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| Secale cereale M. Bieb. |
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain and forage crop. Poaceae or Gramineae is a family in the Class Liliopsida of the flowering plants. It is a member of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) and is closely related to barley and wheat. Triticeae is a tribe within the Pooideae subfamily of grasses that includes genera with many domesticated species Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Rye grain is used for flour, rye bread, rye beer, some whiskies, some vodkas, and animal fodder. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Rye bread is Bread made with Flour from Rye grain of variable levels Rye beer refers to any Beer in which Rye (generally Malted is substituted for some portion of the Barley malt Rye whiskey describes two types of Whiskeys theoretically distilled from Rye. Vodka is one of the world's most popular Distilled beverages It is a clear liquid which consists of mostly Water and Ethanol purified by Distillation In Agriculture, fodder or animal feed is any Foodstuff that is used specifically to feed Domesticated Livestock, such as It can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries, or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats. Rolled oats are traditionally oat Groats that have been rolled into flat flakes under heavy rollers
Rye is a cereal and should not be confused with ryegrass which is used for lawns, pasture, and hay for livestock. Ryegrass ( Lolium) is a genus of nine species of tufted Grasses family Poaceae.
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History
Rye is one of a number of species that grow wild in central and eastern Turkey, and adjacent areas. Domesticated rye occurs in small quantities at a number of Neolithic sites in Turkey, such as PPNB Can Hasan III, but is otherwise virtually absent from the archaeological record until the Bronze Age of central Europe, c. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her Archaeological excavations at Jericho 1800-1500 BC. [1] It is possible that rye travelled west from Turkey as a minor admixture in wheat, and was only later cultivated in its own right. Although archeological evidence of this grain has been found in Roman contexts along the Rhine Danube and in the British Isles, Pliny the Elder is dismissive of rye, writing that it "is a very poor food and only serves to avert starvation" and wheat is mixed into it "to mitigate its bitter taste, and even then is most unpleasant to the stomach" (N.H. 18. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. 40).
Since the Middle Ages, rye has been widely cultivated in Central and Eastern Europe and is the main bread cereal in most areas east of the French-German border and north of Hungary. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic
Claims of much earlier cultivation of rye, at the Epipalaeolithic site of Tell Abu Hureyra in the Euphrates valley of northern Syria, remain controversial. The Epipaleolithic is a term used for the "final Upper Palaeolithic industries occurring at the end of the final glaciation which appear to merge technologically into the Tell Abu Hureyra ( تل أبو هريرة) (" Tell " is Arabic for "mound" was a site of an ancient settlement in the northern Levant Critics point to inconsistencies in the radiocarbon dates, and identifications based solely on grain, rather than on chaff.
Agronomy
Rye, alone or overseeded, is planted as a livestock forage or harvested for hay. It is highly tolerant of soil acidity and is more tolerant of dry and cool conditions than wheat, though not as tolerant of cold as barley. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for In Turkey, rye is often grown as an admixture in wheat crops. It is appreciated for the flavour it brings to bread, as well as its ability to compensate for wheat's reduced yields in hard years.
The flame moth, rustic shoulder-knot and turnip moth are among the species of Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on rye. The Flame ( Axylia putris) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae. The Rustic Shoulder-knot ( Apamea sordens) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae. The Turnip Moth ( Agrotis segetum) is a Moth of the family Noctuidae. Lepidoptera is an order of Insect that includes Moths and butterflies.
Production and consumption statistics
| Top Ten Rye Producers — 2005 (million metric ton) |
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 Russia |
3. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 6 |
 Poland |
3. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland 4 |
 Germany |
2. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 8 |
 Belarus |
1. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east 2 |
 Ukraine |
1. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. 1 |
 China |
0. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 6 |
 Canada |
0. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page 4 |
 Turkey |
0. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches 3 |
 United States |
0. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 2 |
 Austria |
0. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich 2 |
| World Total | 13. 3 |
| Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[2] |
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Rye is grown primarily in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe. Main rye belt stretches from northern Germanythrough Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuaniaand Latviainto central and northern Russia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Rye is also grown in North America (Canadaand the USA), in South America (Argentina), in Turkey, in Kazakstanand in northern China. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Production levels of rye are falling in most of the producing nations due to falling demand. For instance, production of rye in Russia fell from 13. 9 million tons in 1992 to just 3. 4 Mt in 2005. Corresponding figures for other countries are as follows: Poland - 5. 9 Mt in 1992 and 3. 4 Mt in 2005; Germany - 3. 3 Mt & 2. 8 Mt; Belarus - 3. 1 Mt & 1. 2 Mt; China - 1. 7 Mt & 0. 6 Mt; Kazakhstan - 0. 6 Mt & 0. 02 Mt. Most of rye is consumed locally, and is exported only to neighbouring countries, but not worldwide.
Diseases
Rye is highly susceptible to the ergot fungus. This article is a list of diseases of Rye ( Secale cereale) Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Tilletia Ergot is the common name of a Fungus in the Genus Claviceps that is parasitic on certain grains and grasses Consumption of ergot-infected rye by humans and animals results in a serious medical condition known as ergotism. Ergotism is the effect of long-term Ergot Poisoning traditionally due to the Ingestion of the Alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea Ergotism can cause both physical and mental harm, including convulsions, miscarriage, necrosis of digits, and hallucinations. Historically, damp northern countries that have depended on rye as a staple crop were subject to periodic epidemics of this condition. There have been "occurrence[s] of ergotism with periods where there were high incidents of people persecuted for being witches. Emphasis was placed on the Salem Witch Trials, in Massachusetts, in 1692, where there was a sudden rise in the number of people accused of being witches, but earlier examples were taken from Europe, as well. "[3]
Uses
Rye bread, including pumpernickel, is a widely eaten food in Northern and Eastern Europe. Rye bread is Bread made with Flour from Rye grain of variable levels Pumpernickel is a type of German Bread traditionally made with coarsely-ground rye meal Rye is also used to make the familiar crisp bread. Crisp bread ( Swedish: knäckebröd, hårt bröd, spisbröd, Danish: knækbrød, Norwegian: knekkebrød Rye flour has a lower gluten content than wheat flour, and contains a higher proportion of soluble fiber. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability Gluten is a composite of the proteins Gliadin and Glutenin. These exist conjoined with Starch, in the Endosperms of some Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation.
Some other uses of rye include rye whiskey and use as an alternative medicine in a liquid form, known as rye extract. Rye whiskey describes two types of Whiskeys theoretically distilled from Rye. The term alternative medicine, as used in the modern western world encompasses any healing practice "that does not fall within the realm of conventional Medicine. Often marketed as Oralmat, rye extract is a liquid obtained from rye and similar to that extracted from wheatgrass. Wheatgrass refers to the young grass of the common wheat plant Triticum aestivum, that is freshly juiced or dried into powder for animal and human consumption Its benefits are said to include a strengthened immune system, increased energy levels and relief from allergies, but there is no clinical evidence for its efficacy. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy.
Rye straw is used to make corn dollies. Corn dollies are a form of Straw work made for and associated with Harvest customs of Europe before mechanisation
See also
References
- ^ Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. Ergot is the common name of a Fungus in the Genus Claviceps that is parasitic on certain grains and grasses Ergotism is the effect of long-term Ergot Poisoning traditionally due to the Ingestion of the Alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea Rye beer refers to any Beer in which Rye (generally Malted is substituted for some portion of the Barley malt Rye whiskey describes two types of Whiskeys theoretically distilled from Rye. 75
- ^ Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers - Countries By Commodity
- ^ Ergot of Rye: History
- Secale cereale (TSN 42089). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Integrated Taxonomic Information System ( ITIS) is a partnership designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the Taxonomy of biological Species Retrieved on September 22, 2002. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.
- Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
External links
- Gordon Hillmann: New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates, in: The Holocene 11/4 (July 2001), p. 383-393.
- Growing Rye hosted by the UNT Government Documents Department
| Minerals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ca | 33 mg | ||||
| Fe | 2,67 mg | ||||
| Mg | 121 mg | ||||
| P | 374 mg | ||||
| K | 264 mg | ||||
| Na | 6 mg | ||||
| Zn | 3,73 mg | ||||
| Cu | 0,450 mg | ||||
| Mg | 2,680 mg | ||||
| Se | 0,035 mg | ||||
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Dictionary
rye
-noun
- A grass, Secale cereale, or its grains used for food and fodder. Scientific name: Secale cereale.
- Rye whisky.
- Rye bread.
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