Cordoba is a Roman Catholic Cathedral and former mosque situated in the Andalusian city of Córdoba ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. These mosques follow a square or rectangular plan with enclosed courtyard and covered prayer hall. Most early hypostyle mosques had flat prayer hall roofs, which required numerous columns and supports. A column in Structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural ^[1] The Mezquita in Córdoba, Spain was constructed as a hypostyle mosque supported by over 850 columns. The Mezquita (Spanish for " Mosque " of Cordoba is a Roman Catholic Cathedral and former mosque situated in the Andalusian city of Córdoba ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ^[2] Arab-plan mosques continued under the Abbasid dynasty.

The Ottomans introduced central dome mosques in the 15th century that have a large dome centered over the prayer hall. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish In addition to having one large dome at the center, there are often smaller domes that exist off-center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque, in areas where prayer is not performed. ^[3] The Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem is perhaps the best known example of a central dome mosque. The Dome of the Rock ( Arabic: مسجد قبة الصخرة translit

Iwan mosques are most notable for their domed chambers and iwans, which are vaulted spaces open out on one end. An iwan (إيوان eyvān) is defined as a vaulted hall or space walled on three sides with one end entirely open In iwan mosques, one or more iwans face a central courtyard that serves as the prayer hall. The style represents a borrowing from pre-Islamic Iranian architecture and has been used almost exclusively for mosques in Iran. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Many iwan mosques are converted Zoroastrian fire temples where the courtyard was used to house the sacred fire. Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ^[1] Today, iwan mosques are no longer built. ^[3] The Shah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran is a classic example of an iwan mosque. The Shah Mosque ( Masjed-e Shah is a Mosque in Isfahan ( Eşfahān) Iran standing in south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

A common feature in mosques is the minaret, the tall, slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure. For the mountain formation see Minarets (California. Minarets ( Arabic manara (lighthouse منارة but more usually مئذنة The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one, and often the highest point in the immediate area. The first mosques had no minarets, and even nowadays the most conservative Islamic movements, like Wahhabis, avoid building minarets, seeing them as ostentatious and unnecessary. Wahhabism ( Arabic: Al-Wahhābīyya الوهابية or Wahabism is a conservative reformist call of Sunni Islam attributed to The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Basra ( BGN: AlBasrah also called Basorah Abillah and Uruk or IRAQ The name that British colony has adopted for Basra The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets, as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A Tower which contains one or more bells or which is obviously designed to hold bells (even if it has none is a bell tower. Consequently, mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets, which were used for essentially the same purpose — calling the faithful to prayer. ^[4]

Domes have been a hallmark of Islamic architecture since the 7th century. Islamic architecture has encompassed a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day influencing the design and construction The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. As time progressed, the sizes of mosque domes grew, from occupying only a small part of the roof near the mihrab to encompassing all of the roof above the prayer hall. A mihrab (محراب pl محاريب is a niche in the wall of a Mosque that indicates the Qibla, that is the direction of the Kaaba Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere, the Mughals in India popularized onion-shaped domes in South Asia and Persia. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia ^[5]

The prayer hall, also known as the musalla, has no furniture; chairs and pews are absent from the prayer hall. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches A minbar ( Arabic: منبر also spelt mimbar) is a Pulpit in the Mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer stands to deliver sermons ^[6] Prayer halls contain no images of people, animals, and spiritual figures although they may be decorated with Arabic calligraphy and verses from the Qur'an on the walls. Islamic calligraphy, equally known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of writing and by extension of bookmaking The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran

Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the qibla wall, which is the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall. Qiblah ( ar قبلة, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during The qibla wall is normally set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored ^[7] Congregants pray in rows parallel to the qibla wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca. In the qibla wall, usually at its center, is the mihrab, a niche or depression indicating the qibla wall. A mihrab (محراب pl محاريب is a niche in the wall of a Mosque that indicates the Qibla, that is the direction of the Kaaba Usually the mihrab is not occupied by furniture either. Sometimes, especially during Friday prayers, a raised minbar or pulpit is located to the side of the mihrab for a khatib or some other speaker to offer a sermon (khutbah). "Juma" redirects here For the indigenous Brazilian group see Juma people. A minbar ( Arabic: منبر also spelt mimbar) is a Pulpit in the Mosque where the Imam (leader of prayer stands to deliver sermons Khatib or khateeb (خطيب khaṭīb) is an Arabic term used to describe a person who delivers the sermon ( khuṭbah) during Khutbah ( Arabic: (خطبة khuṭbah) serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition The mihrab serves as the location where the imam leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis. An imam (إمام plural ائمة A'immah, امام is an Islamic leader often the leader of a Mosque and/or community ^[8]

Mosques often have ablution fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards. The Badshahi Mosque ( Urdu: بادشاھی مسجد) or the 'Emperor's Mosque ' was built in 1673 by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Lahore ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast However, worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions. In traditional mosques, this function is often elaborated into a freestanding building in the center of a courtyard. ^[2] Modern mosques may have a variety of amenities available to their congregants and the community, such as health clinics, libraries and gymnasiums. A clinic (or an outpatient clinic) is a small private or public health facility that is devoted to the care of Outpatients, often in a community in contrast A library is a collection of information sources resources and services and the structure in which it is housed it is organized for use and maintained by a public body an institution The word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual Education of young men (see Gymnasium

Medieval architecture

See also: medieval architecture

The religious architecture of Christian churches in the Middle Ages featured the Latin cross plan, which takes the Roman Basilica as its primary model with subsequent developments. Medieval architecture is a term used to represent various forms of Architecture popular in Medieval Europe. The Christian cross is the best-known Religious symbol of Christianity. The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman It consists of a nave, transepts, and the altar stands at the east end (see Cathedral diagram). In Romanesque and Gothic Christian Abbey, Cathedral Basilica and church Architecture, the nave is the Full descriptions of the elements of a Gothic floorplan are found at the entry Cathedral diagram. An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place This article discusses Cathedral diagrams in Western Ecclesiastical architecture. Also, cathedrals influenced or commissioned by Justinian employed the Byzantine style of domes and a Greek cross (resembling a plus sign), centering attention on the altar at the center of the church. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or Byzantine architecture is the Architecture of the Byzantine Empire. A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two lines or bars perpendicular to each other dividing one or two of the lines in half The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl is an excellent example of Russian orthodox architecture in the Middle Ages. The Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin on the Nerl River (Церковь Покрова на Нерли Tserkov Pokrova na Nerli) is an Orthodox church The Urnes stave church (Urnes stavkyrkje) in Norway is a superb example of a medieval stave church. Urnes stave church (Norwegian Urnes stavkirke) is a Stave church at the Ornes farm near Lustrafjorden in Luster municipality Sogn og Fjordane Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional

Gothic architecture

See also: Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture was particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, which flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. Beginning in 12th century France, it was known as "the French Style" during the period. The style originated at the abbey church of Saint-Denis in Saint-Denis, near Paris. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French Saint-Denis is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Other notable gothic religious structures include Notre Dame de Paris, the Abbey Church of St Denis, and the Chartres Cathedral. NotreDameFlyingButtressjpg|right|thumb|250px|Notre Dame de Paris Flying Buttress]] Notre Dame de Paris is a Gothic Cathedral on the eastern half of the The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French

Renaissance architecture

See also: Renaissance architecture

The Renaissance brought a return of classical influence and a new emphasis on rational clarity. Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe in which there was a Renaissance architecture represents a conscious revival of Roman Architecture with its symmetry, mathematical proportions, and geometric order. Filippo Brunelleschi's plan for the Santa Maria del Fiore as the dome of the Florence Cathedral in 1418 was one of the first important religious architectural designs of the Italian renaissance. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore is the Cathedral church ( Duomo) of Florence, Italy.

Baroque architecture

See also: baroque architecture

Evolving from the renaissance style, the baroque style was most notably experienced in religious art and architecture. Carlo Maderno ( 1556 - January 30 1629) was an Italian - Swiss Architect, born in Ticino, who is remembered as Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Most architectural historians regard Michelangelo's design of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome as a precursor to the Baroque style. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Baroque style can be recognized by broader inerior spaces (replacing long narrow naves), more playful attention to light and shadow, extensive ornamentation, large frescoes, focus on interior art, and frequently, a dramatic central exterior projection. The most important early example of the baroque period was the Santa Susanna by Carlo Maderno. Santa Susanna (Italian - Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano) is a church on the Quirinal in Rome, with a Titulus at its site that Carlo Maderno ( 1556 - January 30 1629) was an Italian - Swiss Architect, born in Ticino, who is remembered as Saint Paul's Cathedral in London by Christopher Wren is regarded as the prime example of the rather late influence of the Baroque style in England. St Paul's Cathedral, is the Anglican Cathedral on Ludgate Hill, in the City of London, and the seat of the Bishop of London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Sir Christopher Wren ( 20 October 1632 &ndash 25 February 1723) was a 17th century English Designer, Astronomer

Latter-day Saint temples

Main article: Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)

Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints offer a unique look at design as it has changed from the simple church like structure of the Kirtland Temple built in their 1830s, to the castellated Gothic styles of the early Utah temples, to the dozens of mass produced modern temples built today. The Salt Lake Temple is the largest (of more than 120 and best-known temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. On December 27 1832 — two years after the organization of the Church of Jesus Christ — the movement's founder Joseph Smith Jr In the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known The Kirtland Temple is a registered National Historic Landmark in Kirtland Ohio, USA, on the eastern edge of the Cleveland metropolitan area The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. The church has a total of 125 operating temples world wide, each with the same purpose. EDITORS Please help preserve references When removing references in this article (i With the exception of the Kirtland Temple (no longer owned by the church), each has a Celestial room, one or more ordinance rooms, and a baptistry with a font patterned after the description found in 1 Kings 7:23-25:

"And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about. In temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, an Ordinance room is a room where the ceremony known as the Endowment is administered And under the brim of it round about there were knops compassing it, ten in a cubit, compassing the sea round about: the knops were cast in two rows, when it was cast. It stood upon twelve oxen, three looking toward the north, and three looking toward the west, and three looking toward the south, and three looking toward the east: and the sea was set above upon them, and all their hinder parts were inward. "

Early temples, and some modern temples, have a priesthood assembly room with two sets of pulpits at each end of the room, with chairs or benches that can be altered to face either way. Most, but not all temples have the recognizable statue of the angel Moroni atop a spire. The Nauvoo Temple and the Salt Lake Temple are adorned with symbolic stonework, representing various aspects of the faith. The Nauvoo Temple was the second temple constructed by Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, The Salt Lake Temple is the largest (of more than 120 and best-known temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Modern and post-modern architectures

See also: Modern architecture and Postmodern architecture

Modern architecture spans several styles with similar characteristics resulting in simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. This article is concerned with architectural aspects of Modernism; for the most recent developments in architecture see Contemporary architecture. Postmodern architecture was an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s and which continues to influence present-day Architecture This article is concerned with architectural aspects of Modernism; for the most recent developments in architecture see Contemporary architecture. While secular structures clearly had the greater influence on the development of modern architecture, several excellent examples of modern architecture can be found in religious buildings of the 20th century. For example, Unity Temple in Chicago is a Unitarian Universalist congregation designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Unity Temple is a Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park Illinois, and the home of the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation Unitarian Universalism ( UUism) is a theologically liberal Religion characterized by its support for a "free and responsible search for truth Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8 1867 &ndash April 9 1959 was an American (of Welsh descent Architect, Interior designer, Writer, and educator who The Chapel of the United States Air Force Academy started in 1954 and completed in 1962, was designed by Walter Netsch and is an excellent example of modern religious architecture. The United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA or Air Force) is an accredited college for the undergraduate education of officers for the United States Air Walter Netsch ( February 23, 1920 - June 15, 2008) was an American Architect based in Chicago. It has been described as a "phalanx of fighters" turned on their tails and pointing heavenward. In 1967, Architect Pietro Belluschi designed the strikingly modern Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco), the first Catholic cathedral in the United States intended to conform to Vatican II. Pietro Belluschi ( August 18 1899 — February 14 1994) was a Portland Oregon architect The Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption, also known locally as Saint Mary's Cathedral, is the principal church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twentieth century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Post-modern architecture may be described by unapologetically diverse aesthetics where styles collide, form exists for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. The Temple at Independence, Missouri was conceived by Japanese architect Gyo Obata after the concept of the chambered nautilus. The Temple in Independence Missouri is a house of worship and education "dedicated to the pursuit of peace" Gyo Obata (born 1923 is a significant American architect the son of renowned painter Chiura Obata. The Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles) was designed in 1998 by Jose Rafael Moneo in a post-modern style. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, also called the Los Angeles Cathedral, is a Cathedral church of the United States in Los Angeles José Rafael Moneo Vallés (born May 9, 1937) is a Spanish Architect. The structure evokes the area's Hispanic heritage through the use of adobe coloring while combining stark modern form with some traditional elements.

Shaker communities

Shaker communities were semiotically architectured upon the crux of the compass rose. The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, known as the Shakers, was a Protestant religious denomination that originated in Manchester For Compass Airlines an Airline in the US using the Callsign "Compass Rose" See Compass Airlines A compass rose is a figure displaying the orientation

See also

• Place of worship
• Temple
• Chapel
• Cathedral
• Synagogue
• Ġgantija
• Karnak
• Mandir
• Mosque

Notes

References

External links

• Religious architecture.org
• Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture American Institute of Architects
• Examples of Contemporary Church Design

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