Citizendia

Saccharin[1]
IUPAC name1,1-Dioxo-1,2-benzothiazol-3-one
Other namesBenzoic sulfinide
E954
Identifiers
CAS number[81-07-2]
PubChem5143
SMILESC1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)NS2(=O)=O
Properties
Molecular formulaC7H5NO3S
Molar mass183. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 1845
AppearanceWhite crystalline solid
Density0. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 828 g/cm3
Melting point

228. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 8-229. 7 °C

Solubility in water1 g per 290 mL
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Saccharin[2] is the oldest artificial sweetener. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly The basic substance, benzoic sulfinide, has effectively no food energy and is about 300 times as sweet as sucrose, but has an unpleasant bitter or metallic aftertaste, especially at high concentrations. Food energy is the amount of Energy in food that is available through Digestion. Solubility of Pure SucroseTemperature(Cg Aftertaste is the persistence of a sensation of Flavor after the stimulating substance has passed out of contact with the sensory end organs for Taste. In countries where saccharin is allowed as a food additive, it is used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies, medicines, and toothpaste.


Contents

Properties

Unlike the newer artificial sweetener aspartame, saccharin is stable when heated, even in the presence of acids. Aspartame (or APM) (ˈæspɚteɪm or /əˈspɑrteɪm/ is the name for an artificial non- Saccharide Sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl It does not react chemically with other food ingredients, and stores well. Blends of saccharin with other sweeteners are often used to compensate for each sweetener's weaknesses. A 10:1 cyclamate:saccharin blend is common in countries where both these sweeteners are legal; in this blend, each sweetener masks the other's off-taste. Cyclamate is an Artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois by graduate student Michael Sveda Saccharin is often used together with aspartame in diet soda, so that some sweetness remains should the fountain syrup be stored beyond aspartame's relatively short shelf life. Saccharin is believed to be an important discovery, especially for diabetics, as it goes directly through the human digestive system without being digested. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Although saccharin thus has no food energy, it can trigger the release of insulin in rats, apparently as a result of its taste. Food energy is the amount of Energy in food that is available through Digestion. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance [3][4]


In its acidic form, saccharin is not particularly water-soluble. The form used as an artificial sweetener is usually its sodium salt. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants The calcium salt is also sometimes used, especially by people restricting their dietary sodium intake. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Both salts are highly water-soluble: 0. 67 grams per milliliter water at room temperature. [5][6]

History

Saccharin was first produced in 1879 by Constantin Fahlberg, a chemist working on coal tar derivatives in Ira Remsen's laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University, and it was he who, accidentally, discovered its intensely sweet nature. Constantin Fahlberg (December 22 1850 in Tambov, Russia – August 15 1910 in Nassau Germany) is most known for along with Ira Remsen, Ira Remsen ( February 10, 1846 - March 4, 1927) was a chemist who along with Constantin Fahlberg discovered the Fahlberg and Remsen published articles on benzoic sulfinide in 1879 and 1880. In 1884, now working on his own in New York City, Fahlberg applied for patents in several countries describing methods of producing this substance that he named saccharin. Fahlberg would soon grow wealthy, while Remsen merely grew irate, believing that he deserved credit for substances produced in his laboratory. On the matter, Remsen commented, "Fahlberg is a scoundrel. It nauseates me to hear my name mentioned in the same breath with him. "

Although saccharin was commercialized not long after its discovery, it was not until sugar shortages during World War I that its use became widespread. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Its popularity further increased during the 1960s and 1970s among dieters, since saccharin is a calorie-free sweetener. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. In the United States saccharin is often found in restaurants in pink packets; the most popular brand is "Sweet'N Low". Pink is a pale Red Color that was first recorded in the 17th century to describe the pale red Flowers of pinks, Flowering plants Sweet'n Low (trademarked as Sweet'N Low) is a brand of Artificial sweetener from granulated Saccharin, Dextrose and Cream of tartar A small number of soft drinks are sweetened with saccharin, the most popular being the Coca-Cola Company's cola drink Tab, introduced in 1963 as a diet cola soft drink. Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries Tab (styled as "TaB" is a diet cola Soft drink produced by the Coca-Cola Company. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Chemistry

Saccharin has the chemical formula C7H5NO3S and it can be produced in various ways. [7] Remsen & Fahlberg's original route starts with toluene, but yields from this starting point are low. Constantin Fahlberg (December 22 1850 in Tambov, Russia – August 15 1910 in Nassau Germany) is most known for along with Ira Remsen, Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear water -insoluble liquid with the typical smell of Paint thinners redolent of In 1950, an improved synthesis was developed at the Maumee Chemical Company of Toledo, Ohio. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the city in Ohio, USA. For Toledo Spain, see that article In this synthesis, anthranilic acid successively reacts with nitrous acid, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, and then ammonia to yield saccharin. Anthranilic acid is the Organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2CO2H Nitrous acid (molecular formula H[[Nitrogen N]] O 2 is a weak and monobasic Acid known only in Solution and in the form of Nitrite Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Another route begins with o-chlorotoluene. Chlorotoluene can refer to any of four Isomeric chemical compounds [8]

Saccharin is an acid with a pKa of about 2. [9][10]

Saccharin can be used to prepare exclusively disubstituted amines from alkyl halides via a Gabriel synthesis. Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of Chemical compounds consisting of Alkanes such as Methane The Gabriel synthesis, named for the German chemist Siegmund Gabriel, is a Chemical reaction that transforms primary Alkyl halides into primary Amines [11]

Saccharin and government regulation

Starting in 1907, the USDA began investigating saccharin. Problems with saccharin and the USDA have not been resolved since then. The initial series of investigations begun by the USDA in 1907 were a direct result of the Pure Food and Drug Act. The Pure Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906 is a United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture The act was passed in 1906, came after a storm of health controversies influenced the American public, bringing to light many of the health issues surrounding the meat-packing industry.

Harvey Wiley was one particularly well-known figure involved in the investigation of saccharin. Harvey Washington Wiley ( October 30, 1844 - June 30, 1930) was a noted Chemist best known for his leadership in the passage of the Wiley, then the director of the bureau of chemistry for the USDA, had suspected saccharin to be damaging to human health. Wiley first battled saccharin in 1908. In a clash that epitomizes the controversial history of saccharin, Harvey told then President Theodore Roosevelt directly that "Everyone who ate that sweet corn was deceived. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T He thought he was eating sugar, when in point of fact he was eating a coal tar product totally devoid of food value and extremely injurious to health. " In a heated exchange, Roosevelt angrily answered Harvey by stating "Anybody who says saccharin is injurious to health is an idiot. "[12] In 1911, the Food Inspection Decision 135 stated that foods containing saccharin were adulterated. However in 1912, Food Inspection Decision 142 stated that saccharin was not harmful. The government's stance on saccharin has continued to waver ever since. In 1969, files were discovered from the Food and Drug Administration investigations from 1948 and 1949 and this stirred more controversy. These investigations, which had originally argued against saccharin use, were shown to prove little about Saccharin being harmful to human health. In 1972, the USDA made an attempt to completely ban the substance from being used in anything. [13] However, this attempt was unsuccessful, and the sweetener remains widely available in the United States, and is the third-most popular after sucralose and aspartame. Sucralose is an artificial sweetener originally sold under the trade name Splenda, and now also supplied as SucraPlus. Aspartame (or APM) (ˈæspɚteɪm or /əˈspɑrteɪm/ is the name for an artificial non- Saccharide Sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl Cyclamate, however, was banned in the US, and saccharin was banned in Canada, leading to different formulations being marketed for both countries. Cyclamate is an Artificial sweetener that was discovered in 1937 at the University of Illinois by graduate student Michael Sveda Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

In the European Union, saccharin is also known under the E number (additive code) E954. E numbers are number codes for Food additives and are usually found on Food labels throughout the European Union.

Saccharin and cancer

Saccharin warning on a diet soda can.
Saccharin warning on a diet soda can.
Old Sweet 'n Low packet with cancer warning printed on the back
Old Sweet 'n Low packet with cancer warning printed on the back

Throughout the 1960s, various studies suggested that saccharin might be an animal carcinogen. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Concern peaked in 1977, after the publication of a study indicating an increased rate of bladder cancer in rats fed large doses of saccharin. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays In Anatomy, the urinary bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic organ that sits on the Pelvic floor in Mammals It is the Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Rats are various medium sized long-tailed Rodents of the superfamily Muroidea In that year, Canada banned saccharin while the United States Food and Drug Administration also proposed a ban. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the At the time, saccharin was the only artificial sweetener available in the U. S. , and the proposed ban met with strong public opposition, especially among diabetics. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc Eventually, the U.S. Congress placed a moratorium on the ban, requiring instead that all saccharin-containing foods display a warning label indicating that saccharin may be a carcinogen. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

Many studies have since been performed on saccharin, some showing a correlation between saccharin consumption and increased frequency of cancer (especially bladder cancer) and others finding no such correlation. No study has ever shown a clear causal relationship between saccharin consumption and health risks in humans at normal doses, though some studies have shown a correlation between consumption and cancer incidence. [14] Some of the animal studies were procedurally flawed. [15] According to tradegroup-operated saccharin. org, "Concerns over saccharin's safety were first raised twenty years ago after a flawed study that administered huge quantities of the sweetener to laboratory rats produced bladder tumors in rats. New and better scientific research has decisively shown that the earlier rat studies are not at all applicable to humans. " The U. S. National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences came to the same conclusion in 2000, recommending that saccharin be removed from the list of known or suspected human carcinogens. [16]

In 1991, after fourteen years, the FDA formally withdrew its 1977 proposal to ban the use of saccharin, and in 2000, the U. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. S. Congress repealed the law requiring saccharin products to carry health warning labels.

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 8282.
  2. ^ The word saccharin (as above) has no final "e". The word saccharine, with a final "e", is much older and is an adjective meaning "sugary" – its connection with sugar means the term is used metaphorically, often in a derogative sense, to describe something "unpleasantly over-polite" or "overly sweet". Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects [1] Both words are derived from the Greek word σάκχαρον (sakcharon, German ch sound), which ultimately derives from Sanskrit for sugar, sharkara (शर्करा), which literally means gravel[2]
  3. ^ E Ionescu, F Rohner-Jeanrenaud, J Proietto, RW Rivest and B Jeanrenaud (1988). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. "Taste-induced changes in plasma insulin and glucose turnover in lean and genetically obese rats". Diabetes 37. doi:10.2337/diabetes.37.6.773. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 3289998.  
  4. ^ H. R. Berthoud, E. R. Trimble, E. G. Siegel, D. A. Bereiter and B. Jeanrenaud (1980). "Cephalic-phase insulin secretion in normal and pancreatic islet-transplanted rats". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 238. PMID 6769337.  
  5. ^ Remsen, I. and Fahlberg, C. , (1879). "Über die Oxydation des Orthotoluolsulfamids". Chemische Berichte 12: 469-473.  
  6. ^ P. M. Priebem, G. B. Kauffman (1980). "Making governmental policy under conditions of scientific uncertainty: A century of controversy about saccharin in congress and the laboratory". Minerva 18: 556-574. doi:10.1007/BF01096124. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  7. ^ David J. Ager, David P. Pantaleone, Scott A. Henderson, Alan R. Katritzky, Indra Prakash, D. Alan R Katritzky ( August 13, 1928 &ndash) is a British-American chemist now working at the University of Florida. Eric Walters (1998). "Commercial, Synthetic Nonnutritive Sweeteners". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 37 (13-24): 1802-1817. Angewandte Chemie is a weekly Peer-reviewed Chemistry journal that covers all disciplines of chemistry  
  8. ^ Bungard, 1967
  9. ^ WHO food additives series 17
  10. ^ pKa data compiled by R. Williams
  11. ^ Sugasawa, S. ; Abe, K. J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn. 1952, 72, 270; Chem Abstr, 1953, 47, 1626c
  12. ^ Junod, Suzanne. Sugar: A Cautionary Tale. Update Magazine, USFDA, 7-8, 2003. http://www.fda.gov/oc/history/makinghistory/sugar.html
  13. ^ Preibe and Kauffman, 2,3,4,6,7
  14. ^ Weihrauch M. R. , Diehl V. (2004). "Artificial sweeteners - do they bear a carcinogenic risk?". Annals of Oncology 15 (10): 1460-1465. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdh256. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  15. ^ Saccharin and Its Salts, International Agency for Research on Cancer
  16. ^ (no byline) (2000-05-16). "U.S. Report Adds to List of Carcinogens". New York Times.  


External links

Dictionary

saccharin

-noun

  1. (chemistry) a white, crystalline powder, C7H5NO3S, used as an artificial sweetener in food products
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic