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44 technetium ← Ruthenium → rhodium
Fe
↑
Ru
↓
Os
General
Name, Symbol, Number Ruthenium, Ru, 44
Chemical series transition metals
Group, Period, Block 8, 5, d
Appearance silvery white metallic
Standard atomic weight 101.07(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d7 5s1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 15, 1
Physical properties
Density (near r.t.) 12. Technetium (tɛkˈniːʃɪəm is the lightest Chemical element with no Stable isotope. Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic "Group 8" redirects here For the Swedish organization see Group 8 (Sweden. A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Krypton (ˈkrɪptən or /ˈkrɪptɒn/ from kryptos "hidden" is a Chemical element with the symbol Kr and Atomic number 36 The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 45  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 10. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 65  g·cm−3
Melting point 2607 K
(2334 °C, 4233 °F)
Boiling point 4423 K
(4150 °C, 7502 °F)
Heat of fusion 38. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 59  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 591. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 6  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 24. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 06  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 2588 2811 3087 3424 3845 4388
Atomic properties
Crystal structure hexagonal
Oxidation states 8, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1,[1]
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 3 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies 1st: 710. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron 2 kJ/mol
2nd: 1620 kJ/mol
3rd: 2747 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 130  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 178  pm
Covalent radius 126  pm
Miscellaneous
Electrical resistivity (0 °C) 71 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 117  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 6. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 4  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 5970 m/s
Young's modulus 447  GPa
Shear modulus 173  GPa
Bulk modulus 220  GPa
Poisson ratio 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 30
Mohs hardness 6. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Brinell hardness 2160  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-18-8
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of ruthenium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
96Ru 5. The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Naturally occurring Ruthenium ( Ru) is composed of seven stable Isotopes Additionally 34 radioactive isotopes have been discovered Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 52% 96Ru is stable with 52 neutrons
97Ru syn 2.9 d ε - 97Tc
γ 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different Times this page lists times between 105 seconds and 106 seconds (approximately 27 Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the Technetium (tɛkˈniːʃɪəm is the lightest Chemical element with no Stable isotope. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 215, 0. 324 -
98Ru 1. 88% 98Ru is stable with 54 neutrons
99Ru 12. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 7% 99Ru is stable with 55 neutrons
100Ru 12. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 6% 100Ru is stable with 56 neutrons
101Ru 17. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 0% 101Ru is stable with 57 neutrons
102Ru 31. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 6% 102Ru is stable with 58 neutrons
103Ru syn 39.26 d β- 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 106 seconds and 107 seconds (approximately 11 In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 226 103Rh
γ 0. Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 497 -
104Ru 18. 7% 104Ru is stable with 60 neutrons
106Ru syn 373.59 d β- 0. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in To help compare Orders of magnitude of different times this page lists times between 116 Days and 1157 days or 3 In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 039 106Rh
References

Ruthenium (pronounced /ruːˈθiːniəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton A rare transition metal of the platinum group of the periodic table, ruthenium is found associated with platinum ores and used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has

Contents

Notable characteristics

A polyvalent hard white metal, ruthenium is a member of the platinum group, has four crystal modifications and does not tarnish at normal temperatures, but does oxidize readily on exposure to air to form ruthenium tetroxide, RuO4, a strong oxidising agent with properties analogous to those of osmium tetroxide. The platinum group (alternatively the platinum group metals or platinum metals) is a collective name sometimes used for six Metallic elements Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4 is a yellow diamagnetic tetrahedral Ruthenium compound Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Ruthenium dissolves in fused alkalis, is not attacked by acids but is attacked by halogens at high temperatures. Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions Small amounts of ruthenium can increase the hardness of platinum and palladium. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the The corrosion resistance of titanium is increased markedly by the addition of a small amount of ruthenium. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22

This metal can be plated either by electrodeposition or by thermal decomposition methods. One ruthenium-molybdenum alloy has been found to be superconductive at 10. Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance 6 K. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The oxidation states of ruthenium range from +1 to +8, and -2 is known, though oxidation states of +2, +3, and +4 are most common. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.

Applications

Due to its ability to harden platinum and palladium, ruthenium is used in platinum and palladium alloys to make wear-resistant electrical contacts. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has A switch is a mechanical device used to connect and disconnect an electric Circuit at will It is sometimes alloyed with gold in jewelry. Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones 0. 1% ruthenium is added to titanium to improve its corrosion resistance a hundredfold. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 [2]

Ruthenium is also used in some advanced high-temperature single-crystal superalloys, with applications including the turbine blades in jet engines. A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an Alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical strength and creep resistance at high temperatures good surface specific --->A jet engine is a Reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of Fluid to

Fountain pen nibs are frequently tipped with alloys containing ruthenium. A fountain pen is a Pen that contains a reservoir of water-based liquid ink. From 1944 onward, the famous Parker 51 fountain pen was fitted with the "RU" nib, a 14K gold nib tipped with 96. Parker 51, introduced in 1941, is a famous Fountain pen. Parker ’s period advertising called it “The World’s Most Wanted Pen” and this assertion 2% ruthenium and 3. 8% iridium. Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77

Ruthenium is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split by light by using an aqueous suspension of [[Cadmium sulfide|CdS] particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. Hydrogen sulfide (or hydrogen sulphide) is the Chemical compound with the formula H 2 S. This may be useful in the removal of H2S from oil refineries and from other industrial processes. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 An oil refinery is an industrial Process plant where Crude oil is processed and refined into more useful Petroleum products, such as Gasoline

Ruthenium is a component of mixed-metal oxide (MMO) anodes used for cathodic protection of underground and submerged structures, and for electrolytic cells for chemical processes such as generating chlorine from saltwater.

Organometallic ruthenium carbene and allenylidene complexes have recently been found as highly efficient catalysts for olefin metathesis with important applications in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Organometallic chemistry is the study of Chemical compounds containing bonds between Carbon and a Metal. In Chemistry, a carbene is a highly reactive Organic molecule containing a Carbon atom with six valence electrons and having the general formula Olefin metathesis or transalkylidenation is an Organic reaction that entails redistribution of alkylene fragments by the scission of carbon - carbon double bonds

Some ruthenium complexes absorb light throughout the visible spectrum and are being actively researched in various, potential, solar energy technologies. In Physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the process by which the Energy of a Photon is taken up by matter typically the electrons of an Solar energy is the Light and radiant heat from the Sun that powers Earth 's Climate and Weather and sustains Life Ruthenium-based dyes have been used as the electron providers in dye-sensitized solar cells, a promising new low-cost solar cell system. A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts Solar energy into Electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

The fluorescence of some ruthenium complexes is quenched by oxygen, which has led to their use as optode sensors for oxygen. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an An optode or optrode is an optical Sensor device that optically measures a specific substance usually with the aid of a chemical Transducer.

Ruthenium red, [(NH3)5Ru-O-Ru(NH3)4-O-Ru(NH3)5]6+, is a biological stain used to stain polyanionic molecules such as pectin and nucleic acids for light microscopy and electron microscopy. Ruthenium red is a Ruthenium containing red Staining dye. The organic Ruthenium Red is polycationic cell biology reagent that tightly binds to Tubulin Staining is an auxiliary Technique used in Microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image Polyelectrolytes are Polymers whose repeating units bear an Electrolyte group Pectin (from Greek πηκτικός - pektikos, "congealed curdled" a white to light brown powder is a Heteropolysaccharide A nucleic acid is a Macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric Nucleotides In Biochemistry these Molecules carry Genetic information Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image

The beta-decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors, mainly malignant melanomae of the uvea. Melanoma is a Malignant Tumor of Melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the Bowel and the Eye (see

Ruthenium-centered complexes are being researched for possible anticancer properties. [3] Ruthenium, unlike traditional platinum complexes, show greater resistance to hydrolysis and more selective action on tumors. NAMI-A and KP1019 are two drugs undergoing clinical evaluation against metastatic tumors and colon cancers.

Applications of ruthenium thin films in microelectronics

Relatively recently, ruthenium has been suggested as a material that could beneficially replace other metals and silicides in microelectronics components. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is highly volatile, as is ruthenium trioxide (RuO3). [4] By oxidizing ruthenium (for example with an oxygen plasma) into the volatile oxides, ruthenium can be easily patterned. [5][6][7][8] The properties of the common ruthenium oxides make ruthenium a metal compatible with the semiconductor processing techniques needed to manufacture microelectronics.

In order to continue miniaturization of microelectronics, new materials are needed as dimensions change. There are three main applications for thin ruthenium films in microelectronics. The first is using thin films of ruthenium as electrodes on both sides of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) or barium strontium titanate ((Ba, Sr)TiO3, also known as BST) in the next generation of three-dimensional dynamic random access memories (DRAMs). [9][10][11] Ruthenium thin film electrodes could also be deposited on top of lead zirconate titanate (Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3, also known as PZT) in another kind of RAM, ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM). [12][13] Platinum has been used as the electrodes in RAMs in laboratory settings, but it is difficult to pattern. Ruthenium is chemically similar to platinum, preserving the function of the RAMs, but in contrast to Pt patterns easily. The second is using thin ruthenium films is as metal gates in p-doped metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (p-MOSFETs). [14] When replacing silicide gates with metal gates in MOSFETs, a key property of the metal is its work function. A silicide is a compound that has Silicon with more Electropositive elements The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor ( MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a device used to amplify or switch electronic signals In Solid state physics, the work function is the minimum Energy (usually measured in Electron volts needed to remove an Electron from a solid The work function needs to match the surrounding materials. For p-MOSFETs, the ruthenium work function is the best materials property match with surrounding materials such as HfO2, HfSiOx, HfNOx, and HfSiNOx, to achieve the desired electrical properties. The third large-scale application for ruthenium films is as a combination adhesion promoter and electroplating seed layer between TaN and Cu in the copper dual damascene process. [15][16][17][18][19] Copper can be directly electroplated onto ruthenium[20], in contrast to tantalum nitride. Copper also adheres poorly to TaN, but well to Ru. By depositing a layer of ruthenium on the TaN barrier layer, copper adhesion would be improved and deposition of a copper seed layer would not be necessary.

There are also other uses suggested. In 1990, IBM scientists discovered that a thin layer of ruthenium atoms created a strong anti-parallel coupling between adjacent ferromagnetic layers, stronger than any other nonmagnetic spacer-layer element. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Such a ruthenium layer was used in the first giant magnetoresistive read element for hard disk drives. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR is a quantum mechanical effect a type of Magnetoresistance effect observed in thin film structures composed of alternating Ferromagnetic A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device In 2001, IBM announced a three-atom-thick layer of the element ruthenium, informally referred to as pixie dust, which would allow a quadrupling of the data density of current hard disk drive media. [21]

History

Ruthenium was discovered and isolated by Russian scientist Karl Klaus in 1844 in Kazan University, Kazan. Karl Claus or Carl Klaus may refer to Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus (1835-1899 Austrian zoologist Karl Ernst Claus (1796-1864 Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Kazan State University is located in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities Klaus showed that ruthenium oxide contained a new metal and obtained 6 grams of ruthenium from the part of crude platinum that is insoluble in aqua regia. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution

Jöns Berzelius and Gottfried Osann nearly discovered ruthenium in 1827. Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist Gottfried Wilhelm Osann ( 26 October 1796, Weimar – 10 August 1866, Würzburg) was a German chemist and physicist The men examined residues that were left after dissolving crude platinum from the Ural Mountains in aqua regia. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Berzelius did not find any unusual metals, but Osann thought he found three new metals and named one of them ruthenium.

The name derives from Ruthenia, the Latin word for Rus', a historical area which includes present-day western Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and parts of Slovakia and Poland. Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Karl Klaus named the element in honour of his birthland, as he was born in Tartu, Estonia, which was at the time a part of the Russian Empire. Tartu is the second largest City of Estonia. In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

It is also possible that Polish chemist Jędrzej Śniadecki isolated element 44 (which he called vestium) from platinum ores in 1807. Jędrzej Śniadecki (archaic Andrew Sniadecki November 30, 1768 1768 May 12, 1838) was a Polish Writer, Physician However his work was never confirmed, and he later withdrew his claim of discovery.

Occurrence

Normal mining

This element is generally found in ores with the other platinum group metals in the Ural Mountains and in North and South America. Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Small but commercially important quantities are also found in pentlandite extracted from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, and in pyroxenite deposits in South Africa. Pentlandite is an Iron - Nickel sulfide ( Fe, Ni)9 S 8 Pentlandite usually has a NiFe ratio of close to 11 Greater Sudbury (2006 Census population 157857 is a city in Northern Ontario, Canada. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Pyroxenite is an Ultramafic Igneous rock consisting essentially of Minerals of the Pyroxene group such as Augite and The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

Ruthenium is exceedingly rare and is the 74th most abundant metal on earth [Nature's Building Block, John Emsley, Oxford University Press,2001]. Roughly 12Mt of Ru is mined each year with world reserves estimated to be 5000Mt [Nature's Building Block, John Emsley, Oxford University Press,2001].

This metal is commercially isolated through a complex chemical process in which hydrogen is used to reduce ammonium ruthenium chloride yielding a powder. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt. The powder is then consolidated by powder metallurgy techniques or by argon-arc welding. This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. Arc welding uses a Welding power supply to create an Electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the welding point

From used nuclear fuels

It is also possible to extract ruthenium from used nuclear fuel. Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is Nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a Nuclear reactor (usually at a Nuclear power Each kilo of fission products of 235U will contain 63. 44 grams of ruthenium isotopes with halflives longer than a day. Since a typical used nuclear fuel contains about 3% fission products, one ton of used fuel will contain about 1. 9 kg of ruthenium. The 103Ru and 106Ru will render the fission ruthenium very radioactive. If the fission occurs in an instant then the ruthenium thus formed will have an activity due to 103Ru of 109 TBq g-1 and 106Ru of 1. 52 TBq g-1. Ru 103 has a half life of about 39 days meaning that within 390 days it will have effectively decayed to ground state, well before any reprocessing is likely to occur. Ru 106 has a half life of about 373 days meaning that if the fuel is let to cool for 5 years before reprocessing only about 3% of the original quantity will remain, the rest will have decayed to ground state.

The radioactivity in MBq per gram of each of the platinum group metals which are formed by the fission of uranium. Of the metals shown, ruthenium is the most radioactive. Palladium has an almost constant activity due to the very long lived 107Pd while rhodium is the least radioactive
The radioactivity in MBq per gram of each of the platinum group metals which are formed by the fission of uranium. Of the metals shown, ruthenium is the most radioactive. Palladium has an almost constant activity due to the very long lived 107Pd while rhodium is the least radioactive

See also Ruthenium minerals.

Compounds

Ruthenium compounds are often similar in properties to those of osmium and exhibit at least eight oxidation states, but the +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Examples are ruthenium(IV) oxide (Ru(IV)O2, oxidation state +4), dipotassium ruthenate (K2Ru(VI)O4, +6), potassium perruthenate (KRu(VII)O4, +7) and ruthenium tetroxide (Ru(VIII)O4, +8). Ruthenium(IV oxide ( Ru[[Oxygen O2]] is a black Chemical compound containing the rare metal Ruthenium and Oxygen. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4 is a yellow diamagnetic tetrahedral Ruthenium compound Compounds of ruthenium with chlorine are ruthenium(II) chloride (RuCl2) and ruthenium(III) chloride (RuCl3). Ruthenium(III chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula RuCl3

See also Ruthenium compounds.

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of ruthenium

Naturally occurring ruthenium is composed of seven stable isotopes. Naturally occurring Ruthenium ( Ru) is composed of seven stable Isotopes Additionally 34 radioactive isotopes have been discovered Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Additionally, 34 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106Ru with a half-life of 373. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 59 days, 103Ru with a half-life of 39. 26 days and 97Ru with a half-life of 2. 9 days.

Fifteen other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 89. The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 93 u (90Ru) to 114. The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express 928 u (115Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes except 95Ru (half-life: 1. 643 hours) and 105Ru (half-life: 4. 44 hours).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary mode after is rhodium. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Technetium (tɛkˈniːʃɪəm is the lightest Chemical element with no Stable isotope. Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol

Organometallic chemistry

Ruthenium is a versatile metal that can easily form compounds with carbon ruthenium bonds, as these compounds tend to be darker and react more quickly than the osmium compounds. Osmium (ˈɒzmiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Os and Atomic number 76 Recently, Professor Anthony Hill and his co-workers have been making compounds of ruthenium in which a boron atom binds to the metal atom[22]. Boron (ˈbɔərɒn is a Chemical element with Atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B.

The organometallic ruthenium compound that is easiest to make is RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3. Organometallic chemistry is the study of Chemical compounds containing bonds between Carbon and a Metal. This compound has two forms (yellow and pink) that are identical once they are dissolved but different in the solid state.

An organometallic compound similar to ruthenocene, bis(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)ruthenium, is readily synthesized in near quantitative yields and has applications in vapor-phase deposition of metallic ruthenium, as well as in catalysis, including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of transportation fuels. Organometallic chemistry is the study of Chemical compounds containing bonds between Carbon and a Metal. Ruthenocene, C10H10Ru is an organometallic compound consisting of a ruthenium ion sandwiched in between two cyclopentadiene rings The Fischer-Tropsch process (or Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which synthesis gas ( Syngas) a mixture of Carbon monoxide

Important catalysts based on ruthenium are Grubbs' catalyst and Roper's complex. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst First generation catalyst The First Generation Catalyst is often used in Organic synthesis to achieve Olefin cross-metathesis (see below Ring-opening Dicarbonyltris(triphenylphosphineruthenium(0 or Roper's complex is a Ruthenium Metal carbonyl.

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Ruthenium

A unique challenge arises in trying to grow impurity-free films of a catalyst. Ruthenium metal activates C-H and C-C bonds, which aids C-H and C-C bond scission. This creates a potential catalytic decomposition path for all metal-organic CVD precursors that is likely to lead to significant carbon incorporation. Platinum, a chemically similar catalyst, catalyzes dehydrogenation of five- and six-member cyclic hydrocarbons into benzene. [23] The d-bands of ruthenium lie higher than those in platinum, generally predicting stronger ruthenium-adsorbate bonds than on platinum. 21 Therefore, it is likely that ruthenium also catalyzes dehydrogenation of five- and six-member hydrocarbon rings to benzene. Benzene dehydrogenates further on ruthenium surfaces into hydrocarbon fragments similar to those formed by acetylene and ethene on ruthenium surfaces. [24][25] In addition to benzene, acetylene and ethene, pyridine also decomposes on ruthenium surfaces, leaving bound fragments on the surface. [26]

Ruthenium is unusually well studied in the surface science and catalysis literature due to its industrial importance as a catalyst. There are many studies of individual molecular behavior on ruthenium in surface science. However, understanding the behavior of each ligand on its own is not equivalent to understanding their behavior when co-adsorbed with each other and with the precursor. While there is no significant pressure difference between surface science studies and CVD, there is often a temperature gap between temperatures reported in surface science studies and CVD growth temperatures. Despite these complications, ruthenium is a promising candidate for understanding chemical vapor deposition and precursor design of catalytic films.

Ligands that are stable compounds in their own right, short ligand-ruthenium contact times and moderate substrate temperatures help minimize unwanted ligand decomposition on the surface. [27][28][29] The C-H and C-C bond activation is temperature-dependent. Product desorption is also temperature-dependent, if the products are not bound to the ruthenium surface. This suggests that there is some optimum temperature, at which most independently stable ligands have just enough thermal energy to desorb from the ruthenium film surface before C-H activation can occur. For example, benzene starts decomposing on ruthenium at 87°C. However, the dehydrogenation reaction does not go to fragments until 277°C, and compete fragmentation is not seen at low surface coverages. This suggests that provided adsorbed benzene molecules are not close to one another on the surface and temperatures are below 277°C, the vast majority of benzene molecules may not contribute to carbon incorporation in films. Therefore, a key consideration in growing CVD films of catalytic metals such as ruthenium is combining molecule design and the kinetic aspects of growth in a favorable way.

Before metal-organic precursors were explored, triruthenium dodecacarbonyl (Ru3(CO)12) was tested as a CVD precursor. [30][31] While this precursor gives good-quality films, the vapor pressure is poor, complicating its practical use in a CVD process. Ruthenocene[32][33] and bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium(II)[34][35][36][37] and beta-diketonate ruthenium(II) compounds[38][39][40] have been fairly extensively explored. Although these precursors also can give pure films of low resistivity when reacted with oxygen, the growth rates are very low or not reported. One high-growth precursor, cyclopentadienyl-propylcyclopentadienylruthenium(II) (RuCp(i-PrCp)), has been identified. [41] (RuCp(i-PrCp) has achieved growth rates of 7. 5nm/min to 20 nm/min as well as low resistivities. However, it does not nucleate on oxides, ruling out its use in all applications but copper interconnect playing layers.

A new zero-valent, single-source precursor design paradigm was launched by Schneider et al with (1,5-cyclooctadiene)(toluene)Ru(0) ((1,5-COD)(toluene)Ru)[42] and (1,3-cyclohexadiene)(benzene)Ru(0) ((1,3-CHD)(benzene)Ru)[43], also independently tested by Choi et al. [44] Using (1,5-COD)(toluene)Ru, Schneider found that C-H bonds were readily activated in 1,5-COD. Although carbon incorporation levels were low (1-3%), the growth rates were only around 0. 28nm/min at best. Using (1,3-CHD)(benzene)Ru, the 1,3-CHD was dehydrogenated to benzene as expected, but the large variety of possible surface reactions involving the two ligands resulted in a narrow process window in which carbon concentrations were low.

Precautions

The compound ruthenium tetroxide, RuO4, similar to osmium tetroxide, is volatile, highly toxic and may cause explosions if allowed to come into contact with combustible materials. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4 is a yellow diamagnetic tetrahedral Ruthenium compound Osmium tetroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OsO4 Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism [45] Ruthenium plays no biological role but does strongly stain human skin, may be carcinogenic[46] and bio-accumulates in bone. The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at ftudruinsubstance is lost

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  44. ^ Choi, J. ; Choi, Y. ; Hong, J. ; Tian, H. ; Roh, J. -S. ; Kim, Y. ; Chung, T. -M. ; Woo Oh, Y. ; Kim, Y. ; Kim, C. G. ; No, K. , Composition and Electrical Properties of Metallic Ru Thin Films Deposited Using Ru(C6H6)(C6H8) Precursor. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 2002, 41, (11B), 6852-6856.
  45. ^ Ruthenium Tetroxide and Other Ruthenium Compounds?
  46. ^ INHALATION OF RADIONUCLIDES AND CARCINOGENESIS

External links

Dictionary

ruthenium

-noun

  1. a metallic chemical element (symbol Ru) with an atomic number of 44.
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