The Sauks or Sacs (oθaakiiwaki in their own language or Ozaagii(-wag) in Ojibwe from where their French and English names are derived) are a group of Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands culture group. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States The Eastern Woodlands was a cultural area of the Indigenous peoples of North America.
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Clan system
Originally, the Sac were governed by a patrilineal clans system. A totem is any supposed entity that watches over or assists a group of people such as a family Clan or tribe ( Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and Webster's Clans which continue are: Fish, Ocean/Sea, Thunder, Bear, Fox, Potato, Deer, Beaver, Snow, and Wolf. The tribe was governed by a council of sacred clan chiefs, a war chief, the head of families, and the warriors. Chiefs fell into three categories: civil, war, and ceremonial, but only the civil chief was hereditary. The other two chiefs were determined by demonstrating their ability or their spiritual power. This traditional manner of selecting historic clan chiefs and governing themselves was at first forcibly replaced by United States appointees of the Sac and Fox Agency and now by constitutional government patterned after the American form.
Early history
The Sac may have had their original territory along the St. Lawrence River. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway However, migration patterns of other tribes drove them to Michigan around Saginaw Bay. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Saginaw Bay is a Bay within Lake Huron located on the eastern side of the U Due to the yellow clay soils found around Saginaw Bay, their self-designation became Oθaakiiwaki which is often interpreted to mean "yellow-earth". The Ojibwe and Ottawa name for the tribe is Ozaagii, meaning "Those at the Outlet", whence they were known by the French as "Sac" or by the English as "Sauk". The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations With the Anishinaabe expansion and Hurons attempts at gaining regional stability, the Sac were driven by the Hurons armed with French weapons. Anishinaabe or more properly Anishinaabeg or Anishinabek (which is the plural form of the word is a self-description often used by the Odawa, Ojibwe "Huron" redirects here For other uses see Huron (disambiguation. "Huron" redirects here For other uses see Huron (disambiguation. They then occupied territory in parts of what are now northern Illinois and Wisconsin. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States
Their closely allied tribe, the Fox, were noted for their hostility towards the French and fought two Fox Wars in the early 18th century. "Outagamie" redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin. The Fox Wars were two wars between the Fox Indians and the French (mainly through their Indian allies which occurred in modern Michigan and Wisconsin After the second war, the Sac sheltered the remaining Fox in their camp and were subject to French attack themselves. The Sac continued moving west to Iowa and Kansas. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " There were two crucial leaders of the Sac at this time. Keokuk accepted the loss of land (at first, east of the Mississippi) as inevitable in the face of vast numbers of white soldiers and settlers. He tried to preserve peacefully whatever remnant of tribal land he could. Having failed to receive supplies on credit as their embassy just returned from Washington expected, Black Hawk wanted to fight, saying his people were "forced into war by being deceived. Black Hawk or Black Sparrow Hawk ( Sauk Makataimeshekiakiak ( Mahkatewi-meši-kehkehkwa) "be a large black hawk" (1767 &ndash "[1] The refusal of the band of mainly Sac under Black Hawk in 1832 to accept the continued loss of lands (in western Illinois, this time) led to their reduction in importance at the hands of General Edmund P. Gaines in the Blackhawk War. Edmund Pendleton Gaines ( March 20, 1777 – June 6, 1849) was a United States army officer who served with distinction during the The Black Hawk War was fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States. About this time, one group of Sac moved into Missouri and later to Kansas and Nebraska. The larger group of Sac moved into reservations in Oklahoma in 1869 where they merged with the Fox as the Sac and Fox Nation. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Sac and Fox Nation is the modern political entity encompassing the historical Sac and Fox nations of Native Americans. A smaller number returned from Oklahoma (or did not go) and became the Mesquakie tribe in Iowa.
As of 2006 the Sac and Fox communities in existence are:
- Sac & Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska
- Sac & Fox Nation, Oklahoma
- Sac & Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa
Language
The Sac speak an Algonquian language, now called Sauk language, which is a dialect of the same language spoken by the Meskwaki, and very closely related to that of the Kickapoo. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. "Outagamie" redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin. The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American Tribes Their language is now almost extinct. Supposedly, the now extinct Mascouten language was also related to the Sauk language. The Mascouten (also Mascoutin, Mathkoutench, or Musketoon) were a tribe of Algonquian-speaking native Americans who are believed to
Geographical names
Lake Osakis in west-central Minnesota, the Sauk River, which flows from Lake Osakis, and the towns of Osakis, Sauk Centre, and Sauk Rapids all received their names as a result of an historical association with a small group of Sauks who, having been banished from their tribe for murder, made camp on the shores of Lake Osakis. Lake Osakis is a Lake in Todd and Douglas counties in west-central Minnesota. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Sauk River can refer to the following rivers in the United States: Sauk River (Michigan Sauk River (Minnesota Osakis is a city in Douglas and Todd counties in the US state of Minnesota. Sauk Centre is a city in Stearns County, Minnesota, United States. Sauk Rapids is a city in Benton County, Minnesota, United States. According to Ojibwa oral tradition, these five Sauks were massacred by local Dakota Indians in the late 18th century. The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations For other meanings of the word including the United States states please see Dakota The Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications [2]
Other places with "Sauk" references include Prairie du Sac, Sauk City, Saukville and Sauk County in Wisconsin, Sac City and Sac County in Iowa, Sac Townships in Iowa and Missouri, Sauk Village, Illinois, Le Sauk and Little Sauk Townships in Minnesota, and Sauk Prairie and Sauk Valley Townships in North Dakota. Prairie du Sac is a village in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. Sauk City is a village in Sauk County, Wisconsin, United States. Saukville is a village in Ozaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. Sauk County is a county in the US state of Wisconsin. As of 2000 the population was 55225 Sac City is a city in Sac County, Iowa, United States, situated on the rolling hills along the valley of the North Raccoon River, in one of the Sac County is a County located in the US state of Iowa. As of 2000 the population is 11529 Sauk Village is a Village in Cook County and small parcel south of 231st St The name of the city of Saginaw, Michigan is believed to mean "where the Sauk were" in the Ojibwe language. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The cities of Dixon, Sterling, and the surrounding area in Illinois call themselves the Sauk Valley. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Sauk Trail is the name of a winding road in Illinois south of Chicago, said to follow an old Indian trail.
Notable people
Notes
- ^ Autobiography of Black Hawk or Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, by J. Black Hawk or Black Sparrow Hawk ( Sauk Makataimeshekiakiak ( Mahkatewi-meši-kehkehkwa) "be a large black hawk" (1767 &ndash Keokuk (1767–1848 was a chief of the Sauk or Sac tribe in central North America noted for his policy of cooperation with the U Do-Hum-Me (1825-1843 was the daughter of the chief of the Sac Native American tribe B. Patterson, 1882[1]
- ^ Upham, Warren (2001). Warren Upham (1850 &ndash 1934 was a geologist archaeologist and librarian who is best known for his studies of glacial Lake Agassiz. Minnesota Place Names, A Geographical Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society, pp. 53. ISBN 0-87351-396-7.
See also
External links
The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic "Outagamie" redirects here For the Wisconsin county see Outagamie County Wisconsin. Sac and Fox Nation is the modern political entity encompassing the historical Sac and Fox nations of Native Americans. The Kickapoos ( Kickapoo: Kiikaapoa or Kiikaapoi) are one of the Algonquian speaking Native American TribesDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic