SECAM, also written SÉCAM (Séquentiel couleur avec mémoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory"), is an analog color television system first used in France. Analog (or analogue) television encodes Television picture and sound information and transmits it as an Analog signal: one in which the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A team led by Henri de France working at Compagnie Française de Télévision (later bought by Thomson) invented SECAM. Henri Georges de France ( 7 September 1911 Paris &ndash 29 April 1986 Paris was a pioneering French Television Thomson SA (,) formerly known as Thomson Multimedia is an international provider of solutions for the creation management delivery and access of video for the It is, historically, the first European color television standard.
Contents |
Technical details
Just as the other color standards adopted for broadcast usage over the world, SECAM is a compatible standard, which means that monochrome television receivers predating its introduction are still able to show the programs, although only in black and white. "Valensi" redirects here For the guitarist of The Strokes, see Nick Valensi Georges Valensi was a French telecommunications Because of this compatibility requirement, color standards add a second signal to the basic monochrome signal, and this signal carries the color information, called chrominance or C in short, while the black and white information is called the luminance (Y in short). Chrominance ( chroma for short is the signal used in many Video systems to carry the color information of the picture separately from the accompanying luma As applied to video signals luma represents the brightness in an image (the "black and white" or achromatic portion of the image Old TV receivers only see the luminance, while color receivers process both signals.
Additionally, for compatibility, it is required to use no more bandwidth than the monochrome signal alone; the color signal has to be somehow inserted into the monochrome signal, without disturbing it. This insertion is possible because the spectrum of the monochrome TV signal is not continuous, hence empty space exists which can be utilized. This lack of continuity results from the discrete nature of the signal, which is divided into frames and lines. Analogue color systems differ by the way in which empty space is used. In all cases, the color signal is inserted at the end of the spectrum of the monochrome signal.
In order to be able to separate the color signal from the monochrome one in the receiver, a fixed frequency sub carrier has to be used, this sub carrier being modulated by the color signal.
The color space is three dimensional by the nature of the human vision, so after subtracting the luminance, which is carried by the base signal, the color sub carrier still has to carry a two dimensional signal. Typically the red (R) and the blue (B) information are carried because their signal difference with luminance (R-Y and B-Y) is stronger than that of green (G-Y).
SECAM differs from the other color systems by the way the R-Y and B-Y signals are carried.
First, SECAM uses frequency modulation to encode chrominance information on the sub carrier. Chrominance ( chroma for short is the signal used in many Video systems to carry the color information of the picture separately from the accompanying luma
Second, instead of transmitting the red and blue information together, it only sends one of them at a time, and uses the information about the other color from the preceding line. It uses a delay line, an analog memory device, for storing one line of color information. This justifies the "Sequential, With Memory" name.
Because SECAM transmits only one color at a time, it is free of the color artifacts present in NTSC and PAL resulting from the combined transmission of both signals. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world
This means that the vertical color resolution is halved relative to NTSC. It is however not halved compared to PAL. Although PAL does not eliminate half of vertical color information during encoding, it combines color information from adjacent lines at the decoding stage, in order to compensate for "color sub carrier phase errors" occurring during the transmission of the Amplitude-Modulated color sub carrier. This is normally done using a delay line borrowed from SECAM (the result is called PAL DL or PAL Delay-Line, sometimes interpreted as DeLuxe), but can be accomplished "visually" in cheap TV sets (PAL standard). Because the FM modulation of SECAM's color sub carrier is insensitive to phase (or amplitude) errors, phase errors do not cause loss of color saturation in SECAM, although they do in PAL. In NTSC, such errors cause color shifts.
The color difference signals in SECAM are actually calculated in the YDbDr color space, which is a scaled version of the YUV color space. YDbDr is the Colour space used in the SÉCAM colour Television broadcasting standard which is used in France and some countries of the former A Color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way Colors can be represented as Tuples of numbers typically as three or four values or color components This encoding is better suited to the transmission of only one signal at a time.
FM modulation of the color information allows SECAM to be free of the dot crawl problem commonly encountered with the other analog standards and first widely noticed with Laserdiscs. Dot crawl is the popular name for a visual defect of color analog video standards when signals are transmitted as Composite video. The Laserdisc (LD is an obsolete Home video disc format and was the first commercial Optical disc storage medium Dot crawl can be removed from PAL and NTSC-encoded signals using a comb filter. In Signal processing, a comb filter adds a delayed version of a signal to itself causing constructive and destructive interference. Such filters are usually only included in high-end displays. Dot crawl patterns (animated checkerboard) are easily visible along vertical lines in DVD menus displayed even by expensive (eg. plasma) displays if these displays are connected to a signal source (DVD player) using a composite PAL or NTSC connection rather than, for example, RGB.
The idea of reducing the vertical color resolution comes from Henri de France, who observed that color information is approximately identical for two successive lines. Because the color information was designed to be a cheap, backwards compatible addition to the monochrome signal, the color signal has a lower bandwidth than the luminance signal, and hence lower horizontal resolution. Fortunately, the human visual system is similar in design: it perceives changes in luminance at a higher resolution than changes in chrominance, so this asymmetry has minimal visual impact. It was therefore also logical to reduce the vertical color resolution.
DVD and other digital television formats have continued to exploit this visual artifact, sub sampling color both horizontally and vertically. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Hence, paradoxically, VHS NTSC videos and especially NTSC Laserdiscs can have a greater vertical color resolution than DVD. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico The Laserdisc (LD is an obsolete Home video disc format and was the first commercial Optical disc storage medium DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is
A similar paradox applies to the vertical resolution in television in general: reducing the bandwidth of the video signal will preserve the vertical resolution, even if the image loses sharpness and is smudged in the horizontal direction. Hence, video could be sharper vertically than horizontally. However, because of the interlacing, vertical resolution is effectively not as great as the number of scan lines. Additionally, transmitting an image with too much vertical detail will cause annoying flicker on television screens, as small details will only appear on a single line, and hence be refreshed at half the frequency. Computer-generated text and inserts have to be carefully low-pass filtered to prevent this.
History
Work on SECAM began in 1956. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The technology was ready by the end of the fifties, but this was too soon for a wide introduction. Initially, a version of SECAM for the French 819-line television standard was devised and tested, but not introduced. Following a pan-European agreement to introduce color TV only in 625 lines, France had to start the conversion by switching over to a 625-line television standard, which happened at the beginning of the 1960s with the introduction of a second network. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969
The first proposed system was called SECAM I in 1961, followed by other studies to improve compatibility and image quality.
These improvements were called SECAM II and SECAM III with the later being presented at the 1965 CCIR General Assembly in Vienna. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.
Further improvements were SECAM III A followed by SECAM III B, the adopted system for general usage in 1967.
Soviet technicians were involved in the development of the standard, and even created their own incompatible variant called NIR or SECAM IV, which was not deployed. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The team was working in Moscow's Telecentrum under Professor Chmakov's direction. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The NIR designation comes from the name of the Nautschnuiu Issledowatelskaya Rabota research institute involved in the studies. Two standards were developed: Non-linear NIR in which a process analogous to gamma correction is used and Linear NIR or SECAM IV that omits this process. [1]
SECAM was inaugurated in France on October 1, 1967, on la deuxième chaîne (the second channel), now called France 2. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. France 2 is the largest French public Television network It is part of the France Télévisions group along with France 3, France 5 A group of four suited men—a presenter and 3 contributors to the system's development, including De France—was shown standing in a studio. Following a count from 10, the originally black and white image switched to color; the presenter then declared "Et voici la couleur !" (fr: And here is color!)[2]
The first color television sets cost 5000 Francs. Color TV was not very popular initially; only about 1500 people watched the inaugural program in color. A year later, only 200,000 sets had been sold of an expected million. This pattern was similar to the earlier slow build-up of color television popularity in the USA.
SECAM was later adopted by former French and Belgian colonies, Greece, the Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries (except Romania), and Middle Eastern countries. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. However, with the fall of communism, and following a period when multi-standard TV sets became a commodity, many Eastern European countries decided to switch to PAL. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 A commodity is anything for which there is demand but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market
Development
Some have argued that the primary motivation for the development of SECAM in France was to protect French television equipment manufacturers. However, incompatibility had started with the earlier decision to unusually adopt positive video modulation for French broadcast signals. In Amplitude Modulated ( AM) broadcast analogue television systems it is possible to modulate the video signal two ways The earlier British System A was the only other system to use positive video modulation. The 405-line Monochrome analogue Television broadcasting system was the first fully electronic television system to be used in regular broadcasting In addition, SECAM development predates PAL. NTSC was considered undesirable in Europe because of its tint problem requiring an additional control, which SECAM and PAL solved. NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico Because the NTSC color Television standard relies on the absolute phase of the color information color errors occur when the phase of the video signal is altered between The joke was that "SECAM" stood for «System Essentially Contrary to the American Method» versus NTSC «Never Twice the Same Color» whilst «Peace At Last» could only be obtained through the PAL system. Nonetheless, SECAM was partly developed for reasons of national pride. Henri de France's personal charisma and ambition may have been a contributing factor. The word charisma (origin from the Greek word χάρισμα (kharisma, "gift" or "divine favor" from kharizesthai, "to favor" PAL was developed by Telefunken, a German company, and in the post-war De Gaulle era there would have been much political resistance to dropping a French-developed system and adopting a German-developed one instead. Telefunken is a German radio and television company founded in 1903 in Berlin, as a joint venture of two large companies Siemens & Halske (S & H and Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French
Unlike some other manufacturers, the company where SECAM was invented, Thomson, still sells TV sets worldwide under different brands; this may be due in part to the legacy of SECAM. Thomson SA (,) formerly known as Thomson Multimedia is an international provider of solutions for the creation management delivery and access of video for the Thomson bought the company that developed PAL, Telefunken, and today even co-owns the RCA brand —RCA being the creator of NTSC. Telefunken is a German radio and television company founded in 1903 in Berlin, as a joint venture of two large companies Siemens & Halske (S & H and RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 Thomson also co-authored the ATSC standard which is used for American high-definition TV. High-definition television (HDTV is a Digital television Broadcasting system with higher resolution than traditional television systems (standard-definition
Why SECAM elsewhere?
The adoption of SECAM in Eastern Europe has been attributed to Cold War political machinations. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the According to this explanation, Western TV was popular in the East, authorities were well aware of this and adopted SECAM rather than the PAL encoding used in West Germany. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( This did not hinder mutual reception in black & white, because the underlying TV standards remained essentially the same in both parts of Germany. However, East Germans responded by buying PAL decoders for their SECAM sets. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Eventually, the government in East Berlin stopped paying attention to so-called "Republikflucht via Fernsehen", or "defection via television". " Republikflucht " (flight from the republic and " Republikflüchtling(e " (fugitives from the republic were the terms used by authorities in the German Later East German produced TV sets even included a dual standard PAL/SECAM decoder. In any case the majority of TV sets in East Germany were monochrome (black & white) until well into the 1980s.
However, PAL and SECAM are just standards for the color sub carrier, used in conjunction with older standards for the base monochrome signals. The names for these monochrome standards are letters, such as M, B/G, D/K, and L. See CCIR, OIRT and FCC (the standardization bodies). The International
These signals are much more important to compatibility than the color sub carriers are. They differ by AM or FM sound modulation, signal polarisation, relative frequencies within the channel, bandwidth, etc. Amplitude modulation ( AM) is a technique used in electronic communication most commonly for transmitting information via a Radio Carrier wave Polarization ( ''Brit'' polarisation) is a property of Waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations For example, a PAL D/K TV set will be able to receive a SECAM D/K signal (although in black and white), while it will not be able to decode the sound of a PAL B/G signal. So even before SECAM came to Eastern European countries, most viewers could not have received Western programs —and color TV sets were not exactly widespread in the Communist bloc anyway, so the monochrome-only reception did not pose a significant problem.
SECAM varieties
L, B/G, D/K, H (Broadcast)
There are five varieties of SECAM:
- French SECAM (SECAM-L)
- French SECAM (SECAM-L) is used only in France, Luxembourg (only RTL9 on CH 21 from Dudelange) and Tele Monte-Carlo Transmitters in the south of France
- SECAM-B/G
- SECAM-B/G is used in the Middle East, former East Germany and Greece
- SECAM D/K
- SECAM D/K is used in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Eastern Europe (this is simply SECAM used with the D and K monochrome TV transmission standards). The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
- SECAM-H
- Around 1983-1984 a new color identification standard ("Line SECAM or SECAM-H") has been introduced in order to make more space available inside the signal for adding teletext information (originally according to the Antiope standard). Teletext (or "broadcast Teletext" is a Television information retrieval service developed in the United Kingdom in the early This article is about a teletext system for other things and people named Antiope, see Antiope. Identification bursts have been made per-line (like in PAL) rather than per-picture. Very old SECAM TV sets might not be able to display color for today's broadcasts. Although any sets manufactured after the mid-1970s should be able to receive either variant.
- SECAM-K
- France also introduced the SECAM standard to its dependencies. However, the SECAM standard used in France's overseas possessions (as well as African countries that were once ruled by France) was slightly different from the SECAM used in Metropolitan France. The SECAM standard used in Metropolitan France used the SECAM-L and a variant of the channel information for VHF channels 2-10. French overseas possessions and many French-speaking African countries use the SECAM-K standard and a mutually incompatible variant of the channel information for VHF channels 4-9 (not channels 2-10).
MESECAM (Home recording)
Reference is sometimes made to MESECAM as an alternative form of broadcast SECAM used in the Middle East. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. This is incorrect, MESECAM is meaningful only in terms of video recording. When a color signal is recorded onto VHS or Betamax video tape, the luminance signal is recorded in its original form (albeit with some reduction of bandwidth) but the chrominance signal of about 4. ---- Betamax is a home Videocassette tape recording format developed by Sony, and released on May 10, 1975. As applied to video signals luma represents the brightness in an image (the "black and white" or achromatic portion of the image Chrominance ( chroma for short is the signal used in many Video systems to carry the color information of the picture separately from the accompanying luma 4 MHz is too sensitive to small changes in frequency caused by inevitable small variations in tape speed to be recorded directly. Instead, it is first down converted to the lower frequency of 630 kHz, and the complex nature of the PAL sub carrier means that the down conversion must be done via a superhet mixer to ensure that information is not lost. In Electronics, the superheterodyne receiver (also known by its full name the supersonic heterodyne receiver, or by the abbreviated form superhet) is a
The SECAM sub carrier, being a simple FM signal, does not need such complex processing. The VHS specification requires that it be simply divided by 4 on recording to give a sub carrier of approximately 1. 1 MHz, and multiplied by 4 again on playback. A true dual-standard PAL and SECAM video recorder therefore requires two color processing circuits, adding to complexity and expense. Since some countries in the Middle East use PAL and others use SECAM, the region has adopted a shortcut, and uses the PAL mixer-down converter approach for both PAL and SECAM. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. This works well and simplifies VCR design. PLEASE BEAR IN MIND THAT THIS IS A GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT VCRs/VIDEOCASSETTE RECORDERS
The resultant signal on tape is not, of course, compatible with a true standard SECAM recording, and so is referred to as MESECAM. This is the only time the term MESECAM is meaningful. It is interesting to note that it is often possible to record SECAM video on an unmodified PAL VCR, thus creating MESECAM tapes, which can be played back in color through another PAL VCR into a SECAM TV. Basic PAL VCRs work better for this, ones that are more sophisticated detect the SECAM signal as "not-PAL" and refuse to record it in color.
Problems with the standard
Unlike PAL or NTSC, analog SECAM television cannot easily be edited in its native analog form. Because it uses frequency modulation, SECAM is not linear with respect to the input image (this is also what protects it against signal distortion), so electrically mixing two (synchronized) SECAM signals does not yield a valid SECAM signal, unlike with analog PAL or NTSC. For this reason, to mix two SECAM signals, they must be demodulated, the demodulated signals mixed, and are remodulated again. Hence, post-production is often done in PAL, or in component formats, with the result encoded or transcoded into SECAM at the point of transmission. See also Filmmaking Post-production occurs in the making of motion pictures, television programs, Videos audio recordings Reducing the costs of running television stations is one reason for some countries' recent switchovers to PAL.
TVs currently sold in SECAM countries support both SECAM and PAL, and more recently baseband NTSC as well (though not usually broadcast NTSC, that is, they cannot accept a broadcast signal from an antenna). PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world In Signal processing, baseband is an adjective that describes signals and systems whose range of Frequencies is measured from zero to a maximum bandwidth NTSC ( National Television System Committee) is the Analog television system used in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit Although the older analog camcorders (VHS, VHS-C) were produced in SECAM versions, none of the 8 mm or Hi-band models (S-VHS, S-VHS-C, and Hi-8) recorded it directly. VHS-C is the compact VHS format introduced in 1982 and used primarily for consumer-grade compact Camcorders. The 8 mm video format refers informally to three related Videocassette formats for the NTSC and PAL / SECAM television systems Introduced in Japan in 1987, S-VHS ( Super VHS) is an improved version of the VHS standard for consumer Video cassette recorders VHS-C is the compact VHS format introduced in 1982 and used primarily for consumer-grade compact Camcorders. The 8 mm video format refers informally to three related Videocassette formats for the NTSC and PAL / SECAM television systems Camcorders and VCRs of these standards sold in SECAM countries are internally PAL. They use an internal SECAM to PAL converter for recording of broadcast TV transmitted in SECAM. The result could be converted back to SECAM in some models; most people buying such expensive equipment would have a multistandard TV set and as such would not need a conversion. Digital camcorders or DVD players (with the exception of some early models) do not accept or output a SECAM analog signal. However, this is of dwindling importance: since 1980 most European domestic video equipment uses French-originated SCART connectors, allowing the transmission of RGB signals between devices. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) SCART (from Syndicat des Constructeurs d'Appareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs) This eliminates the legacy of PAL, SECAM, and NTSC color sub carrier standards.
In general, modern professional equipment is now all-digital, and uses component-based digital interconnects such as CCIR 601 to eliminate the need for any analog processing prior to the final modulation of the analog signal for broadcast. ITU-R Recommendation BT601, more commonly know by the abbreviations Rec However, large installed bases of analog professional equipment still exist, particularly in third world countries.
Countries and territories that use SECAM
This is a list of nations that currently authorize the use of the SECAM standard for television broadcasting. Nations that have moved to PAL or DVB-T are listed separately.
Africa
|
Asia
|
Pacific Islands
|
Europe
|
Former USSR
Due to some slight differences in the type of SECAM adopted by the former USSR, the former USSR states that adopted SECAM are listed separately. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the For the former North American fur-trading district see New Caledonia (Canada, and for the Scottish colony in Panama see Darien scheme. Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of Wallis and Futuna Islands ( French: Wallis et Futuna or Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna, Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Americas
Migration from SECAM to PAL
Some former SECAM countries are in the process of migrating to PAL or have already finished doing so. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان taajikestaan officially the Republic of Turkmenistan ( Türkmenistan; also known as Turkmenia) is a Turkic country in Central Asia. Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi or Ўзбекистон Республикаси is a doubly French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629 sq The Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is a group of small islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour -encoding system used in Broadcast television systems in large parts of the world
Europe
|
Asia
The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and the Baltic countries also changed their underlying sound carrier standard from D/K to B/G which is used in most of Western Europe, to facilitate use of imported broadcast equipment. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East This required viewers to purchase multistandard receivers though. The other countries mentioned kept their existing standards (B/G in the cases of East Germany and Greece, D/K for the rest). [3]
See also
References
- ^ http://www.pembers.freeserve.co.uk/World-TV-Standards/Colour-Standards.html#SECAM-IV
- ^ Présentation officielle de la télévision couleur - Archives pour tous
- ^ Changes to terrestrial television systems in Central and Eastern European countries
External links
- World Analogue Television Standards
- Simple explanation of color standards
- Discussion of recording SECAM vs PAL on VHS (in French)
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic