Ruy Lopez
Moves	1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5
ECO	C60-C99
Origin	manuscript of Göttingen, 1490
Named after	Ruy López de Segura, Libro del Ajedrez, 1561
Parent	Open Game
Synonym(s)	Spanish Opening, Spanish Game
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This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves. Algebraic chess notation is used to record and describe the moves in a game of Chess.

The Ruy Lopez, called the Spanish Opening or Spanish Game outside English speaking countries, is a chess opening characterised by the moves:

1. The following is a list of Sovereign states and territories where English is an Official language, in order of Population. In Chess the word " opening " has two common meanings both of which are discussed in this article e4 e5

2. Nf3 Nc6

3. Bb5

The Ruy Lopez is one of the most popular openings. It has such a vast number of variations that in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings all codes from C60 to C99 are assigned to them. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ( ECO) is a classification system for the opening moves in a game of chess

Contents 1 History 2 Basics 3 Main variations 3.1 Black defences other than 3...a6 3.1.1 Classical Defence 3.1.2 Cozio Defence 3.1.3 Berlin Defence 3.1.4 Bird's Defence 3.1.5 Steinitz Defence 3.1.6 Schliemann Defence 3.1.7 Smyslov Defence 3.2 Morphy Defence 3...a6: alternatives to the Closed Defence 3.2.1 Exchange Variation 3.2.2 Norwegian Defence 3.2.3 Variations combining 3...a6 and ...Bc5 3.2.4 Steinitz Defence Deferred 3.2.5 Schliemann Defence Deferred 3.2.6 Arkhangelsk Defence 3.2.7 Russian Defence 3.2.8 Open Defence 3.3 Closed Defence 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7: Alternatives to the main line 3.3.1 Delayed Exchange Variation Deferred 3.3.2 Centre Attack 3.3.3 Worrall Attack 3.3.4 Averbakh Variation 3.3.5 Trajković Variation 3.3.6 Marshall Attack 3.4 Closed Defence, main line: 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 3.4.1 Pilnik Variation 3.4.2 Bogoljubow Variation 3.4.3 Chigorin Variation 3.4.4 Breyer Variation 3.4.5 Zaitsev Variation 3.4.6 Karpov Variation 3.4.7 Kholmov Variation 3.4.8 Smyslov Variation 4 Uncommon Black 3rd moves 5 References 6 Further reading

History

The opening is named after the 16th century Spanish priest Ruy López de Segura. Rodrigo ( Ruy) López de Segura (c 1540 &ndash 1580 was a Spanish priest and later Bishop in Segura whose book Libro de He made a systematic study of this and other openings in the 150-page book on chess Libro del Ajedrez written in 1561. However, although it is named after him, this particular opening was known earlier; it is included in the Göttingen manuscript, which dates from around 1490. The Göttingen manuscript is the earliest known work devoted entirely to modern Chess. Popular use of the Ruy Lopez opening did not develop, however, until the mid-1800s when Carl Jaenisch, a Russian theoretician, "rediscovered" its potential. Carl Friedrich Andreyevich von Jaenisch ( April 11, 1813 &ndash March 7, 1872) was a Finnish and Russian Chess The opening is still in active use as the double king's pawn opening most commonly used in master play; it has been adopted by almost all players at some point in their careers and many play it from both the white and black sides.

Basics

At the most basic level, White's third move attacks the knight which defends the e5 pawn from the attack by the f3 knight. It should be noted that White's apparent threat to win Black's e-pawn with 4. Bxc6 dxc6 5. Nxe5 is illusory — Black can respond with 5. . . Qd4, forking the knight and e4-pawn, or 5. In Chess, a fork is a tactic that uses one piece to attack two or more of the opponent's pieces at the same time hoping to achieve material gain (by capturing . . Qg5, forking the knight and g2-pawn, both of which win back the material with a good position. 3. Bb5 is still a good move, however: it develops a piece, prepares castling, and sets up a potential pin against Black's king. In Chess, a pin is a situation brought on by an attacking piece in which a defending piece cannot move without exposing a more valuable defending piece on its other side to capture However, since White's third move carries no immediate threat, Black can respond in a wide variety of ways. This opening has also been dubbed the " Spanish Torture" because black has to struggle a long time in order to achieve equality.

Main variations

The theory of the Ruy Lopez is the most extensively developed of all the double king pawn openings. At nearly every move there are many reasonable alternatives, and most have been explored deeply. It is convenient to split the possibilities into two groups based on whether or not Black responds with the Morphy Defence (3. . . a6). The variations with Black moves other than 3. . . a6 are older and generally simpler, but the Morphy Defence lines are more commonly played.

Black defences other than 3. . . a6

Of the variations in this section, the Berlin and Schliemann Defences are the most popular today, followed by the Classical Defence. [1] The Steinitz Defence was important at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

• 3. . . Bc5 (Classical or Cordel Defence)
• 3. . . Nge7 (Cozio Defence)
• 3. . . Nf6 (Berlin Defence)
• 3. . . Nd4 (Bird's Defence)
• 3. . . d6 (Steinitz Defence)
• 3. . . f5!? (Schliemann Defence)
• 3. . . g6 (Smyslov Defence or Barnes Defence)

Classical Defence

The Classical Defence or Cordel Defence (ECO C64), 3. . . Bc5, is possibly the oldest defence to the Ruy Lopez, and is still played occasionally. White's most common reply is 4. c3 when Black may choose to play 4. . . f5, the Cordel Gambit. This often leads to quite messy positions and a sharp drop in the number of draws in comparison to other reasonable 4th moves for Black. More solid is 4. c3 Nf6, when 5. 0-0 0-0 6. d4 Bb6 leads to the Benelux Variation. White's principal alternative to 4. c3 is 4. 0-0.

Wilhelm Steinitz scored +5=2−4 in this variation. Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American Boris Gulko plays it. Boris Franzevich Gulko (b February 9, 1947 in Erfurt, East Germany) is a U The Australian GM, Ian Rogers, has scored +7=4−1 in international competition. Professional Chess player Ian Rogers (born June 24 1960 Hobart Tasmania) was the first Australian to become an International

Cozio Defence

The Cozio Defence, 3. . . Nge7, is distinctly old-fashioned, and is perhaps the least popular of the defences in this section. Although Bent Larsen used it with success, it remains one of the least explored variations of the Ruy Lopez. Jørgen Bent Larsen (born March 4 1935, Thisted) is a Danish Chess Grandmaster.

Berlin Defence

The Berlin Defence 3. . . Nf6 has a reputation for solidity at the expense of drawishness. White scores 56. 3 percent in the Berlin, which equals White's score in the Ruy Lopez in general; but 37 percent of Berlin games end in draws, compared to 30 percent in games played across all openings. [2] The Berlin Defence was played by Emanuel Lasker and others in the late 19th century and early 20th century, who typically answered 4. For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. 0-0 with 4. . . d6 in the style of the Steinitz Variation. This approach ultimately fell out of favour because of its passivity, and the entire variation became rare. Arthur Bisguier played the Berlin for decades, but always chose the variation 4. Arthur Bernard Bisguier (born 8 October 1929) is an American Chess International Grandmaster, chess promoter and writer 0-0 Nxe4. Then in 2000, Vladimir Kramnik used the latter line as a drawing variation against Garry Kasparov in their World Championship match, after which the Berlin enjoyed a remarkable renaissance; even players with a dynamic style such as Alexei Shirov, Veselin Topalov, and Kasparov himself have tried it. Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik (Влади́мир Бори́сович Кра́мник (born June 25, 1975) is a Russian Chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Background Following the split in the World chess championship in 1993 there were two rival world titles the official FIDE world title and the PCA Alexei Dmitrievich Shirov ( Aleksejs Širovs, Алексей Дмитриевич Широв) (born July 4, 1972 in Riga, Veselin Topalov (vɛsɛ'lin to'pɑlof Веселин Топалов (born 15 March 1975) is a Bulgarian Chess grandmaster

Since Black's third move does not threaten to win the e-pawn (if Black captures it, White will win back the pawn on e5 (Seirawan 2003:52)), White usually castles kingside. The Ruy Lopez, called the Spanish Opening or Spanish Game outside English speaking countries, is a Chess opening characterised by the moves After 4. 0-0, Black can play either the solid 4. . . Nxe4 or the more combative 4. . . Bc5 (the Berlin Classical Variation). After 4. . . Nxe4 5. d4 (5. Re1 Nd6 6. Nxe5 is also reasonable) Nd6 6. Bxc6 dxc6 7. dxe5 Nf5 8. Qxd8+ Kxd8 White is considered to have a small advantage in light of his somewhat better pawn structure and Black's awkwardly placed king. However, Black possesses the bishop pair and his position has no weaknesses, so it is difficult for White to generate real pressure. This page explains commonly used terms in Chess in alphabetical order Indeed, all four of the games in the Kasparov-Kramnik match with this opening ended in draws.

The Berlin is assigned ECO codes C65-67. C65 covers alternatives to 4. 0-0, as well as 4. 0-0 Bc5. C66 covers 4. 0-0 d6 while C67 is 4. 0-0 Nxe4.

Bird's Defence

Bird's Defence (ECO C61), 3. . . Nd4, is an uncommon variation sometimes played in the hope of surprising White into making a mistake in unfamiliar positions. With careful play White is thought to be able to gain a small advantage.

This defence was published in 1843 in Paul Rudolf von Bilguer's Handbuch des Schachspiels and explored by Henry Bird in the 1850s. Year 1843 ( MDCCCXLIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Paul Rudolf (or Rudolph von Bilguer ( 21 September 1815 &ndash 16 September 1840) was a German Chess master and chess Handbuch des Schachspiels ( Handbook of Chess, often simply called the Handbuch) is a Chess book first published in 1843 by Tassilo Henry Edward Bird ( July 14, 1830 – April 11, 1908) was an English Chess player and chess writer Events and Trends Industry Production of Steel revolutionized by invention of the Bessemer process Benjamin Silliman Henry Bird himself played it as Black no fewer than sixteen times with a score of +6=2−8. Henry Edward Bird ( July 14, 1830 – April 11, 1908) was an English Chess player and chess writer Bird's Defence was later used a few times in tournament play by Siegbert Tarrasch, Boris Spassky, and Alexander Khalifman. Siegbert Tarrasch ( March 5, 1862 &ndash February 17, 1934) was one of the strongest Chess players and most influential chess Boris Vasilievich Spassky (also Spasskij (Бори́с Васи́льевич Спа́сский (born January 30, 1937) is a Russian French Alexander Valeryevich Khalifman (born January 18, 1966, in Leningrad) is a Jewish Russian Chess Grandmaster and former FIDE Although it is still played occasionally as a surprise, no strong master since Bird has adopted it regularly.

Steinitz Defence

The Steinitz Defence (also called the Old Steinitz Defence) (ECO C62), 3. . . d6, is solid but passive and cramped. Although the favorite of the first world champion Wilhelm Steinitz and later played by world champions and expert defensive players Emanuel Lasker, José Capablanca, and Vasily Smyslov, it is rarely adopted today. See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess White can force Black to give up the centre (see Tarrasch Trap), a significant but not fatal concession. Tarrasch Trap refers to two different Chess opening traps in the Ruy Lopez that are named for Siegbert Tarrasch. The deferred variant of this defence (3. . . a6 4. Ba4 d6) offers Black better chances and is more popular.

Wilhelm Steinitz played this variation no less than 21 times +6=3-12. Wilhelm (later William) Steinitz ( May 17, 1836 – August 12, 1900) was an Austrian - American Frank Marshall and Emanuel Lasker both scored +4=2-2 as Black. Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. Alexander Onischuk has fared better with +7=2-1 in international play. Alexander Onischuk (born September 3, 1975) is an American Chess grandmaster.

Schliemann Defence

The Schliemann Defence or Jaenisch Gambit (ECO C63), 3. . . f5!?, is a very sharp line in which Black attempts to open the f-file for the attack, frequently sacrificing a pawn or two. Considered by many to be somewhat dubious, it is occasionally used in top-level play as a surprise weapon. This variation was originated by Carl Jaenisch in 1847 and is sometimes named after him. Carl Friedrich Andreyevich von Jaenisch ( April 11, 1813 &ndash March 7, 1872) was a Finnish and Russian Chess Year 1847 ( MDCCCXLVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Although later named for German lawyer Adolf Karl Wilhelm Schliemann (1817–1872), the line Schliemann actually played in the 1860s was a gambit variation of the Cordel Defence (3. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Events and trends Technology The First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA was completed in 1869 . . Bc5 4. c3 f5).

Rudolf Spielmann played it as Black +6=5-1 as did Frank Marshall +9=8-4. Rudolf Spielmann ( 5 May 1883 - 20 August 1942) was an Austrian - Jewish Chess player of the romantic school Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U Alexander Shabalov has a plus score in international play. Alexander Shabalov (born September 12 1967) is an American Chess grandmaster the multiple winner of the U Teimour Radjabov plays it nowadays occasionally at top level with fair results like a draw against Viswanathan Anand in the Morelia-Linares 2008 tournament. Teimour Radjabov, also spelled Teymur Rajabov (Teymur Rəcəbov born March 12 1987 in Baku, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Viswanathan Anand (ʋiɕˈʋəˌnɑˌt̪ʰən ɑnˌənd̪ விசுவநாதன் ஆனந்த் (born December 11, 1969) is an Indian

Smyslov Defence

The Smyslov Defence, Fianchetto Defence, or Barnes Defence (3. . . g6), is a quiet positional system played occasionally by Vassily Smyslov and Boris Spassky. Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess Boris Vasilievich Spassky (also Spasskij (Бори́с Васи́льевич Спа́сский (born January 30, 1937) is a Russian French It became popular in the 1980s when it was shown that 4. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. c3 a6! gives Black a good game. Later it was found that after 4. d4 exd4 5. Bg5 White has the advantage, and the variation is rarely played today. An interesting gambit line 4. A gambit is a Chess opening in which the first player risks or sacrifices material usually a pawn, with the hope of achieving a resulting advantageous d4 exd4 5. c3 has also been recommended by Alexander Khalifman, although some of the resulting positions are yet to be tested extensively. Alexander Valeryevich Khalifman (born January 18, 1966, in Leningrad) is a Jewish Russian Chess Grandmaster and former FIDE

Morphy Defence 3. . . a6: alternatives to the Closed Defence

By far the most commonly played Black third move is the Morphy Defence, 3. . . a6, which "puts the question" to the white bishop. White has only two good options, 4. Bxc6 or 4. Ba4. The main point to 3. . . a6 is that after the common retreat 4. Ba4, Black will have the possibility of breaking the pin on his queen knight by playing . . . b5. In fact, White must take some care not to fall into the Noah's Ark Trap in which Black traps White's king bishop on the b3-square with a . The Noah's Ark Trap is a Chess opening trap in the Ruy Lopez. . . a6, . . . b5, and . . . c4 pawn advance on the queenside.

Although 3. . . a6 was known earlier, it became popular after it was played by Paul Morphy. Disambiguation Morphy redirects here For the fictional character nicknamed Morphy see King Morpheus. Steinitz did not approve of this move. In 1889 he wrote "on principle this ought to be disadvantageous as it drives the bishop where it wants to go", but this is not the prevailing opinion, and today 3. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common . . a6 is played in over 75 percent of all games beginning with the Ruy Lopez.

After 3. . . a6, the most commonly played line is the Closed Defence, which goes 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 Be7, discussed in the two following sections. Alternatives to the closed defence described in this section are:

• 4. Bxc6 (Exchange Variation)
• 4. Ba4
  • 4. . . b5 5. Bb3 Na5 (Norwegian Defence)
  • 4. . . b5 5. Bb3 Bc5 (Graz Defence)
  • 4. . . Bc5 (Classical Defence Deferred)
  • 4. . . d6 (Steinitz Defence Deferred)
  • 4. . . f5 (Schliemann Defence Deferred)
  • 4. . . Nf6 5. 0-0 b5 6. Bb3 Bb7 (Arkhangelsk Defence)
  • 4. . . Nf6 5. 0-0 b5 6. Bb3 Bc5 (Modern Archangel Defence)
  • 4. . . Nf6 5. 0-0 Bc5 (Møller Defence)
  • 4. . . Nf6 5. 0-0 d6 (Russian Defence)
  • 4. . . Nf6 5. 0-0 Nxe4 (Open Defence)

Exchange Variation

Main article: Ruy Lopez, Exchange Variation

In the Exchange Variation, 4. The Ruy Lopez Exchange Variation is a variation of the Ruy Lopez Chess opening that begins with the moves 1 Bxc6, White damages Black's pawn structure, giving him a ready-made long-term plan of swapping off the pieces and winning the pawn ending. Black has decent compensation, however, in the form of the bishop pair, and the variation is not considered White's most ambitious, though former world champions Emanuel Lasker and Bobby Fischer were quite successful with it. For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. Robert James "Bobby" Fischer ( March 9 1943 – January 17 2008) was an American -born Chess Grandmaster

After 4. Bxc6, Black almost always responds 4. . . dxc6, although 4. . . bxc6 is playable. After 4. . . dxc6, the obvious 5. Nxe5? is weak, since 5. . . Qd4! 6. Nf3 Qxe4+ 7. Qe2 Qxe2+ leaves White with no compensation for Black's bishop pair.

There are two principal lines after 4. Bxc6 dxc6. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Lasker had great success with 5. d4 exd4 6. Qxd4 Qxd4 7. Nxd4. Since then, better lines for Black have been developed, and this line is considered to slightly favor Black. Jon Jacobs wrote in the July 2005 Chess Life (p. Chess Life is a monthly Chess magazine published in the United States. 21): "A database search (limited to games longer than 20 moves, both players FIDE 2300+) reveals the position after 7. Nxd4 was reached 20 times from 1985-2002. White's results were abysmal: +0−7=13. "

The flexible 5. 0-0 is sometimes called the Barengdt Variation, but it was Fischer who developed it into a serious weapon for White. Unlike 5. d4, it forces Black to defend his e-pawn, which he usually does with 5. . . f6, 5. . . Bg4, 5. . . Qd6 (the sharpest line, preparing queen-side castling), 5. . . Qe7, 5. . . Qf6 or 5. . . Bd6. A rare but playable move is 5. . . Be6 (or 5. . . Be7), the idea being that if white plays 6. Nxe5, black plays 6. . . Qd4, forking the knight and the e4 pawn. The move . . . Qd4 is usually not possible in these variations after White castles because when the queen captures the e4 pawn, the rook can usually move to e1 to pin and win the queen. However, with 5. . . Be6, Re1 will not win the queen because the e6 bishop breaks the pin.

White may also delay the exchange for a move or two: 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 Be7 and only now 6. Bxc6 (the Delayed Exchange Deferred), for example; at first glance this seems like a simple waste of time, but Black having played . . . Nf6 rules out defending the pawn with . . . f6, and the bishop already being on e7 means that . . . Bd6 would be a loss of tempo. In Chess, tempo refers to a "turn" or single move When a player achieves a desired result in one fewer moves he "gains a tempo" and conversely when

Norwegian Defence

The Norwegian Defence (also called the Wing Variation), is an aggressive but time-consuming alternative for Black. The game follows 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 b5 5. Bb3 Na5. The goal of the opening is to eliminate the white bishop. The main line is 6. 0-0 d6 7. d4 Nxb3, but speculative sacrifice is 6. Bxf7+?! Kxf7 7. Nxe5+, which drives the black king out, but with accurate play, Black is supposed to be able to consolidate his extra piece. This defence was known since the 1880s and was reintroduced in 1901 by Carl Schlechter. Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of Electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Carl Schlechter ( March 2, 1874 - December 27, 1918) was a leading Austrian Chess master at the turn of the 20th century

Variations combining 3. . . a6 and . . . Bc5

The Graz Defence, Classical Defence Deferred, and Møller Defence combine 3. . . a6 with the active move . . . Bc5. For a century it was believed that it was more sound for Black to place the bishop on e7, but it is much more active on c5. White can gain time after playing d4 as the black bishop will have to move, but this doesn't always seem to be as important as was once thought.

The Møller Defence, 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 Bc5 was already an old line in 1903 when Dane Jørgen Møller (1873–1944) analyzed it in Tidsskrift för Schack. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Graz Defence, 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 b5 5. Bb3 Bc5, was analyzed by Alois Fink (b. 1910) in Österreichische Schachzeitung in 1956 and in Wiener Schach Nachrichten in 1979, but although logical it didn't become popular until the 1990s. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The 1990s collectively refers to the years between and including 1990 and 1999

Steinitz Defence Deferred

In the Steinitz Defence Deferred (also called the Modern Steinitz Defence or the Neo-Steinitz Defence) (ECO C72–C76), Black interpolates 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 before playing 4. . . d6. The possibility of breaking the pin with a timely . . . b5 gives Black more latitude than in the Steinitz Defence itself. In particular, in the Steinitz Defence White can practically force Black to give up the centre with . . . exd4, but in the Steinitz Deferred, Black can hold the centre if desired. Most of the plausible White moves are playable here, including 5. c3, 5. c4, 5. Bxc6, 5. d4, and 5. 0-0. The sharp Siesta Variation arises after 5. c3 f5, while a manoeuvering game results from the calmer 5. c3 Bd7 6. d4. The game is also sharp after 5. Bxc6 bxc6 6. d4 or 5. 0-0 Bg4 6. h3 h5. The older lines starting with 5. c4 and 5. d4 are not as testing for Black.

Keres scored +24=25−2 as Black with this opening. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster.

There are six ECO classifications for the Modern Steinitz. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ( ECO) is a classification system for the opening moves in a game of chess The White's responses, 5. d4, 5. Nc3, and 5. c4 are included in C71, while 5. 0-0 is C72. The delayed exchange 5. Bxc6 bxc6 6. d4 is C73. C74–C76 all begin with 5. c3. C74 covers 5. . . Nf6 but primarily focuses on 5. . . f5 6. exf5 Bxf5 with 7. d4 or 7. 0-0. C75's main continuation is 5. . . Bd7 6. d4 Nge7, the Rubenstein Variation. C76 is characterized by the Black kingside fianchetto 5. In Chess the fianchetto (/ˌfiən'kɛto/ Italian "little flanking" is a pattern of development wherein a bishop is developed to the second rank . . Bd7 6. d4 g6.

Schliemann Defence Deferred

The Schliemann Defence Deferred, 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 f5, is not as popular as the regular Schliemann Defence. It is considered inferior to the regular Schliemann, since White can answer effectively with 5. d4! exd4 6. e5.

Arkhangelsk Defence

The Arkhangelsk Defence (or Archangel Defence) (ECO C78) was invented by Soviet theoreticians in the city of Arkhangelsk. Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast The variation begins 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 b5 6. Bb3 Bb7. It often leads to sharp positions, in which Black hopes that the b7 Bishop's influence on the center and White kingside will offset Black's delay in castling. White has several options including attempting to build an ideal pawn centre with c3 and d4, defending the e-pawn with Re1 or simply developing. The Arkhangelsk Defence is tactically justified by Black's ability to meet 7. Ng5 with 7. . . d5 8. exd5 Nd4! (not 8. . . Nxd5, when white can seize the advantage with 9. Qh5 g6 10. Qf3).

Russian Defence

The Russian Defence (ECO C79) can be considered a delayed Steinitz Defence Deferred. With the move order 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 d6, Black waits until White castles before playing . . . d6. This can enable Black to avoid some lines in the Steinitz Defence Deferred in which White castles long although the position of the knight on f6 also precludes Black from supporting the centre with f7-f6. This page explains commonly used terms in Chess in alphabetical order These nuances seem to have little importance today as neither the Steinitz Defence Deferred nor the Russian Defence have been popular for many years.

Chigorin played the Russian Defence in the 1890s, and later it was adopted by Rubinstein. Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin ( 12 November 1850, Gatchina, Russia – 25 January 1908, Lublin, Poland Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein ( 12 December, 1882, in Stawiski, Poland – 15 March, 1961 in Antwerp, Alekhine had a lifetime score of +7=4−1 from the black side. Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October The last significant use of the Russian Defence was in the 1950s when it was played by some Russian masters.

Open Defence

In the Open Defence, 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 Nxe4, Black tries to make use of the time White will take to regain the pawn to gain a foothold in the centre. Play usually continues 6. d4 b5. The move 6. . . exd4, which is the Riga Variation, is considered inferior; the main line runs 7. Re1 d5 8. Nxd4 Bd6! 9. Nxc6 Bxh2+! 10. Kh1! (10. Kxh2 Qh4+ 11. Kg1 Qxf2+ draws by perpetual check. ) Qh4 11. Rxe4+! dxe4 12. Qd8+! Qxd8 13. Nxd8+ Kxd8 14. Kxh2 Be6 (14. . . f5?? 15. Bg5#!) and now the endgame is considered to favor White after 15. In Chess, the endgame (or end game or ending) refers to the stage of the game when there are few pieces left on the board Be3 or Nd2 (but not 15. Nc3 c5!, playing to trap the bishop). After 6. . . b5, 7. Bb3 d5 8. dxe5 Be6 usually follows and material balance is restored.

White has a variety of options at move 9, including 9. c3, 9. Qe2, and 9. Nbd2. The classical line starts with 9. c3 when Black can choose between 9. . . Nc5, 9. . . Be7, and the aggressive 9. . . Bc5. Euwe scored +13=17–5 with 9. Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster . . Be7. After 9. c3 Bc5 10. Nbd2 0-0 11. Bc2 Black must do something about the attack on the knight on e4. An old continuation is 11. . . f5, when after 12. Nb3 Ba7 13. Nfd4 Nxd4 14. Nxd4 Bxd4 White can gain some advantage with Bogoljubov's 15. Efim Dmitriyevich Bogoljubow (Bogoljubov Bogolyubov (Ефи́м Дми́триевич Боголю́бов April 14, 1889 &ndash June 18, Qxd4. Instead, the very sharp La Grande Variante continues 15. cxd4 f4 16. f3 Ng3 17. hxg3 fxg3 18. Qd3 Bf5 19. Qxf5 Rxf5 20. Bxf5 Qh4 21. Bh3 Qxd4+ 22. Kh1 Qxe5. Perhaps the most famous game in this variation is Smyslov–Reshevsky, 1945 USSR–USA Radio Match. Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess Samuel Herman (Sammy Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków near Lodz, (then Russian Empire An analysis of the line had just been published in a Russian chess magazine, and Smyslov was able to follow it to quickly obtain a winning position. Reshevsky had not seen the analysis and he struggled in vain to solve the position over the board with his chess clock running. A game clock consists of two adjacent Clocks and buttons to stop one clock while starting the other such that the two component clocks never run simultaneously The Dilworth Variation (or Attack), 11. . . Nxf2 12. Rxf2 f6 13. exf6 Bxf2+ 14. Kxf2 Qxf6 has scored well for Black. It leads to unbalanced endgames that are hard to play for both sides. Yusupov is one of the few grandmasters to often adopt the Dilworth. Artur Mayakovich Yusupov ( de Jussupow; born February 13, 1960 in Moscow, Soviet Union) is a German The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong Chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE.

In the Howell Attack (ECO C81), 9. Qe2, White aims for play on the d-file after Rd1. The game usually continues 9. . . Be7 10. Rd1 followed by 10. . . Nc5 or 10. . . 0-0. Keres sometimes played this line. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster.

Karpov's move, 9. Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (Анатолий Евгеньевич Карпов born May 23, 1951) is a Russian Chess grandmaster Nbd2, limits Black's options. In the 1978 Karpov–Korchnoi World Chess Championship match, following 9. Viktor Lvovich Korchnoi (also Korchnoy Kortchnoy Kortschnoi etc See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Nbd2 Nc5 10. c3 d4 (10. . . Be7 is an old move that remains popular) Karpov introduced the surprising 11. Ng5!?, a move suggested by his trainer, Igor Zaitsev. Igor Arkadyevich Zaitsev (born May 27, 1938) is a Russian grandmaster of Chess. If Black takes the knight with 11. . . Qxg5 White regains the material with 12. Qf3. This variation played a decisive role in a later World Championship match, Kasparov–Anand 1995, when Anand was unable to successfully defend as Black. Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Viswanathan Anand (ʋiɕˈʋəˌnɑˌt̪ʰən ɑnˌənd̪ விசுவநாதன் ஆனந்த் (born December 11, 1969) is an Indian

Closed Defence 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 Be7: Alternatives to the main line

In the main line, White normally retreats his bishop with 4. Ba4, when the usual continuation is 4. . . Nf6 5. 0-0 Be7. Black now threatens to win a pawn with 6. . . b5 followed by 7. . . Nxe4, so White must respond. Usually White defends the e-pawn with 6. Re1 which in turn threatens Black with the loss of a pawn after 7. Bxc6 and 8. Nxe5. Black most commonly averts this threat by driving away the white bishop with 6. . . b5 7. Bb3, although it is also possible to defend the pawn with 6. . . d6.

After 4. . . Nf6 5. 0-0 Be7, the most frequently seen continuation is 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 0-0, discussed in the next section. Examined in this section are the alternatives to the main line:

• 6. Bxc6 (Delayed Exchange Variation Deferred)
• 6. d4 (Centre Attack)
• 6. Qe2 (Worrall Attack)
• 6. Re1 d6 (Averbakh Variation)
• 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3
  • 7. . . Bb7 (Trajković Variation)
  • 7. . . 0-0 8. c3 d5 (Marshall Attack)

Delayed Exchange Variation Deferred

The Delayed Exchange Variation Deferred (or Exchange Variation Doubly Deferred) (ECO C85), 6. Bxc6, loses a tempo compared to the Exchange Variation. As compensation, the black knight on f6 and bishop on e7 are not on their best squares. The knight on f6 prevents Black from supporting the e-pawn with f7-f6, and the bishop is somewhat passively posted on e7.

Centre Attack

The Centre Attack (or Centre Variation) (ECO C69), 6. d4, leads to sharp play. Black can hold the balance, but it is easy to make a misstep.

Worrall Attack

In the Worral Attack (ECO C86), White substitutes 6. Qe2 for 6. Re1. The idea is that the queen will support the e-pawn leaving the rook free to move to d1 to support the advance of the d-pawn, although there isn't always time for this. Play normally continues 6. . b5 7. Bb3 followed by 7. . . d6 or 7. . . 0-0.

Paul Keres played the line several times. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. More recently, Sergei Tiviakov has played it, as has Nigel Short, who played it twice in his 1992 match against Anatoly Karpov and won both games. Sergei Tiviakov (born February 14, 1973 in Krasnodar, Soviet Union) is a naturalised Dutch Chess Grandmaster Nigel David Short MBE (born June 1, 1965 in Leigh, Lancashire) is often regarded as the strongest British Chess Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (Анатолий Евгеньевич Карпов born May 23, 1951) is a Russian Chess grandmaster

Averbakh Variation

In the Averbakh Variation (C87), named for Yuri Averbakh Black defends the threatened e-pawn with 6. Yuri Lvovich Averbakh (born February 8, 1922, in Kaluga, Russia) is a Russian Chess . . d6 instead of driving away the white bishop with the more common 6. . . b5. This defence shares some similarity with the Modern Steinitz and Russian Defences as Black avoids the . . . b5 advance that weakens the queenside a bit, but in exchange gives up the chance to gain space on the flank. White can reply with either 7. Bxc6 bxc6 8. d4 or 7. c3 Bg4 (it is too late for Black to transpose into the more usual lines of the Closed Defence, because 7. . . b5 would allow 8. Bc2, saving White a tempo over the two-move sequence Bb3-c2 found in other variations). The pin temporarily prevents White from playing d2-d4. In Chess, a pin is a situation brought on by an attacking piece in which a defending piece cannot move without exposing a more valuable defending piece on its other side to capture In response, White can either force d4 with 8. h3 Bh5 9. Bxc6 bxc6 10. d4, or postpone d4 for the time being and play 8. d3 followed by manoeuvering the queen knight to the kingside with Nbd2-f1-g3.

Trajković Variation

An alternative to 7. . . d6 is 7. . . Bb7. This is known as the Trajković Variation. Black may sacrifice a pawn with 8. c3 d5 9. exd5 Nxd5 10. Nxe5 Nxe5 11. Rxe5 Nf4.

Marshall Attack

One of Black's more aggressive alternatives is the Marshall Attack: after 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 0-0 8. c3 Black plays the gambit 8. A gambit is a Chess opening in which the first player risks or sacrifices material usually a pawn, with the hope of achieving a resulting advantageous . . d5, sacrificing a pawn. The main line begins with 9. exd5 Nxd5 (9. . . e4!?, the Herman Steiner variation, is considered weaker) 10. Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US Nxe5 Nxe5 11. Rxe5 c6 (Marshall's original move, 11. . . Nf6, and 11. . . Bb7 are considered inferior, but have also yielded good results at top levels of play for Black). Black will attack and force weaknesses in White's kingside which has been stripped of defenders. This page explains commonly used terms in Chess in alphabetical order White's first decision is whether to play d3 or d4. In either case it is apparent that the move 8. c3 is no longer helpful to White. The Black attack can be quite treacherous for White. Since Black's compensation is based on positional rather than tactical considerations, it is difficult or perhaps impossible to find a refutation, and variations have been analyzed very deeply (sometimes to move 30) without coming to a definite determination over the soundness of Black's gambit. This page explains commonly used terms in Chess in alphabetical order This page explains commonly used terms in Chess in alphabetical order The Marshall Attack is a very sharp, tactical opening system, and so White often chooses to avoid it by playing one of the anti-Marshall systems, 8. a4 or 8. h3 instead of 8. c3.

The Marshall Attack was introduced by Frank Marshall in a famous game against José Capablanca in 1918. Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In that game, Capablanca weathered the Black attack and won brilliantly. According to legend, Marshall saved this prepared innovation for eight years before getting the chance to play it against Capablanca. This seems unlikely in reality, however, and in fact the gambit had been played earlier in a few obscure games including a consultation game in Havana, although there is no evidence that Marshall knew of these games. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading Improvements to Black's play were found (Marshall played 11. . . Nf6!? originally, but later discovered 11. . . c6!) and the Marshall Attack was adopted by top players including Boris Spassky, and more recently Michael Adams. Boris Vasilievich Spassky (also Spasskij (Бори́с Васи́льевич Спа́сский (born January 30, 1937) is a Russian French Michael Adams (born November 17, 1971 in Truro, Cornwall, England, UK) is a British Grandmaster of

Closed Defence, main line: 3. . . a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. 0-0 Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 0-0

The main lines of the closed Ruy Lopez continue 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 0-0. White can now play 9. d3 or 9. d4, but by far the most common move is 9. h3 which prepares d4 while preventing the awkward pin . . . Bg4. This can be considered the main line of the opening as a whole and thousands of top-level games have reached this position. White aims to play d4 followed by Nbd2-f1-g3, which would firmly support e4 with the bishops on open diagonals and both knights threatening Black's kingside. Black will try to prevent this knight manoeuver by expanding on the queenside, taking action in the centre, or putting pressure on e4.

After 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 0-0, we have:

• 9. d3 (Pilnik Variation)
• 9. d4 Bg4 (Bogoljubow Variation)
• 9. h3
  • 9. . . Na5 (Chigorin Variation)
  • 9. . . Bb7 (Zaitsev Variation)
  • 9. . . Nb8 (Breyer Variation)
  • 9. . . Nd7 (Karpov Variation)
  • 9. . . Be6 (Kholmov Variation)
  • 9. . . h6 (Smyslov Variation)

Pilnik Variation

The Pilnik Variation, named for Herman Pilnik, is also known as the Teichmann Variation from the game Teichmann–Schlechter, Carlsbad 1911. Herman Pilnik ( 8 January 1914, Stuttgart, Germany – 12 November 1981, Caracas, Venezuela) was an Richard Teichmann (1868&ndash1925 was a leading German Chess player easily of grandmaster strength Carl Schlechter ( March 2, 1874 - December 27, 1918) was a leading Austrian Chess master at the turn of the 20th century White plays 9. d3 intending to later advance to d4 under favorable circumstances. Although d2-d3-d4 appears to lose a tempo compared to d2-d4, White may be able to omit h3 regaining the tempo, especially if Black plays . . . Bb7.

Bogoljubow Variation

The Bogoljubow Variation is the reason why White usually plays 9. h3 instead of 9. d4. After 9. d4 Bg4, the pin of the white king knight is troublesome. The variation takes its name from the game Capablanca–Bogoljubow, London 1922. Efim Dmitriyevich Bogoljubow (Bogoljubov Bogolyubov (Ефи́м Дми́триевич Боголю́бов April 14, 1889 &ndash June 18,

Chigorin Variation

The Chigorin Variation was refined by Mikhail Chigorin around the turn of the 20th century and became the primary Black defence to the Ruy Lopez for more than 50 years. Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin ( 12 November 1850, Gatchina, Russia – 25 January 1908, Lublin, Poland The twentieth century of the Common Era began on With 9. . . Na5 Black chases the white bishop from the a2-g8 diagonal and frees the c-pawn for queenside expansion. After 10. Bc2 c5 11. d4 the classical Black follow up is 11. . . Qc7, reinforcing e5 and placing the queen on the c-file which may later become open after . . . cxd4. Other Black moves in this position are 11. . . Bb7 and 11. . . Nd7; the latter was adopted by Keres a few times in the 1960s. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. The Chigorin Variation has declined in popularity. Black must spend some time bringing his offside knight on a5 back into the game.

The Chigorin is divided into three ECO classifications. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ( ECO) is a classification system for the opening moves in a game of chess In C97, White proceeds from the diagram with 12. a4, 12. d5, 12. b4 , or 12. Nbd2 where Black can respond with . . . Be6, . . . Rd8, . . . Re8, . . . Bb7 or . . . Bd7. In C98, White opens up the board with 12. Nbd2 Nc6 13. dxc5 dxc5. In C99, Black initiates the exchanges with 12. Nbd2 cxd4 13. cxd4.

Breyer Variation

The Breyer Variation was supposedly suggested by Gyula Breyer in an unpublished manuscript in the 1920s, but no such document has been discovered and there are no known game scores in which Breyer employed this line. Gyula Breyer ( April 30, 1893 – November 9, 1921) was a Hungarian Chess player The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada It is unclear how Breyer's name came to be associated with this variation, but the terminology is well established. The Breyer Variation did not become popular until the 1960s when it was adopted by Spassky and others. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Boris Vasilievich Spassky (also Spasskij (Бори́с Васи́льевич Спа́сский (born January 30, 1937) is a Russian French In particular, Spassky's back to back wins over Tal at Tbilisi in 1965 did much to enhance its reputation, and Spassky has a career plus score with the Breyer. Mikhail Tal (Mihails Tāls Михаил Нехемьевич Таль Mikhail Nekhemievich Tal, mʲixa'iɫ̺ n̻ʲɛ'xɛmjɛvʲiʨ t̺al̻ sometimes transliterated Mihails Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari With 9. . . Nb8 Black frees the c-pawn and intends to route the knight to d7 where it supports e5. Black can follow up with . . . Bb7 and . . . c7-c5. White can attack either the kingside or the queenside. If White fortifies the center with 10. d3 the opening is given ECO code C94. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ( ECO) is a classification system for the opening moves in a game of chess The more common continuation, 10. d4, is ECO C95.

Zaitsev Variation

The Zaitsev Variation (also called the Flohr-Zaitsev Variation) was advocated by Igor Zaitsev, who was one of Karpov's trainers for many years. Igor Arkadyevich Zaitsev (born May 27, 1938) is a Russian grandmaster of Chess. Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (Анатолий Евгеньевич Карпов born May 23, 1951) is a Russian Chess grandmaster A Karpov favourite, the Zaitsev remains one of the most important variations of the Ruy Lopez. With 9. . . Bb7 Black prepares to put more pressure on e4 after 10. d4 Re8 11. Nbd2 Bf8 when play can become very sharp and tactical. One drawback of this line is that White can force Black to choose a different defence or allow a draw by repetition of position with 11. In Chess, a draw is one of the possible outcomes of a game the others being a win for white and a win for black In Chess and some other Abstract strategy games, the threefold repetition rule (also known as repetition of position) states that a player can claim a Ng5 Rf8 12. Nf3. Although forcing an early draw with White is often considered not very sporting, several of Karpov's opponents took advantage of this opportunity.

Karpov Variation

Karpov tried 9. Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (Анатолий Евгеньевич Карпов born May 23, 1951) is a Russian Chess grandmaster . . Nd7 several times in the 1990 World Championship match, but Kasparov achieved a significant advantage against it in the 18th game. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet It is solid but slightly passive. Confusingly 9. . . Nd7 is also called the Chigorin Variation so there are two variations of the Ruy Lopez with that name, but 9. . . Na5 is the move more commonly associated with Chigorin. Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin ( 12 November 1850, Gatchina, Russia – 25 January 1908, Lublin, Poland

Kholmov Variation

The Kholmov Variation, 9. . . Be6, was popular in the 1980s but is now rare. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989.

Smyslov Variation

The Smyslov Variation (ECO C93) is a plan similar to that of the Zaitsev Variation. With 9. . . h6 Black prepares to play 10. . . Re8 and 11. . . Bf8 without fear of 10. Ng5. The loss of a tempo with 9. . . h6 gives White enough time to complete the Nbd2-f1-g3 manoeuver, and the pawn move can also weaken Black's kingside. The Zaitsev can be considered to be an improved Smyslov in which Black tries to save a tempo by omitting . . . h6.

Kasparov played the Smyslov Variation in a loss to the Deep Blue chess computer in Game 2 of their 1997 match. Deep Blue is a Chess - playing Computer developed by IBM. On 11 May 1997, the machine won a six-game match by two wins to Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov was a pair of famous six-game Human-computer chess matches played between the IBM Supercomputer Deep Blue Svetozar Gligoric has been the most prolific C93 player. Svetozar Gligorić ( Serbian Cyrillic: Светозар Глигорић) (born February 2 1923) is a Serbian Chess

Uncommon Black 3rd moves

Here is a list of less common 3rd moves for Black:

• Bulgarian Variation: 3. . . a5
• Rotary Defense or Albany Defense: 3. . . b6
• Pollock's Defense: 3. . . Na5
• Retreat Variation: 3. . . Nb8
• Sawyer's Gambit: 3. . . d5
• Vinogradov Variation: 3. . . Qe7
• Lucena Defense: 3. . . Be7
• Alapin's Defense: 3. . . Bb4
• Nuremberg Defense: 3. . . f6
• Brentano Defense: 3. . . g5

References

• Burgess, Graham (2000), The Mammoth Book of Chess, Carroll & Graf, ISBN 0-7867-0725-9 
• De Firmian, Nick (1999), Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14, Random House Puzzles & Games, ISBN 0-8129-3084-3 
• Hooper, David & Whyld, Kenneth (1996), The Oxford Companion to Chess, Oxford University, ISBN 0-19-280049-3 
• Kasparov, Gary & Keene, Raymond ([1989] 1994), Batsford Chess Openings 2, Henry Holt, ISBN 0-8050-3409-9 
• Nunn, John (1999), Nunn's Chess Openings, Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-221-0 
• Seirawan, Yasser (2003), Winning Chess Openings, Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-349-7 
• Tseitlin, Mikhail (1991), Winning with the Schliemann, Maxwell Macmillan Chess, ISBN 1-85744-017-X 

Further reading

• Lane, Gary (2006), The Ruy Lopez Explained, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8978-2 
• Shaw, John (2003), Starting Out: The Ruy Lopez, Everyman Chess, ISBN 1-85744-321-7 
• Taulbut, Shaun (1996), Understanding the Spanish, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-7433-8 

Nicholas Ernest (Nick de Firmian (born July 26, 1957 in Fresno California) is a Chess grandmaster and three-time U Modern Chess Openings (usually called MCO) is an important book of Chess openings first published in 1911 by the British players Richard David Vincent Hooper ( 31 August 1915 - May 1998 born in Reigate, was a British Chess player and writer Kenneth Whyld ( March 6, 1926 - July 11, 2003) was a British Chess author and researcher best known as the co-author (with The Oxford Companion to Chess is a reference Book on Chess written by David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld. Garry Kasparov (Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров) (born as Garry Kimovich Weinstein on April 13 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Raymond Dennis Keene OBE (born 29 January 1948) is a Chess grandmaster, but is better known as a chess organiser columnist and author John Denis Martin Nunn (born April 25, 1955 in London) is one of England 's strongest Chess players and once belonged to the world's Yasser Seirawan ( ياسر سيروان) (born March 24, 1960) is a Chess grandmaster and 4-time US -champion Mikhail Semyonovich Tseitlin (Михаил Семенович Цейтлин born 16 June 1947 Bobruisk) is a Belarusian Chess Grandmaster. Australian Chess player and author Gary William Lane (born November 4, 1964, United Kingdom) is an International Master of chess

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