The Rust Belt, sometimes called the Manufacturing Belt, is an area in parts of the Northeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic States, and portions of the Upper Midwest. The Northeast is a region of the United States. As defined by the U The Mid-Atlantic States (also called Middle Atlantic States or simply Mid Atlantic) form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that The Upper Midwest is a region of the United States with no universally agreed-upon boundary but it almost always lies within the US Census Bureau 's definition The region can be broadly defined as the region beginning west of the BosWash corridor and running west to Minnesota, particularly the city of Duluth and the Iron Range. Northeastern_United_States#The_Northeast_as_a_megalopolis BosWash (also referred to as BoWash, BosNYwash, the Northeast Corridor, the Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Duluth is a Port City in the US state of Minnesota and the County seat of St For the former USAF Bomber base in North Queensland and the National Park See Iron Range Australia The Iron Range and Arrowhead Because the area's economy is often defined by the collapse of the steel industry and other heavy manufacturing, and the fact that iron is the key component in steel, Minnesota, with its massive iron mining operations and subsequent economic decline, is often considered to be "where the Rust Belt begins", though the area immediate to Lake Erie is considered to be the "hub" of the region. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally It extends southward to the beginnings of the coal mining regions of Appalachia, north to the Great Lakes and includes manufacturing regions of southern Ontario in Canada. Appalachia is a term used to describe a region in the eastern United States that stretches from southern New York state to northern Alabama, The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
Economic activity in the Manufacturing Belt forms a significant part of the heavy industry and manufacturing sectors of the American economy. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Contraction of manufacturing jobs has left many cities in this region economically depressed, particularly Pittsburgh, Buffalo, Duluth, Flint, Detroit, Toledo, Cleveland, Erie and Gary, Indiana, Youngstown Ohio, forcing the area — the focal point on the continent for the automobile industry — to diversify. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Duluth is a Port City in the US state of Minnesota and the County seat of St Flint is a city in the US state of Michigan and is located along the Flint River, 66 miles (106 km northwest of Detroit. This article is about the city in Ohio, USA. For Toledo Spain, see that article Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Youngstown is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Mahoning County. The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles Emerging technologies in this region — including hydrogen fuel cell development, nanotechnology, biotechnology, and information technology — may help revitalize the economy of affected communities. Emerging technologies and converging technologies are terms used to cover various cutting edge developments in the Emergence and convergence of Technology A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support
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Geographic definition
Although manufacturing exists nationwide, the region is roughly defined as comprising the northern sections of Indiana and Ohio; the Lower Peninsula of Michigan; New York, especially around Buffalo; New York City and Northern New Jersey; eastern and northern Minnesota; and the northern part of West Virginia, particularly the Northern Panhandle. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. The City of New York North Jersey is a name for the northern part of the US State of New Jersey, which is sandwiched between two important cities New York City (which North Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by The Northern Panhandle is a culturally and geographically distinct region in the U Other cities such as Baltimore, Maryland, and Wilmington, Delaware which share important economic characteristics are sometimes included. Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States and is located at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine Saint Louis, Missouri may be considered to be a manufacturing center, although the surrounding parts of Missouri and Illinois are not part of the region. [1]
Sometimes, the adjacent portions of the Canadian province of Ontario (particularly the southern and southwestern parts) are included as well, giving the concept an international dimension. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This portion includes heavily industrial centers such as Hamilton, St. Catharines and Windsor. Hamilton (ˈhæməltən ( 2006 population 504559 UA population 647634 CMA population Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and lies at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City-Windsor Corridor.
History
The area emerged as a primary center of manufacturing and industry due in part to access to resources and proximity to navigable waterways. Ready sources of coal just to the south in West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky as well as in western and northeastern Kansas; an immigration-driven population boom in the late 19th century; and easy access to shipping on the Great Lakes, and to the East Coast via canals, and later railroads. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways The region was one of the first in the United States to see railroad service (i. e. , the Allegheny Portage Railroad). The Allegheny Portage Railroad was the first railroad constructed through the Allegheny Mountains in central Pennsylvania, United States. Coal, iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions to cities such as Topeka and Gary, which became centers of the steel industry. Topeka ( Kansa: Tó Ppí Kˀé ˌto ˈpːi ˌkˀeɪ Ioway: Dó Pí Kˀé ˌto ˈpʰi ˌkˀeɪ Duluth, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, Detroit, and Toledo emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines. Duluth is a Port City in the US state of Minnesota and the County seat of St Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. This article is about the city in Ohio, USA. For Toledo Spain, see that article
Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs is a hotly debated topic in the region. One popular culprit has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions Anti-globalization opponents argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries with much lower prevailing wages, forcing domestic wages to drift downward to compete. Another likely—but less commonly discussed—cause has been the increased transportation integration and migratory patterns within the United States, as proximity to energy sources has become less important and access to the booming populations and lower-wage labor markets of the Sunbelt has shifted a large share of new US manufacturing investment to these locations. The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest (the geographic southern United States A centuries-old trend to replace expensive labor with cheap technology has reduced the number of unskilled workers necessary to manufacture goods. Much of the manufacturing once done by workers is now done more efficiently by robots, reducing the total number of manufacturing jobs needed for a given level of output.
Despite the decline in overall manufacturing employment, manufacturing output in the U. S. rises steadily. Manufacturing in Michigan grew 6. 6% from 2001 to 2006. [2] Although there have been decreases in the output of some tradeable goods since 2000 resulting in part from trade issues, the U. S. remains one of the world's preeminent manufacturing areas. American manufacturing has moved away from labor-intensive processes (which are cheaper in low-wage countries) and toward high-value products and advanced robotized manufacturing. Despite its difficulties, the area is the center of the number one exporting region in the US.
In recent years, many inner city populations in the region have shifted to the suburbs. Examples from the 2000 U. S. Census include Detroit, Flint, Cleveland, Kansas, Topeka, Witchita, Duluth, Niagara Falls, which is an important center for the chemical industry, Buffalo, Binghamton, Rochester, Minneapolis and St. Paul, Akron, Toledo, Syracuse, St. Flint is a city in the US state of Michigan and is located along the Flint River, 66 miles (106 km northwest of Detroit. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Wichita (ˈwɪtʃɪtaː is the most populous City in the US state of Kansas, and the county seat of Sedgwick County. Duluth is a Port City in the US state of Minnesota and the County seat of St Niagara Falls is a City in Niagara County, New York, United States. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Binghamton, known as The Parlor City is a City located in the Southern Tier of New York in the United States. Rochester is a city in Monroe County, New York State, south of Lake Ontario in the United States. Saint Paul ( abbreviated St Paul) is the capital and second most populous city in the U Akron is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Summit County. This article is about the city in Ohio, USA. For Toledo Spain, see that article Syracuse (locally ˈsɛrəkjuːs sometimes ˈsɪrəkjuːs or /ˈsɪərəkjuːs/ by non-natives is a city in Central New York, USA. Louis (since 2002 has had slow population growth, c. 1000 per year) and many more, despite revitalized downtown areas. A central business district ( CBD) is the commercial and often geographic heart of a city [3] Northern states have mounted a "Cool Cities" initiative to reverse the trend. The 2004 population estimate showed Manufacturing Belt states averaged around 2% net growth even as many of those in retirement age moved southward. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
Because the politically pivotal states of Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin are largely contained within this region, presidential candidates have been asked to opine on the economic challenges of these communities. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States
See also
Notes
- ^ St Louis Escapes Its Rust-Belt Past. NPR, All Things Considered, May 17, 2006. ChiPitts (also called the Great Lakes Megalopolis) is a group of Metropolitan areas in the Great Lakes region or Midwest of the United States The Economy of the United States is the largest national economy in the world Henry Ford ( July 30, 1863 &ndash April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of The Foundry, according to Joel Garreau, is a coherent Nation made up of the Eastern seaboard of the United States except New England The Inland North dialect of American English is spoken in a region that includes the cities along the Erie Canal and south of the Great Lakes, as well as Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed November 15, 2006. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ National Association of Manufacturers (February 2008). Facts about Michigan Manufacturing. Retrieved on May 4, 2008.
- ^ Incorporated Places of 100,000 or More, Ranked by Percent Population Change: 1990-2000 US Census Bureau, Census 2000. Accessed November 16, 2006. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
References
- American Steel, Richard Preston (1991), Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-029604-X
- Images of the Rust Belt, James Jeffery Higgins (1999), Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-626-4
- Industrial Sunset, Steven High (2003), University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8528-8
- Meyer, David R. "Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century". Vol. 49, No. 4 (Dec. , 1989) pp. 921-937. The Journal of Economic History, [1], JSTOR.
- People and folks: gangs, crime, and the underclass in a rust- belt city, John Hagedorn and Perry Macon (1988), Lake View Press. ISBN 0-941702-21-9
- Reorganizing the Rust Belt, Steven Henry Lopez (2004), University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23565-7
- Revival in the rust belt, Daniel R. Denison and Stuart L. Hill (1987), University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-87944-322-7.
External links
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