Russo–Japanese War
Date February 8, 1904 – September 5, 1905 Location Manchuria, Yellow Sea Result Japanese victory; Treaty of Portsmouth
Belligerents
Russian Empire Principality of Montenegro	Empire of Japan
Commanders
Emperor Nicholas II Aleksey Kuropatkin Stepan Makarov †	Emperor Meiji Oyama Iwao Heihachiro Togo

The Russo–Japanese War (Japanese: 日露戦争; Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō; Russian: Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna; simplified Chinese: 日俄战争; traditional Chinese: 日俄戰爭; pinyin: Rìézhànzhēng, February 10, 1904 – September 5, 1905) was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a Marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Principality or Princedom of Montenegro was a principality in Southeastern Europe. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Alexei Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (Russian Алексей Николаевич Куропаткин 1848-1925 was the Russian Imperial Minister of War (1898-1904 Stepan Osipovich Makarov (Степа́н О́сипович Мака́ров &mdash) was a famous Russian Vice-admiral, a highly accomplished and decorated commander Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other The (3 November 1852 — 30 July 1912 or Meiji the Great was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession reigning from 3 February ( 10 October 1842 - 10 December 1916) was a Japanese field marshal, and one of the founders of the Imperial Japanese Army. Fleet Admiral Marquis (, OM, GCVO, ( 27 January 1848 - 30 May 1934) was a Fleet Admiral in is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities The romanization of Japanese or ( is the use of the Latin alphabet to write the Japanese language. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning The Yellow Sea is the name given to the northern part of the East China Sea, which is a Marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean.

The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The recently established Pacific seaport of Vladivostok was the only active Russian port that was reasonably operational during the summer season; but Port Arthur would be operational all year. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally Lüshun Port ( formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern From the end of the First Sino-Japanese War and 1903 negotiations between the Tsar's government and Japan had proved futile. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Japan chose war to protect its country by maintaining exclusive dominance in Korea, while all European countries expected Russia would win.

The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the balance of power in East Asia, resulting in a sober reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian populace's dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government and proved a major cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905. See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of

Contents 1 Origins of the Russo-Japanese war 1.1 Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) 1.2 Port Arthur Ceded 2 War 2.1 Declaration of War 2.2 Campaign of 1904 2.2.1 Battle of Port Arthur 2.2.2 Battle of Yalu River 2.2.3 Blockade of Port Arthur 2.2.4 Siege of Port Arthur 2.2.5 Fall of Port Arthur 2.2.6 Baltic Fleet 2.3 Campaign of 1905 2.3.1 Harsh winter and final battles 2.3.2 Victory at Tsushima 3 Peace 3.1 Casualties 3.2 Aftermath and consequences 4 Assessment of war results 5 List of battles 6 Art and literature 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

Origins of the Russo-Japanese war

After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the Meiji government embarked on an endeavor to assimilate Western ideas, technological advances and customs. The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure By the late 19th century, Japan had emerged from isolation and transformed itself into a modernized industrial state in a remarkably short time. The Japanese wished to preserve their sovereignty and to be recognized as an equal with the Western powers.

Russia, a major Imperial power, had ambitions in the East. By the 1890s it had extended its realm across Central Asia to Afghanistan, absorbing local states in the process. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Russian Empire stretched from Poland in the west to the Kamchatka peninsula in the East^[1]. With its construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway to the port of Vladivostok, Russia hoped to further consolidate its influence and presence in the region. The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral' Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. This was precisely what Japan feared, as they regarded Korea (and to a lesser extent Manchuria) as a protective buffer.

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

The Japanese victory over Qing China in the First Sino-Japanese War led to the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895), under which China abandoned its own suzerainty over Korea and ceded Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula, which includes Port Arthur, to Japan. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between The Treaty of Shimonoseki ( Japanese: 下関条約 "Shimonoseki Jōyaku") known as the Treaty of Maguan ( in China was signed at Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Suzerainty (ˈsjuːzərənti RP or /ˈsjuːzəreɪnti/ RP) (/ˈsuːzərənti/ GA) is a situation in which a Region or people is a Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally Lüshun Port ( formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern However, three Western powers (Russia, Germany and France), by the use of the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895, applied pressure on Japan to relinquish its claim on the Liaodong Peninsula and Port Arthur. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The was a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on 23 April 1895 over the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

Port Arthur Ceded

In December 1897, a fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy appeared off Port Arthur. Events in December Union Day of Romania (1 December World AIDS Day ( December 1) National Day of Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Imperial Russian Navy refers to the Tsarist Fleets prior to the Bolshevik Revolution. After three months a convention was agreed between China and Russia by which Russia was leased Port Arthur, Talienwan (a town which had interested Britain), and the surrounding waters. It was further agreed that the convention could be extended by mutual agreement. The Russians clearly believed that would be the case for they lost no time in occupation and in fortifying Port Arthur, their sole warm-water port on the Pacific coast, and of great strategic value. A year later, in order to consolidate their position, the Russians began a new railway from Harbin through Mukden to Port Arthur. ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning The development of the railway was a contributory factor towards the Boxer Rebellion and the railway stations at Tiehling and Lioyang were burnt. The Boxer Rebellion, or Boxer Movement, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence Russia acted predictably, mobilized, and occupied Manchuria. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast ^[2]

Meanwhile, forces of the Imperial Japanese Army were trying to take over Korea, which had a protection pact with Russia and China. The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) ( Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國陸軍 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国陸軍 Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

Itō Hirobumi started to negotiate with Russia. was a Japanese statesman Resident-General of Korea, four time Prime Minister of Japan (the 1st 5th 7th and 10th and Genrō. He believed that Japan was too weak to evict Russia militarily, so he proposed giving Russia control over Manchuria in exchange for Japanese control of northern Korea. Meanwhile, Japan and the British Empire had signed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902, the British seeking to restrict naval competition by keeping the Russian Pacific seaports of Vladivostok and Port Arthur from their full use. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The first was signed in London at what is now the Lansdowne Club on January 30 1902, by Lord Lansdowne (British foreign secretary) and The alliance with the British meant, in part, that if any nation allied itself with Russia during any war with Japan, then Britain would enter the war on Japan's side. Russia could no longer count on receiving help from either Germany or France without there being a danger of the British Empire's involvement with the war. With such an alliance, Japan felt free to commence hostilities, if necessary.

On 28 July 1903, the Japanese Minister at St. Petersburg was instructed to represent his country's view opposing Russia's consolidation plans over Manchuria. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason. Year 1903 ( MCMIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Trade-offs followed and the situation was reached on 13 January 1904 whereby Japan proposed a formula of Manchuria being outside her sphere of influence and sought in return a similar statement relating to Russia's discontinuing interest in Korea. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. By 4 February 1904, no formal reply had been forthcoming and on the 6th February Mr. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Kurino Shinichiro, the Japanese Minister, called on the Russian Foreign Minister, Count Lamsdorf, to take his leave. ^[3] Japan severed diplomatic relations on February 6, 1904. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on

War

Declaration of War

Japan issued a declaration of war on 8 February 1904. A declaration of war is a formal performative Speech act or signing of a document by an authorised party of a government in order to initate a state of War Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on However, three hours before Japan's declaration of war was received by the Russian Government, the Japanese Imperial Navy attacked the Russian Far East Fleet at Port Arthur. For Combined Fleet, please see that article For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article The Pacific Fleet (Тихоокеанский флот in Russian, or Tikhookeanskiy flot is part of the Russian Navy stationed in the Pacific Ocean Tsar Nicholas II was stunned by news of the attack. He could not believe that Japan could initiate a warlike act without a formal declaration of war, and had been assured by his ministers that the Japanese would not fight. Russia declared war on Japan eight days later. ^[4] However, the requirement to declare war before commencing hostilities was not made international law until after the war had ended in October 1907, effective from 26 January 1910. October events and holidays Children's Book Week ( England) - First Week of October National Day ( China People's Republic Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting ^[5] Montenegro also declared war against Japan as a gesture of moral support for Russia out of gratefulness for Russian support in Montenegro's struggles against the Ottoman Empire. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish However, due to logistical reasons and distance, Montenegro's contribution to the war effort was limited to those Montenegrins who served in the Russian armed forces. Montenegrins ( Serbian: Црногорци/ Crnogorci) are a South Slavic people closely akin to the Serbs, associated to Montenegro

Campaign of 1904

Port Arthur, on the Liaodong Peninsula in the south of Manchuria, had been fortified into a major naval base by the Imperial Russian Army. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria Since it needed to control the sea in order to fight a war on the Asian mainland, Japan's first military objective was to neutralize the Russian fleet at Port Arthur.

Battle of Port Arthur

On the night of 8 February 1904, the Japanese fleet under Admiral Heihachiro Togo opened the war with a surprise torpedo boat attack on the Russian ships at Port Arthur. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Fleet Admiral Marquis (, OM, GCVO, ( 27 January 1848 - 30 May 1934) was a Fleet Admiral in The attack badly damaged the Tsesarevich and Retvizan, the heaviest battleships in Russia's far Eastern theater, and the 6,600 ton cruiser Pallada. Service life The Tsesarevich was assigned to the Far East in December 1903 she was one of three ships to be struck by Japanese torpedoes during the attack on Background The Pallada -class consisted of three cruisers built expressly with the intention of strengthening the Russian fleet in the Far East ^[6] These attacks developed into the Battle of Port Arthur the next morning. The Battle of Port Arthur (Japanese 旅順港閉塞作戦 Ryojunkō Heisoku Sakusen, February 8-9 1904 was the starting battle of the Russo-Japanese War A series of indecisive naval engagements followed, in which Admiral Togo was unable to attack the Russian fleet successfully as it was protected by the shore batteries of the harbor, and the Russians were reluctant to leave the harbor for the open seas, especially after the death of Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov on 13 April 1904. Stepan Osipovich Makarov (Степа́н О́сипович Мака́ров &mdash) was a famous Russian Vice-admiral, a highly accomplished and decorated commander Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on

However, these engagements provided cover for a Japanese landing near Incheon in Korea. Incheon is a metropolitan city and a major seaport on the west coast of South Korea, near Seoul. From Incheon the Japanese occupied Seoul and then the rest of Korea. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. By the end of April, the Imperial Japanese Army under Kuroki Itei was ready to cross the Yalu river into Russian-occupied Manchuria. Count (May 3 1844 – February 3 1923 was a Soldier who served in the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA) The Yalu River ( Chinese) or the Amnok River ( Korean) is a River on the border between China and North Korea.

Battle of Yalu River

In contrast to the Japanese strategy of rapidly gaining ground to control Manchuria, Russian strategy focused on fighting delaying actions to gain time for reinforcements to arrive via the long Trans-Siberian railway which was at the time incomplete near Irkutsk. The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral' Irkutsk (Ирку́тск Эрхүү Erkhüü; Эрхүү Erkhüü) is one of the largest cities in Siberia and the administrative center of On 1 May 1904, the Battle of the Yalu River became the first major land battle of the war, when Japanese troops stormed a Russian position after an unopposed crossing of the river. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on The Battle of Yalu River, (Japanese 鴨緑江会戦 Ōryokkō Kaisen) 30 April to 1 May 1904, was the first major land battle during the Japanese troops proceeded to land at several points on the Manchurian coast, and, in a series of engagements, drove the Russians back towards Port Arthur. These battles, including the Battle of Nanshan on 25 May 1904, were marked by heavy Japanese losses from attacking entrenched Russian positions, but the Russians maintained their focus on defending, and did not counterattack. The Battle of Nanshan (Japanese 南山の戦い Nanzan no tatakai) was one of many vicious land Battles of the Russo-Japanese War. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on

Blockade of Port Arthur

The Japanese attempted to deny the Russians use of Port Arthur. During the night of 13 February-14 February, the Japanese attempted to block the entrance to Port Arthur by sinking several cement-filled steamers in the deep water channel to the port, but they sank too deep to be effective. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Another similar attempt to block the harbor entrance during the night of 3-4 May also failed. In March, the charismatic Vice Admiral Makarov had taken command of the First Russian Pacific Squadron with the intention of breaking out of the Port Arthur blockade.

On 12 April 1904, two Russian pre-dreadnought battleships, the flagship Petropavlovsk and the Pobeda slipped out of port but struck Japanese mines off Port Arthur. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Pre-dreadnought battleship is the general term for all of the types of sea going Battleships built between the mid-1890s and 1905 Name New battleships in the Imperial Russian Navy got their names from famous land and naval battles of the 18th and 19th centuries. The Petropavlovsk sank almost immediately, while the Pobeda had to be towed back to port for extensive repairs. Admiral Makarov, the single most effective Russian naval strategist of the war, had perished on the battleship Petropavlovsk.

On 15 April 1904, the Russian government made overtures threatening to seize the British war correspondents who were taking the ship Haimun into warzones to report for the London-based The Times newspaper, citing concerns about the possibility of the British giving away Russian positions to the Japanese fleet. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on A war correspondent is a Journalist who covers stories firsthand from a war zone. SS Haimun was a Chinese steamer ship commanded by War correspondent Lionel James in 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War for The The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.

The Russians learned quickly, and soon employed the Japanese tactic of offensive minelaying. On 15 May 1904, two Japanese battleships, the Yashima and the Hatsuse, were lured into a recently laid Russian minefield off Port Arthur, each striking at least two mines. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on History Yashima and her sister-ship Fuji were the first two battleships built for Japan. History Following the 1894&ndash1895 Sino-Japanese War, and the forced return of the Liaotung Peninsula to China under Russian pressure The Hatsue sank within minutes, taking 450 sailors with her, while the Yashima sank while under tow towards Korea for repairs. On June 23, 1904, a breakout attempt by the Russian squadron, now under the command of Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft failed. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Wilgelm Karlovich Vitgeft (Вильгельм Карлович Витгефт (1847-1904 sometimes written Wilhelm and Withöft was a Russian rear admiral during By the end of the month, Japanese artillery were firing shells into the harbor.

Siege of Port Arthur

Japan began a long siege of Port Arthur. The Siege of Port Arthur (旅順攻囲戦 Ryojun Kōisen) 1 August 1904 - 2 January 1905, the deep-water port and The Siege of Port Arthur (旅順攻囲戦 Ryojun Kōisen) 1 August 1904 - 2 January 1905, the deep-water port and On 10 August 1904, the Russian fleet again attempted to break out and proceed to Vladivostok, but upon reaching the open sea were confronted by Admiral Togo's battleship squadron. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Known to the Russians as the Battle of August 10, but more commonly referred to as the Battle of the Yellow Sea, battleships from both sides exchanged gunfire. The Battle of the Yellow Sea (黄海海戦 Kōkai kaisen Бой в Жёлтом море a major naval engagement of the Russo-Japanese War, was The Battle of the Yellow Sea (黄海海戦 Kōkai kaisen Бой в Жёлтом море a major naval engagement of the Russo-Japanese War, was The battle had the elements of a decisive battle, though Admiral Togo knew that another Russian battleship fleet would soon be sent to the Pacific. The Japanese had only one battleship fleet and Togo had already lost two battleships to Russian mines. The Russian and Japanese battleships continued to exchange gunfire, until the Russian flagship, the battleship Tsesarevich, received a direct hit on the bridge, killing the fleet commander, Admiral Vitgeft. Service life The Tsesarevich was assigned to the Far East in December 1903 she was one of three ships to be struck by Japanese torpedoes during the attack on At this, the Russian fleet turned around and headed back into Port Arthur. Though no warships were sunk by either side in the battle, the Russians were now back in port and the Japanese navy still had battleships to meet the new Russian fleet when it arrived.

Fall of Port Arthur

Eventually, the Russian warships at Port Arthur were sunk by the artillery of the besieging army. Attempts to relieve the besieged city by land also failed, and, after the Battle of Liaoyang in late August, the Russians retreated to Mukden (Shenyang). The Battle of Liaoyang (Japanese 遼陽会戦 Ryōyō kaisen) ( August 24 - September 4, 1904) was one of the major land battles of the Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning Port Arthur finally fell on 2 January 1905 when the garrison's commanding officer ceded the port to the Japanese without consulting his high command. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Baltic Fleet

Meanwhile, at sea, the Russians were preparing to reinforce the Far East Fleet by sending the Baltic Fleet, under Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky The fleet sailed around the world from the Baltic Sea to China via the Cape of Good Hope. The Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet - (Дважды Краснознамённый Балтийский флот was the Imperial later Soviet and is now the Russian Navy's Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky 1 (Зиновий Петрович Рожественский ( - January 14, 1909) was an Admiral The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک The Baltic Fleet would not reach the Far East until May 1905. The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia. MAY ( also known as: Mei メイ 메이 is a Korean singer well known in South Korea for singing the song "Miracle" Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

On 21 October 1904, while passing by the United Kingdom (an ally of Japan but neutral in this war), vessels of the Baltic Fleet nearly provoked a war in the Dogger Bank incident by firing on British fishing boats that they mistook for enemy torpedo boats. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1904 ( MCMIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting on The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Dogger Bank incident (also known as Incident of Hull or The Russian Outrage) occurred when the Russian Baltic Fleet mistook some British trawlers

Campaign of 1905

Harsh winter and final battles

Main articles: Battle of Sandepu and Battle of Mukden

With the fall of Port Arthur, the Japanese 3rd army was now able to continue northward and reinforce positions south of Russian-held Mukden. The Battle of Sandepu, (also known as the Battle of Heikoutai) was a major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War. The Battle of Mukden (Japanese 奉天会戦 Hōten kaisen) the last major land Battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought from 20 February Lüshun city or Lüshunkou or (literally Lüshun Port ( formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun, is a town located at the extreme southern Shenyang ( Ch: 沈阳 pinyin Shěnyáng, or Mukden ( in Manchu) is a Sub-provincial city and capital of Liaoning With the onset of the severe Manchurian winter, there had been no major land engagements since the Battle of Shaho the previous year. The Battle of Shaho was a land Battle of the Russo-Japanese War fought along a 37-mile front centered at the Sha River on the Mukden &ndash Both sides camped opposite each other along 60 to 70 miles (110 km) of front lines, south of Mukden.

The Russian Second Army under General Oskar Grippenberg, between January 25–29, attacked the Japanese left flank near the town of Sandepu, almost breaking through. Oskar-Ferdinand Kazimirovich Grippenberg (Оскар Казимирович Гриппенберг (1838 - 1915 was a Russian military leader This caught the Japanese by surprise. However, without support from other Russian units the attack was stalled, Grippenberg was ordered to halt by Kuropatkin and the battle was inconclusive. Alexei Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (Russian Алексей Николаевич Куропаткин 1848-1925 was the Russian Imperial Minister of War (1898-1904 The Japanese knew that they needed to destroy the Russian army in Manchuria before Russian reinforcements arrived via the Trans-Siberian railroad. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral'

The Battle of Mukden commenced on February 20, 1905. The Battle of Mukden (Japanese 奉天会戦 Hōten kaisen) the last major land Battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought from 20 February Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting In the following days Japanese forces proceeded to assault the right and left flanks of Russian forces surrounding Mukden, along a 50-mile (80 km) front. Both sides were well entrenched and were backed with hundreds of artillery pieces. After days of harsh fighting, added pressure from both flanks forced both ends of the Russian defensive line to curve backwards. Seeing they were about to be encircled, the Russians began a general retreat, fighting a series of fierce rearguard actions, which soon deteriorated in the confusion and collapse of Russian forces. On March 10, 1905 after three weeks of fighting, General Kuropatkin decided to withdraw to the north of Mukden. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Alexei Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (Russian Алексей Николаевич Куропаткин 1848-1925 was the Russian Imperial Minister of War (1898-1904

The retreating Russian Manchurian Army formations disintegrated as fighting units, but the Japanese failed to destroy them completely. The Japanese themselves had suffered large casualties and were in no condition to pursue. Although the battle of Mukden was a major defeat for the Russians it had not been decisive, and the final victory would depend on the navy.

Victory at Tsushima

Main article: Battle of Tsushima

The Russian Second Pacific Squadron (the renamed Baltic Fleet) voyaged the unprecedented 18,000 miles (29,000 km) to relieve Port Arthur. The demoralizing news that Port Arthur had fallen reached the fleet while at Madagascar. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Admiral Rozhestvensky's only hope now was to reach the port of Vladivostok. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. There were three routes to Vladivostok, with the shortest and most direct passing through Tsushima Straits between Korea and Japan. also known as the Tsu Shima Strait or Tsu-Shima Strait) is the eastern channel of the Korea Strait, which lies between Korea and Japan, connecting However, this was also the most dangerous route as it passed very close to the Japanese home islands.

Admiral Togo was aware of the Russian progress and understood that with the fall of Port Arthur, the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons would try to reach the only other Russian port in the Far East, Vladivostok. Battle plans were laid down and ships were repaired and refitted to intercept the Russian fleet.

The Japanese Combined Fleet, which had originally consisted of six battleships, was now down to four (two had been lost to mines), but still retained its cruisers, destroyers, and torpedo boats. For Carrier Striking Task Force, please see that article For Imperial Japanese Navy, please see that article The Second Pacific Squadron contained eight battleships, including four new battleships of the Borodino class, as well as cruisers, destroyers and other auxiliaries for a total of 38 ships. Design The Borodino -class battleships were based upon the earlier battleship ''Tsesarevich'', which had been built to a French design at La Seyne

By the end of May the Second Pacific Squadron was on the last leg of its journey to Vladivostok. They decided to take the shorter, more risky route between Korea and Japan. They travelled at night so they might not be discovered. Unfortunately for the Russians, one of their hospital ships exposed a light, which was sighted by the Japanese armed merchant cruiser Shinano Maru. Wireless communication was used to inform Togo's headquarters, where the Combined Fleet was immediately ordered to sortie. Still receiving naval intelligence from scouting forces, the Japanese were able to position their fleet so that they would "cross the T" of the Russian fleet. Crossing the T or Capping the T is a tactic in Naval warfare, in which a line of Warships crosses in front of a line of enemy ships allowing them to The Japanese engaged the Russian fleet in the Tsushima Straits on 27 May–28 May 1905. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Russian fleet was virtually annihilated, losing eight battleships, numerous smaller vessels, and more than 5,000 men, while the Japanese lost three torpedo boats and 116 men. Only three Russian vessels escaped to Vladivostok. After the Battle of Tsushima, the Japanese army occupied the entire Sakhalin Islands chain to force the Russians to sue for peace.

Peace

The defeat of the Russian Army and Russian Navy shook Russian confidence. Throughout 1905, the Imperial Russian government was rocked by revolution. See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of Tsar Nicholas II elected to negotiate peace so he could concentrate on internal matters.

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt offered to mediate, and earned a Nobel Peace Prize for his effort. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Sergius Witte led the Russian delegation and Baron Komura, a graduate of Harvard, led the Japanese Delegation. Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (Сергей Юльевич Витте Sergey Yul'evich Vitte) ( 29 June, 1849 - 13 March, 1915) also Marquis, GCB, GCMG ( 26 October 1855 – 25 November 1911) was a statesman and diplomat in Meiji period The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on 5 September 1905^[7] in the U. The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting S. naval facility in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Portsmouth is a City in Rockingham County, New Hampshire in the United States. Witte became Russian Prime Minister the same year. However a peace treaty with Montenegro was not signed by the Japanese, and a state of war technically remained with this small European country until its independence from Serbia in 2006 (see List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity). Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country There are several claims of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity, often by a small country named in a Declaration of war being accidentally omitted from the concluding

Russia recognized Korea as part of the Japanese sphere of influence and agreed to evacuate Manchuria. Japan would annex Korea in 1910, with scant protest from other powers.

Russia also signed over its 25-year leasehold rights to Port Arthur, including the naval base and the peninsula around it. Russia also ceded the southern half of Sakhalin Island to Japan. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated It was regained by the USSR in 1952 under the Treaty of San Francisco following the Second World War. Attending countries Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, Chile World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including However, the cessation of Southern Sakhalin to the USSR was not supported by the majority of Japanese politicians.

Casualties

Sources do not agree on a precise number of deaths from the war because of lack of body counts for confirmation. Body Count is an American heavy metal band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1990 The number of Japanese dead in combat is put at around 47,000 with around 80,000 if disease is included. Estimates of Russian dead range from around 40,000 to around 70,000. The total number of dead is generally stated at around 130,000. ^[8] China suffered 20,000 collateral deaths, and financially the loss amounted to over 69 million taels worth of silver. Tael can refer to any one of several Weight measures of the Far East.

Aftermath and consequences

This was the first major victory of an Asian power over a European one in the modern era. Japan's prestige rose greatly as it began to be considered a modern Great Power. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale Concurrently, Russia lost virtually its entire Eastern and Baltic fleets, and also lost international esteem. This was particularly true in the eyes of Germany and Austria-Hungary; Russia was France's and Serbia's ally, and that loss of prestige would have a significant effect on Germany's future when planning for war with France, and Austria-Hungary's war with Serbia. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country

In the absence of Russian competition and with the distraction of European nations during World War I, combined with the Great Depression which followed, the Japanese military began its efforts to dominate China and the rest of Asia, which would eventually lead to the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, theatres of World War II. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Second Sino-Japanese War ( July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the The Pacific War was the part of World War II —and preceding conflicts—that took place in the Pacific Ocean, its islands and in East Asia, between World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

In Russia, the defeat of 1905 led in the short term to a reform of the Russian military that allowed it to face Germany in World War I. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. However, the revolts at home following the war planted the seeds that presaged the Russian Revolution of 1917. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them

All above dates are believed to be New-Style (Gregorian, not the Julian used in Tsarist Russia: for conformity, where there are two, use the one that reads 13 days "later" than the other). The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita

A lock of Admiral Nelson's hair was given to the Imperial Japanese Navy from the Royal Navy after the war to commemorate the victory of the 1905 Battle of Tsushima; which was in tune with Britain's victory at Trafalgar in 1805. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British It is still on display at Kyouiku Sankoukan, a public museum maintained by the Japan Self-Defense Force.

Assessment of war results

Russia had lost two of its three fleets. Only its Black Sea Fleet remained, and that had been due to an earlier treaty that had prevented the fleet from leaving the Black Sea. Jakob Meckel, a German military advisor sent to Japan, had a tremendous impact on the development of the Japanese military training, tactics, strategy and organization. Klemens Wilhelm Jacob Meckel ( March 28 1842 - July 5 1905) was a General in the Prussian army and foreign advisor His reforms were credited with Japan's overwhelming victory over China in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. The First Sino-Japanese War ( 日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō ( 1 August 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a war fought between However, his over-reliance on the use of infantry in offensive campaigns also led to the large number of Japanese casualties in the Russo-Japanese War. The Japanese were on the offensive for most of the war, and used massed infantry (human wave) tactics against defensive positions, which would be the standard by all European armies during World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Battles during the Russo-Japanese War were a precursor to trench warfare of World War I, in which machine guns and artillery had taken their toll on Japanese troops. Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static

Military and economic exhaustion affected both countries. Popular discontent in Russia after the war added more fuel to the already simmering Russian Revolution of 1905, an event Nicholas II of Russia had hoped to avoid entirely by taking intransigent negotiating stances prior to coming to the table at all. See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of In ten more years, that discontent would boil over into the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution In Poland, which Russia partitioned in the late 18th century, and where Russian rule already caused two major uprisings, the population was so restless that an army of 250,000-300,000 - larger than the one facing the Japanese - had to be stationed to put down the unrest. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Below is a list of military conflicts in which Polish armed forces participated or took place on Polish territory ^[9] Notably, some political leaders of Polish insurrection movement (in particular, Józef Piłsudski) sent emissaries to Japan to collaborate on sabotage and intelligence gathering within the Russian Empire and even plan a Japan-aided uprising. ^[10]

Although the war had ended in a victory for Japan, there was a noteworthy gap between Japanese public opinion and the very restrained peace terms which negotiated at the war's end. ^[11] Widespread discontent spread through the populace upon the announcement of the treaty terms. Riots erupted in major cities in Japan. Two specific demands, expected from such a costly victory, were especially lacking: territorial gains and monetary reparations to Japan. The peace accord led to feelings of distrust, as the Japanese had intended to retain all of Sakhalin Island, but they were forced to settle for half of it after being pressured by the U. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated S.

Russia's defeat had been met with shock both in the West and across the Far East, that an Asian country could defeat an established European power in a large military conflict.

Japanese historians consider this war to be a turning point for Japan, and a key to understanding the reasons why Japan may have failed militarily and politically later on. The acrimony was felt at every stratum of Japanese society and it became the consensus within Japan that their nation had been treated as the defeated power during the peace conference. As time went on, this feeling, coupled with the sense of arrogance of becoming a Great Power, grew and added to their growing hostility towards the West and fueled their own militarist and imperialist ambitions, which would cumulate in Japan's invasion of East, Southeast, and South Asia in World War II in an attempt to create their own great colonial empire in the name of creating the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ( Kyūjitai: 大東亞共榮圈 Shinjitai: ja 大東亜共栄圏 Dai-tō-a Kyōeiken) was a concept Only five years after the war, Japan de jure annexed Korea as its colonial empire, and invaded Manchuria in the Mukden Incident 21 years after in 1931. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan 's South Manchuria As a result, most Chinese historians note the war as a key development of Japanese militarism. refers to the Ideology in the Empire of Japan that Militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation and that the strength of the military is

List of battles

• 1904 Battle of Port Arthur, February 8: naval battle Inconclusive
• 1904 Battle of Chemulpo Bay, February 9: naval battle Japanese victory
• 1904 Battle of Yalu River, April 30 to May 1: Japanese victory
• 1904 Battle of Nanshan, May 25 – May 26, Japanese victory
• 1904 Battle of Telissu, June 14 – June 15 , Japanese victory
• 1904 Battle of Motien Pass, July 17, Japanese victory
• 1904 Battle of Ta-shih-chiao, July 24, Japanese victory
• 1904 Battle of Hsimucheng, July 31, Japanese victory
• 1904 Battle of the Yellow Sea, August 10: naval battle Japanese victory strategically/tactically inconclusive
• 1904 Battle off Ulsan, August 14: naval battle Japanese victory
• 1904–1905 Siege of Port Arthur, August 19 to January 2: Japanese victory
• 1904 Battle of Liaoyang, August 25 to September 3: Inconclusive
• 1904 Battle of Shaho, October 5 to October 17: Inconclusive
• 1905 Battle of Sandepu, January 26 to January 27: Inconclusive
• 1905 Battle of Mukden, February 21 to March 10: Japanese victory
• 1905 Battle of Tsushima, May 27 to 28 May naval battle: Japanese victory

Art and literature

• The Russo-Japanese War was covered by dozens of foreign journalists who sent back sketches that were turned into lithographs and other reproducible forms. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Propaganda images were circulated by both sides and quite a few photographs have been preserved.
• Siege of Port Arthur is covered in an excellent historical novel 'Port Arthur' by Alexander Stepanov (1892-1965), who, at the age of 12, lived in the besieged city and witnessed many key events of the siege. The Siege of Port Arthur (旅順攻囲戦 Ryojun Kōisen) 1 August 1904 - 2 January 1905, the deep-water port and He took a personal role in Port Arthur defense by carrying water to front line trenches; was contused; narrowly evaded amputation of both legs while in the hospital. His father, Nikolay Stepanov, commanded one of Russian onshore batteries protecting the harbor; through him Alexander personally knew many top military commanders of the city - generals Stessels, Belikh, Nikitin, Kondratenko, admiral Makarov and many others. The novel itself was written in 1932, based on the author's own diaries and notes of his father; although it might be subject to ideological bias, as anything published in the USSR at that time, it was (and still is) generally considered in Russia one of the best historical novels of Soviet period^[12].
• The Russo-Japanese War is occasionally alluded to in James Joyce's novel, Ulysses. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce, first serialized in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920 In the "Eumaeus" chapter, a drunken sailor in a bar proclaims, "But a day of reckoning, he stated crescendo with no uncertain voice—thoroughly monopolizing all the conversation—was in store for mighty England, despite her power of pelf on account of her crimes. There would be a fall and the greatest fall in history. The Germans and the Japs were going to have their little lookin, he affirmed. "
• The Russo-Japanese War is the setting for the naval strategy computer game Distant Guns developed by Storm Eagle Studios.
• The Russo-Japanese War is the setting for the first part of the novel The Diamond Vehicle, in the Erast Fandorin detective series by Boris Akunin. The Diamond Chariot ( Russian: Алмазная Колесница the Russian term for the " Diamond Vehicle " ( kongōjō) school of } Erast Petrovich Fandorin (Эраст Петрович Фандорин is a fictional 19th-century Russian Detective and the hero of a series of Russian historical detective Boris Akunin (Борис Акунин is the Pen name of Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili (Григорий Шалвович Чхартишвили გრიგოლ
• The Domination series by S.M. Stirling has an alternate Battle of Tsushima where the Japanese use airships to attack the Russian Fleet. The Domination is a Dystopian alternate history series by S M Stephen Michael Stirling is a French -born Canadian - American Science fiction and Fantasy author Terminology In some countries airships are also known as dirigibles from the French (fr ''diriger'' to direct plus -ible) meaning "directable" This is detailed in the short story "Written by the Wind" by Roland J. Green in the Drakas! anthology. Roland James Green (born September 2, 1944) in Bradford, Pennsylvania, is an American Science fiction and Fantasy writer

See also

• Russian Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War
• Imperialism in Asia
• List of wars
• Baron Rosen
• Sergius Witte

Notes

References

• Connaughton, R. M. , The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-5, London, 1988, ISBN 0-415-00906-5.
• Corbett, Sir Julian. Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. (1994) Originally classified, and in two volumnes, ISBN 155-7501-297.
• Grant, R. , Captain, D. S. O. Before Port Arthur In A Destroyer. (The Personal Diary Of A Japanese Naval Officer-Translated from the Spanish Edition by Captain R. Grant, D. S. O. Rifle Brigade). John Murray, Albemarle St. W. (1907).
• Hough, Richard A. The Fleet That Had To Die. Ballantine Books. (1960).
• Jukes, Geoffry. The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. Osprey Essential Histories. (2002). ISBN 9-78184-17644-67.
• Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. Scarecrow. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5.
• Morris, Edmund (2002). Theodore Rex. The Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-6600-7.
• Aleksei Novikov-Priboy|Novikov-Priboy, Aleksei. Tsushima. (An account from a seaman aboard the Battleship Orel (which was captured at Tsushima). London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. (1936).
• Nish, Ian (1985). The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War. Longman. ISBN 0-582-49114-2.
• Okamoto, Shumpei (1970). The Japanese Oligarchy and the Russo-Japanese War. Columbia University Press.
• Pleshakov, Constantine. The Tsar's Last Armada: The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima. ISBN 0-46505-792-6. (2002).
• Saaler, Sven und Inaba Chiharu (Hg. ). Der Russisch-Japanische Krieg 1904/05 im Spiegel deutscher Bilderbogen, Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien Tokyo, (2005).
• Seager, Robert. Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man And His Letters. (1977) ISBN 0870-21359-8.
• Semenov, Vladimir, Capt. The Battle of Tsushima. E. P. Dutton & Co. (1912).
• Semenov, Vladimir, Capt. Rasplata (The Reckoning). John Murray, (1910).
• Tomitch, V. M. Warships of the Imperial Russian Navy. Volume 1, Battleships. (1968).
• Warner, Denis & Peggy. The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. (1975). ISBN 0-7146-5256-3.

External links

• Russo-Japanese War research society
• Database of Russian Army Jewish soldiers injured, killed, or missing in action from the war: http://www.bfcollection.net/fast/rjmain.html
• Text of the Treaty of Portsmouth: http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/portsmouth.html
• Russian Navy history of war: http://www.navy.ru/history/hrn10-e.htm
• Meeting of Frontiers (Library of Congress): Russo-Japanese Relations in the Far East
• Treaty of Portsmouth now seen as global turning point from the Christian Science Monitor, by Robert Marquand, December 30, 2005
• The New Student's Reference Work/Russo-Japanese War
• Japan and Montenegro declare peace (United Press International)
• Montenegrins in the Russo-Japanese War (Montenegrin)

The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

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