SS St. Louis surrounded by smaller vessels, Hamburg Harbour, June 1939
Career (Germany)
Name:	St. ||-| |}The Port of Hamburg is a Seaport and deep water Harbour off the North Sea, on the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany Louis
Owner:	Hamburg-America Line
Port of Registry:	Hamburg, Germany
Builder:	Bremer-Vulkan Shipyards, yards in Bremen, Germany
Laid down:	June 16, 1925
Launched:	May 6, 1928
Maiden voyage:	June 15, 1929
Fate:	Scrapped in Hamburg, Germany, 1952
General characteristics
Tonnage:	16,732 gross register tons (GRT)
Length:	574 feet (175 m)
Beam:	72 feet (22 m)
Propulsion:	M. The Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien Gesellschaft ( HAPAG for short often referred to in English as Hamburg America Line, sometimes also Hamburg-Amerika Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bremer Vulkan was a German Shipbuilding company located in Bremen-Vegesack. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gross Register Tonnage (abbreviated variously as GRT, grt, gr A. N. diesels, twin triple-blade screws
Speed:	16 knots (30 km/h/18 mph)
Capacity:	973 passengers (270 cabin, 287 tourist, 416 third)

SS St. Louis was a German ocean liner built by the Bremer Vulkan shipyards in Bremen for the Hamburg America Line. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one Seaport to another along regular long-distance Maritime routes according to a schedule Bremer Vulkan was a German Shipbuilding company located in Bremen-Vegesack. Bremen (ˈbʁeːmən is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany (official name Stadtgemeinde Bremen / City Municipality of Bremen The Hamburg Amerikanische Packetfahrt Actien Gesellschaft ( HAPAG for short often referred to in English as Hamburg America Line, sometimes also Hamburg-Amerika Even though the ship did not have a steam engine, inaccurate usage of the SS prefix in referring to St. A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. Louis is prevalent; as a diesel engine-powered ship it should more properly be referred to as MS St. A diesel engine is an Internal combustion engine which operates using the Diesel cycle (named after Dr Louis.

The ship sailed transatlantic routes, from Hamburg to New York, but during the Great Depression turned to cruising to make revenue. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The ship is most notable for a single voyage in 1939, which was dramatised in the 1976 motion picture Voyage of the Damned. Voyage of the Damned is the title of a 1976 Film Drama and of its 1974 source book written by Gordon Thomas and

Voyage of the Damned

The German propaganda ministry and the Nazi party conceived of a propaganda exercise which would demonstrate that Germany was not alone in its territorial, exclusionary hostility towards Jews as a permanent minority within the political economy of their state. The German propagandists wanted to demonstrate that the “civilized” world agreed with their assertion that Jews constituted a continuing “hidden-hand” of influence on national and economic affairs. They wanted to demonstrate that no other Western country or people would receive Jews as refugees. Firstly it would appear that the Nazis were allowing the Jewish refugees a new life in Havana.

Boarding at Hamburg Harbour

Jewish refugees aboard the SS St. ||-| |}The Port of Hamburg is a Seaport and deep water Harbour off the North Sea, on the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany Louis while the ship was docked in the port of Havana. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading

St. Louis Captain Gustav Schroeder negotiates landing permits for the passengers with Belgian officials in the Port of Antwerp

The Nazis were aware of rising western antisemitism and correctly surmised that these Jews, traveling on tourist visas (not immigrant visas, which none of the potential host countries would likely have issued to them), would not be able to visit Cuba as tourists when in fact they were political/social refugees; who, for whatever reason, had been forcibly removed from Germany, their home country. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those ||-||-||-||-||}The Port of Antwerp is a Port accessible to Capesize ships in the heart of Europe Furthermore, having been refused entry into Cuba and other Atlantic nations, the plight of the refugees would force the world to admit that there was, as the Nazis characterized it, a “Jewish problem” that Germany, for all to see, was trying to resolve “humanely. ”

With not one of the countries of the Northern Atlantic basin allowing the Jewish passengers entry, those countries would be in no position in the future to morally object when Germany dealt with its problem Jewish population.

The St. Louis sailed out of Hamburg into the Atlantic Ocean in May 1939 carrying one non-Jewish and 936 (mainly German) Jewish refugees seeking asylum from Nazi persecution just before World War II. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including ^[1][2]

However, on the ship’s arrival in Cuba, the passengers were refused either tourist entry (which in theory was valid for their tourist visas) or political asylum (which was not the stated purpose for which the tourist visas had been issued) by the Cuban government under Federico Laredo Brú. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Dr Federico Laredo Brú (Remedios Las Villas Cuba on April 231875 &ndash July 1946 in Havana Cuba) was an attorney and served as the 13th President of This prompted a near mutiny. Two people attempted suicide and dozens more threatened to do the same. However, 29 of the refugees were able to disembark at Havana. ^[3]

On 4 June 1939, the St. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Louis was also refused permission to unload on orders of President Roosevelt as the ship waited in the Caribbean Sea between Florida and Cuba. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere Initially, Roosevelt showed limited willingness to take in some of those on board despite the Immigration Act of 1924, but vehement opposition came from Roosevelt’s Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, and from Southern Democrats—some of whom went so far as to threaten to withhold their support of Roosevelt in the 1940 Presidential election if this occurred. The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, (43 Statutes-at-Large 153 was a United Cordell Hull ( October 2, 1871 &ndash July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the U The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.

The St. Louis then tried to enter Canada but was denied as well. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[4]

The ship sailed for Europe, first stopping in the United Kingdom, where 288 of the passengers disembarked and were thus spared from the Holocaust. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as The remaining 619 passengers disembarked at Antwerp; 224 were accepted into France, 214 into Belgium and 181 into the Netherlands, safe from Hitler’s persecution until the German invasions of these countries. ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands ^[5][6]

The ship without the passengers eventually sailed back to Hamburg, Germany. By using the survival rates for Jews in these countries, Thomas and Morgan-Witts estimated that 180 of the St. Louis refugees in France, along with 152 of those in Belgium and 60 of those in Holland survived the Holocaust, giving a total of 709 estimated survivors and 227 killed of the original 936 Jewish refugees. ^[7][8]

Later, more detailed research by Scott Miller and Sarah Ogilvie of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum has given a slightly higher total of deaths:

Of the 620 St. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is a national institution located adjacent to The National Mall in Washington D Louis passengers who returned to continental Europe, we determined that eighty-seven were able to emigrate before Germany invaded western Europe on May 10, 1940. Two hundred and fifty-four passengers in Belgium, France and the Netherlands after that date died during the Holocaust. Most of these people were murdered in the killing centers of Auschwitz and Sóbibor; the rest died in internment camps, in hiding or attempting to evade the Nazis. Three hundred sixty-five of the 620 passengers who returned to continental Europe survived the war. ^[9]

Julian Barnes’s novel A History of the World in 10½ Chapters recounts the trial of the St. Julian Patrick Barnes (born January 19, 1946 in Leicester, England) is a contemporary English Writer. A History of the World in 10½ Chapters is a novel by Julian Barnes. Louis Jews in the chapter “Three Simple Stories”.

Later life

The ship became a German naval accommodation ship from 1940 to 1944. It was heavily damaged by the Allied bombings at Kiel on August 30, 1944, but was repaired and used as a hotel ship in Hamburg by 1946. For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The ship was eventually scrapped in 1952.

See also

• The Évian Conference, convened at the initiative of US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938, to discuss the problem of Jewish refugees. The Évian Conference was convened at the initiative of US President Franklin D
• The Struma, an ill-fated Romanian vessel chartered to carry Jewish refugees sunk February 5, 1942. Struma was a ship chartered to carry Jewish refugees from officially Axis-allied Romania to British-controlled Palestine during World War Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• The Mefkure. Mefkure was a motor Schooner chartered to carry Jewish Holocaust refugees from Romania to Palestine, sailing under the Turkish an ill-fated schooner vessel which was sunk while carrying Jewish refugees in August 5, 1944. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• The Patria in November 25, 1940, sank in the Haifa harbour. The Patria disaster occurred on 25 November 1940 when the Patria, a French -built Ocean liner, was bombed and sank in Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Notes

References

Further reading

• Morgan-Witts, Max; Gordon Thomas (1994). Max Morgan-Witts is a British producer director and author of Canadian origin For the fictional supervillain see " Typeface (comics;" for the singer/songwriter see " Gordon Thomas (outsider musician. Voyage of the Damned, 2nd, revised, Stillwater, Minnesota: Motorbooks International. ISBN 9780879389093. OCLC 31373409. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  

External links

• The Tragedy of the S.S. St. Louis — Jennifer Rosenberg, Jewish Virtual Library, The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise.
• The S.S. St. Louis — Robert Rosen.
• The US Coast Guard's official FAQ on the incident.
• The Voyage of the St. Louis — The U. S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
• The Ship of Stolen Dreams — An unproduced musical based on the Voyage of the St. Louis.
• Un bateau pour l'enfer, the 2005 novel by Gilbert Sinoué. Gilbert Sinoué (born 18 February, 1947 in Cairo, Egypt) is a classically trained Egyptian novelist and guitarist