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Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various states that existed in these territories. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Essentially, the word is a Latin rendering of the ancient place name Rus. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Today, the historical territory of Rus, in the broadest sense, is formed with part(s) of the lands of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, a small part of northeastern Slovakia and a narrow strip of eastern Poland. Rus' (common Eastern Slavic: Русь, Greek: Rossia, Latin: Ruthenia) is a traditional name for an ethno-cultural region Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
The term "Ruthenia" may mean significantly different things, depending on to whom the term applies and the when, why, and to which period. It may refer to any of the following entities, appearing in rough chronological order:
Contents |
Early Middle Ages
If the name Ruthenia has any connection to the name Rus, it is in the west generally held to derive from the Varangians whom the early Slavic and Finnic tribes called Rus' and this name is derived from the Old Norse root roðs- or roths- referring to the domain of rowing and still existing in the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden, Ruotsi and Rootsi. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan The Varangians or Varyags ( Old Norse: Væringjar Greek: Βάραγγοι Βαριάγοι Váraggoi / Varyágoi, Ukrainian Old Norse is the North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during the Viking Age Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Later the name came to denote not only the Scandinavian aristocracy in Eastern Europe but also the ethnically mixed population of their domains.
Some modern scholars use the spelling Ruthenia when discussing the Middle Ages in English texts. However, the ancient state of Rus did not have a proper name apart from the phrase zemlya ruskaya (in Russian language that means the land of small rivers or rivlets, also in Lithuanian language that means to smoulder), and therefore there were different spellings in different languages.
The term Ruteni first appears in the form rex Rutenorum in the 12th-century Augsburg annals. Augsburg is an independent City in the south-west of Bavaria. Annals ( Latin Annales, from annus, a year are a concise form of historical writing which record events chronologically year by year It was most likely a reflex of the ancient tradition, when the barbaric people were called by the names found in Classical Latin authors, i. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. e. Danes were called Daci and Germans were called Theutoni. The term Dane may refer to People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity whether living in Denmark, emigrants or the descendants of emigrants The Dacians ( Lat Daci, Gr Dákai) were a Thracian people the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Teutons or Teutones (from Proto-Germanic * Þeudanōz) were mentioned as a Germanic tribe by Greek and Roman authors Likewise, the Rus passed by the name of Ruteni, the form being influenced by one of the Gallic tribes mentioned by Julius Caesar.
There is a 12th-century Latin geography from France which says that "Russia is also called Ruthenia, as you may see from the following phrase of Lucan…" The original Latin text: Polonia in uno sui capite contingit Russiam, quae et Ruthenia, de qua Lucanus: Solvuntur flavi longa statione Rutheni. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Marcus Annaeus Lucanus ( November 3, 39 AD – April 30, 65 AD better known in English as Lucan, was a Roman Earlier the Rus had been referred to as Rugi (one of the foremost Gothic tribes) and Rutuli (an Italic tribe mentioned by Virgil in the Aeneid). The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s Publius Vergilius Maro ( October 15, 70 BCE &ndash September 21, 19 BCE later called Virgilius, and known in English as Virgil or For the group of nine Ancient Egyptian deities see Ennead. The Aeneid (əˈniːɪd in
By the end of the 12th century, the word Ruthenia was used, among the alternative spelling Ruscia and Russia, in Latin papal documents to denote the lands formerly dominated by Kiev. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the By the 13th century, the term became the dominant name for Rus' in Latin documents, particularly those written in Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
Late Middle Ages
By the 14th century, the state of Rus had disintegrated into loosely united principalities. Vladimir-Suzdal and the Novgorod Republic in the north were kept from mongol domination. Vladimir-Suzdal Principality (Влади́миро-Су́здальское кня́жество The Novgorod Republic (Новгородская республика / Novgorodskaya respublika Новгородская земьля / Novgorodskaya zemlja) was a Later, one of the daughter-principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, the Moscow principality (or Muscovy) took control of most of the northern principalities of Rus, and started to use the word, "Rus'," to cover the expanded state. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and Natives used other forms of the name Rus for their country, and some of these forms also passed into Latin and English.
The territories of Halych-Volynia , Kiev and other in the south were occupied by the mongols and were freed just in the XV century, and united with Catholic Lithuania and Poland, and therefore were usually denoted by the Latin Ruthenia. The Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia ( Ruthenian: sla Галицко-Волинскоє Королѣвство Regnum Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ or Galicia-Vladimir, was Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. However, other spellings were used in Latin, English and other languages during this period as well.
These southern territories have corresponding names in Polish:
- Ruś Halicko-Wołyńska — Halych-Volynia
- Ruś Halicka — Halych
- Ruś Biała — White Ruthenia, White Russia or Belarus
- Ruś Czarna — Black Ruthenia, part of modern Belarus
- Ruś Czerwona — Red Ruthenia, small strip in Poland (Przemysl), and the West part of Ukraine (Galicia). Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia ( Ruthenian: sla Галицко-Волинскоє Королѣвство Regnum Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ or Galicia-Vladimir, was Halych (Галич Гáлич Halicz Halyčas is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. " White Russia " (Белая Русь ~ White Ruthenia is a name that has historically been applied to various regions in Eastern Europe, most often " White Russia " (Белая Русь ~ White Ruthenia is a name that has historically been applied to various regions in Eastern Europe, most often Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Black Ruthenia, Black Rus' or Black Russia are variant term used for a region around Novgorodok (Navahrudak in the western part of contemporary Belarus Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Red Ruthenia ( Червона Русь, Chervona Rus, Polish: Ruś Czerwona, Latin: Ruthenia Rubra or Russia Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Przemyśl (Перемишль Peremyshl, Prömsel פּשעמישל- Pshemishl) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 67847 inhabitants (2005 Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, Poland called the area the Ruthenian Voivodeship. Ruthenia Voivodeship (Palatinatus russiae województwo ruskie 1366&ndash1772 was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland (see Kingdom of Poland [1320–1385]
- Ruś Podkarpacka — Carpathian Ruthenia
Modern age
Belarusians
After World War II, in relation to Belarusians from the so called Kresy region of pre-WWII Poland who found themselves in displaced persons camps in the Western occupation zones of the post-war Germany. Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term Kresy, meaning Outskirts or Borderlands, was first used to define the Polish eastern frontier A displaced person (sometimes abbreviated DP) is a person who has been forced to leave his or her native place a phenomenon known as Forced migration. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. At that time the notion of a Belarusian nation met with little recognition in the West. This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. Therefore, to avoid confusion with the term "Russian" and hence "repatriation" to the Soviet Union, the terms White Ruthenian, Whiteruthenian, and Krivian were used. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The last of these terms derives from the name of an old Eastern Slavic tribe called the Krivichs, who used to inhabit the territory of Belarus. The Krivichi (Крывічы Kryvičý Кривичи krʲivʲi'tɕi was one of the tribal unions of Early East Slavs between the 6th and the 12th centuries
Ukrainians
The name "Ruthenia" survived a bit longer as a name for Ukraine. When the Austrian monarchy made Galicia a province in 1772, Habsburg officials realized that the local East Slavic people were distinct from both Poles and Russians. Habsburg Monarchy (alternatively Habsburg Empire) refers to the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor Their own name for themselves, Rusyny, sounded like the German word for Russians, Russen. So the Austrians adopted the designation Ruthenen (Ruthenians), and continued to use it officially until the empire fell apart in 1918.
From 1840 on, nationalists encouraged people to give up the name "Little Rus" for Ukrayina. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Little Russia, sometimes Little or Lesser Rus’ ( Malorossiya; Mala Rus’) was the name applied to parts of the territory of modern-day Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. In the 1880s and 1900s, due to the spread of the name "Ukraine" as a substitute for "Ruthenia" among the Ruthenian/Ukrainian population of the Russian Empire, the name, "Ruthenian" was often restricted to mean western Ukraine, an area then part of the Austro-Hungarian state. Events and Trends Technology Development and commercial production of Electric lighting Development and commercial production of gasoline-powered The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya
By the early 20th century, the name "Ukraine" had replaced "Ruthenia" in Galicia/Halychyna. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine,
Rusyns
The term Rusyn is used to describe the ethnicity and language of Ruthenians who did not embrace the Ukrainian national identity. Rusyns (also referred to as Русины Ruthenians Ruthenes Rusins Carpatho-Rusyns and Rusnaks) are a Slavic Ethnic group that speaks
After 1918, the name "Ruthenia" became narrowed to the area south of the Carpathian mountains in the Kingdom of Hungary, named Carpathian Ruthenia (It incorporated the cities of Mukachevo, Uzhhorod and Prešov) and populated by Carpatho-Ruthenians), a group of East Slavic highlanders. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Kingdom of Hungary (short form Hungary) was a considerable state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918 then from 1919 to 1946 Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian Mukachevo or Mukacheve (Мукачево Мукачеве See name section) is a City located in the valley of the Liatorytsia river in Uzhhorod (Ужгород Уґоград Ужгород or Унґвар Ungvár Slovak and Czech: Užhorod; Użgorod Ungwar Ungarisch Burg אונגװיר Prešov ( known also by alternative names) is a City in eastern Slovakia. The term Ruthenians (Русини Rusyny) is a culturally loaded term and has different meanings according to the context in which it is used Galician Ruthenians considered themselves to be Ukrainians, and the Carpatho-Ruthenians were the last East Slavic people that kept the ancient historic name (Ruthen is a Latin deformation of the Slavic rusyn).
Carpatho-Ruthenia has been part of the Hungarian Kingdom since the late eleventh century, where it was known as Kárpátalja. In May 1919, it was incorporated with nominal autonomy into Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. After this date, Ruthenian people have been divided among three orientations. First, there were the Russophiles, who saw Ruthenians as part of the Russian nation; second, there were the Ukrainophiles who, like their Galician counterparts across the Carpathian mountains, considered Ruthenians part of the Ukrainian nation; and, lastly, there were Ruthenophiles, who said that Carpatho-Ruthenians were a separate nation, and who wanted to develop a native Rusyn language and culture. Russophiles (Ukrainian Pусофіли Rusofily) also referred to in some contexts as Moscophiles, were participants in a cultural and political movement in Western In 1939, the Ukrainophile president of Carpatho-Ruthenia, Avhustyn Voloshyn, declared its independence as Carpatho-Ukraine. Avhustyn Ivanovych Voloshyn (Авґустин Волошин Августин Волошин Augustin Vološin 1874–1945 was a Subcarpathian Politician Carpatho-Ukraine (Карпатська Україна Karpats’ka Ukrayina) was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia from late 1938 to March 15 On 15 March 1939, Hungarian Army regular troops again crossed into Czechoslovakia, now the state of Carpatho-Ukraine. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Hungarian occupation regime was pro-Ruthenophile. In 1944, the Soviet Army occupied Carpatho-Ruthenia, and in 1946, annexed it to the Ukrainian SSR. The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or the Ukrainian SSR was one of the 15 constituent republics that made up the Former Soviet Union from its Officially, there were no Rusyns in the USSR. In fact, Soviet and some modern Ukrainian politicians, as well as Ukrainian government claim that Rusyns are part of the Ukrainian nation. Nowadays the majority of the population in the Zakarpattya oblast of Ukraine consider themselves Ukrainians, however, a small Rusyn minority is still present. Zakarpattia Oblast (Закарпатська область translit Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
A Rusyn minority also remained after World War II in northeastern Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The people of the region rapidly became Slovakicised, because their language is closely related to the Slovak language and because most of them refused to identify themselves as Ukrainians, as the Communist government, after 1953, wished them to do [1]. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based
The name "Ruthenia" became largely identical with Carpathian Ruthenia, that is mostly the westernmost region of present-day Ukraine. Carpathian Ruthenia, aka Transcarpathian Ruthenia, Rusinko Subcarpathian Rus, Subcarpathia ( Rusyn and Ukrainian It was sometimes referred to as Carpatho-Russia before the fall of the Soviet Union.
Cognate word
The element ruthenium was isolated in 1844 from platinum ore found in the Ural mountains. Ruthenium (ruːˈθiːniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ru and Atomic number 44 Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Ruthenia is the Latin word for ruthenium.
External links
- Why is the "Russia" White? - a book review of Ales Biely's Chronicle of Ruthenia Alba
- Ruthenians in Catholic Encyclopedia
References
- Norman Davies, Europe: A History. Ivor Norman Richard Davies Fellow of the British Academy (born 8 June 1939 to Richard and Elizabeth Davies Europe A History is a narrative history book by Norman Davies. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. The City of New York Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) ISBN 0-06-097468-0
Dictionary
Ruthenia
-proper noun
- The territory of Eastern Europe inhabited by Rusyns, on the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains in parts of Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia.
- (historical) Lands inhabited by Ukrainians (Ruthenians) of the former Austrian Empire kingdom of Galicia (1772–1918), corresponding to parts of Western Ukraine.
- (historical) Western East-Slavic lands, including the principalities of Halych-Volynia and Kiev, which united with Lithuania and Poland (14th c–1772), corresponding to parts of Belarus and Ukraine.
- (historical) Rus, an East Slavic medieval state (880–12th c), corresponding to parts of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
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