Russian Civil War
Clockwise from top: Soldiers of the Don Army in 1919; a White Russian infantry division in March 1920; soldiers of the 1st Cavalry Army; Leon Trotsky in 1918; hanging of Bolsheviks by the Czechoslovak Corps. The Don Army was part of the White movement of the Russian Civil War, operating from 1917 to 1919, in the Don region and centered in the town The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard The 1st Cavalry Army (Первая конная армия was the most famous Red Army сavalry formation Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Czechoslovak Legions ( Československé legie in Czech and Slovak were Czech and Slovak volunteer armed forces fighting together with the Entente powers
Date 1917–1922 Location Former Russian Empire, Mongolia, Persia Result Bolshevik control over Russia proper Establishment of the Soviet Union Mixed outcomes in brushfire conflicts. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Belligerents
Russian SFSR Local Soviet powers led by Russian SFSR and Red Army	White Movement Central Powers (1917–1918):  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire  German Empire Allied Intervention: (1918–1922) Japan  Czechoslovakia Greece  United States  Canada Serbia Romania  United Kingdom  France Italy  Estonia  Latvia  Lithuania Poland	Ukrainian People's Republic Local nationalist movements, national states, and decentralist movements German Intervention
Strength
3,000,000	500,000 White Russians, 100,000 in Allied intervention. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched in 1918 during the Russian Civil War and World War I The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Kingdom of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљевина Србија Serbian Latinica Kraljevina Srbija) was created when Prince Milan Obrenović ruler See also Kings of Romania The Kingdom of Roumania (or ' Romania ' in post-1969 and also current spelling was the old Romanian state based on a form of The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. The Ukrainian People's Republic (Українська Народна Республіка Ukrayins’ka Narodna Respublika; also translated as the Ukrainian National Pro-independence movements in Russian Civil War within the territory of the former Russian Empire sought for Landwehr, or Landeswehr, is a German language term used in referring to certain national armies, or Militias found in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century	Unknown
Casualties and losses
At least 879,000 dead Records are incomplete. [1]	At least 300,000	Unknown
Civilian casualties probably over 13 million. At least 1 million refugees left Russia permanently.

The Russian Civil War (1917–1922/3) was a multi-sided conflict that took place within the borders of the former Russian Empire following the collapse of the Russian provisional government and the Bolshevik takeover of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg). The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and The Kazan Khanate (Казан ханлыгы|Qazan xanlığı|قازان خانليغى Russian: Казанское ханство tr: Kazanskoe khanstvo The Tsardom of Rus' (Царство Русское was the official name for the Russian state between Ivan IV 's assumption of the title of Tsar (Emperor in 1547 The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Romanovcesar 2 and its gratitive sunlithg sundhie compared themselves ina servantly structure from its parative War and peace in Russia 1796-1825 Catherine II died in 1796, and her son Emperor Paul I (r Economic development The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were times of crisis for Russian nuts Radical revolutionary parties During the 1890s, Russia's industrial development led to a significant increase in the size of the urban Bourgeoisie and the working The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The History of the Soviet Union has roots in the Russian Revolution of 1917. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them This period of the Soviet Union was dominated by Joseph Stalin, who sought to reshape Soviet society with aggressive economic planning in particular a sweeping collectivization of agriculture The Cold War ensued as the USSR and the United States struggled indirectly for influence around the world The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 the Russian Federation became an independent country This is a timeline of Russian history. To read about the background to these events see History of Russia. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd in 1917 after the February Revolution and the Abdication The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River

The main hostilities took place between the Bolshevik Red Army, and the loosely-allied anti-Bolshevik forces, known as the White Army. The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard Many foreign armies also participated, among which of note was the allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched in 1918 during the Russian Civil War and World War I Additionally many foreigners volunteered to fight on one or other of the sides. Other forces included various nationalist and regional movements such as the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army, other political movements such as the Ukrainian anarchist Black Guards, and independent warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg. The Green armies, Green Army (Russian Зелёная Армия) or Greens (Russian Зелёные) were armed peasant groups which fought Black Guards ( Russian: Чёрная Гвардия) were armed groups of workers formed after the Russian Revolution and before the Third Russian Baron Roman Nickolai Maximilian von Ungern-Sternberg (adopted Russian name Роман Фёдорович Унгерн фон Штернберг, which These forces sometimes fought against both Reds and Whites, sometimes sided with one of the two, and sometimes switched sides. Additionally the warring sides spilled over Russia's borders into Persia, Mongolia and the Russian borders themselves were unclear in the cases of new states split from Russia after the revolution. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East

The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920. In Soviet historiography the end of the Civil War is dated to October 25, 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok, previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government. Soviet historiography is the history of the academic study of history as written by scholars of the Soviet Union. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. The Provisional Priamurye Government (also rendered as Provisional Priamur Government) existed in the Siberian region of Priamurye, Russia, between The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano-Maysky District on the Pacific coast, where General Anatoly Pepelyayev did not capitulate until June 17, 1923. Ayano-Maysky District (Ая́но-Ма́йский райо́н is a district ( Raion) in Khabarovsk Krai in Russia. Anatoly Nikolayevich Pepelyayev ( Russian: Анатолий Николаевич Пепеляев 15 August, 1891 - 14 January, 1938 Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Overview

Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia and the turbulent Russian Revolution throughout 1917, the Russian Provisional Government was established. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd in 1917 after the February Revolution and the Abdication In October another revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution For other uses of the term see Red Guard In the context of the history of Russia and Soviet Union, Red Guards ( Russian: "Красная Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya In January 1918, Lenin had the Constituent Assembly violently dissolved, proclaiming the Soviets as the new government of Russia. A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting and in some cases adopting a Constitution. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia.

The Bolsheviks decided to immediately make peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers, as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak Vladimir Lenin's political enemies attributed this decision to his sponsorship by the foreign office of William II, German Emperor, offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution, Russia would withdraw from World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry's sponsorship of Lenin's return to Petrograd. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River ^[2]

A cease fire was immediately announced and peace talks began. As a condition for peace, the proposed treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire, greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Leon Trotsky, representing the Bolsheviks, refused at first to sign the treaty while continuing to observe a unilateral cease fire, following the policy of "No fighting, but no peace treaty". Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij

In view of this, the Germans began an all out advance on the Eastern Front, encountering no resistance. Signing a formal peace treaty was the only option in the eyes of the Bolsheviks, because the Russian army was demobilized and the newly formed Red Guard were incapable of stopping the advance. They also understood that the impending counterrevolutionary resistance was more dangerous than the concessions of the treaty, which Lenin viewed as temporary in the light of aspirations for a world revolution. This is about the concept of world revolution in Marxist theory The Soviets acceded to a peace treaty and the formal agreement, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, was ratified on March 6, 1918. Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 9 1918, a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Soviets viewed the treaty as merely a necessary and expedient means to end the war. Therefore they ceded large amounts of territory to the German Empire, which created several short lived satellite buffer states within its sphere of influence in Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine and Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Satellite state is a political term that refers to a country which is formally independent but under heavy influence or control by another country A buffer state is a Country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them The Kingdom of Finland was a short-lived attempt following Finnish independence from Russia to establish Prince Frederick of Hesse as the The Kingdom of Poland, also informally called Regency Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Regencyjne was the state proposed by the Act of November 5, 1916 issued The Council of Lithuania (Lietuvos Taryba Litausher Landesrat Rada Litewska after July 11 1918 The State Council of Lithuania (Lithuanian Lietuvos Valstybės Taryba The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was proclaimed on March 8, 1918 in German occupied Courland Governorate by Landesrat composed of Baltic Germans The Belarusian People's Republic (Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка bʲeɫa'ruskaja na'rodnaja rɛs'publʲika translit The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR Закавказская демократическая Федеративная Республика (ЗКДФР Zakavkazskaya Following the defeat of Germany in World War I, the Soviets eventually recovered much of the terrority they gave up, though many of these countries remained independent.

In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian army had been demobilized and the volunteer based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military arm. The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution In January, Trotsky headed its reorganization into the "Workers' and Peasants' Red Army," in order to create a more professional fighting force. He instituted a forceful conscription program, frequently resorting to repressive tactics, and used former Tsarist officers as "military specialists".

In the elections to the Constituent Assembly, the Bolsheviks constituted a minority of the vote and dissolved it. In general, they had support primarily in the Saint Petersburg and Moscow Soviets and some other industrial regions. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of

While resistance to the Red Guard began on the very next day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Brest-Litovsk treaty and the political ban became a catalyst^[3] for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new regime.

A loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces aligned against the Communist government, including land-owners, republicans, conservatives, middle-class citizens, reactionaries, pro-monarchists, liberals, army generals, non-Bolshevik socialists who still had grievances and democratic reformists, voluntarily united only in their opposition to Bolshevik rule. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment preservation or restoration of a Monarchy as a Form of government in a nation Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Their military forces, bolstered by foreign influence and led by General Yudenich, Admiral Kolchak and General Denikin, became known as the White movement (sometimes referred to as the "White Army"), and they controlled significant parts of the former Russian empire for most of the war. The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard

A Ukrainian nationalist movement known as the Green Army and an anarchist movement known as the Black Army played a much smaller part in the war, sometimes harrying both the Reds and the Whites, and sometimes even each other. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The Green armies, Green Army (Russian Зелёная Армия) or Greens (Russian Зелёные) were armed peasant groups which fought Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Black Guards ( Russian: Чёрная Гвардия) were armed groups of workers formed after the Russian Revolution and before the Third Russian

The Western Allies, upset at the withdrawal of Russia from the war effort and worried about a possible Russo-German alliance, also expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks. The Triple Entente (" entente " — French for "agreement" was the name given to the loose alignment of the United Kingdom, the Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle". Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 ^[4] In addition, there was a concern, shared by many Central Powers as well, that the socialist revolutionary ideas would spread to the West. The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak Hence, many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies.

The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea, but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1922 (e. Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel (Пётр Николаевич Врангель (Peter von Wrangel ( August 15, 1878, Zarasai, Lithuania (then Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым g, Kronstadt Uprising, Tambov Rebellion, and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East). This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion The Tambov Rebellion of 1919&ndash1921 was one of the largest and best organized peasant rebellions against the Bolshevik regime during the Russian Civil War Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i

The Soviet historiography traditionally referred to the conflict as the "Civil War and Military Intervention of 191–1922". Soviet historiography is the history of the academic study of history as written by scholars of the Soviet Union. This term also encompassed the Polish-Soviet War, resistance in Ukraine, as well as Basmachi resistance and foreign intervention in Central Asia in its definition. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Basmachi Revolt (Восстание басмачей or Basmachestvo (Басмачество was a Muslim and largely Turkic uprising against Russian Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south

Geography and chronology

                     Bolshevik control, November 1918                      Maximum advances of 'White' forces                      Frontiers, 1921 European theatre of the Russian Civil War

In the European part of Russia the war was fought across three main fronts; the eastern, the southern and the north-western. It can also be roughly split into the following periods.

The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice. Already on the date of the Revolution, Cossack General Kaledin refused to recognize it and assumed full governmental authority in the Don region^[5], where the Volunteer Army began amassing support. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast For the British Volunteer Army see Volunteer Army (British. For voluntary military service see Volunteer military. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk also resulted in direct Allied intervention in Russia and the arming of military forces opposed to the Bolshevik government. Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 9 1918, a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. There were also many German commanders who offered support against the Bolsheviks, fearing a confrontation with them was impending as well.

Most of the fighting in this first period was sporadic, involving only small groups amid a fluid and rapidly shifting strategic scene. Among the antagonists were the Czechoslovaks, known as the Czechoslovak Legion or "White Czechs",^[6] the Poles of the Polish 5th Rifle Division and the pro-Bolshevik Red Latvian riflemen. Czechoslovak Legions ( Československé legie in Czech and Slovak were Czech and Slovak volunteer armed forces fighting together with the Entente powers Polish 5th Siberian Rifle Division (5 Dywizja Strzelców Polskich also known as the Siberian Division and Siberian Brigade) was a Polish military unit Latvian riflemen (Latviešu strēlnieki Латышские стрелки were military formations assembled starting 1915 in Latvia in order to defend Baltic territories

The second period of the war was the key stage, which lasted from January to November of 1919. At first the White armies' advances from the south (under Denikin), the east (under Kolchak) and the northwest (under Yudenich) were successful, pushing back the new Red Army on all three fronts. Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин ( December 16, 1872 – August 8, 1947) was Lieutenant General Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Колча́к &ndash February 7, 1920) was a Russian naval commander But Leon Trotsky reformed the Red Army and pushed back Kolchak's forces (in June) and Denikin's and Yudenich's armies (in October). The fighting power of all the White armies was broken almost simultaneously in mid-November.

The third period of the war was the extended siege of the last White forces in the Crimea. Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым Wrangel had gathered the remnants of the armies of Denikin, and they had fortified their positions in the Crimea. Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel (Пётр Николаевич Врангель (Peter von Wrangel ( August 15, 1878, Zarasai, Lithuania (then They held these positions until the Red Army returned from Poland where they had been fighting the Polish-Soviet war. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland When the full force of the Red Army was turned on them the Whites were soon overwhelmed, and the remaining troops were evacuated to Constantinople in November 1920. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS

The last period of 1921–1923 is characterized by two main courses of events. The first was the escalation of peasant uprisings. The uprisings started already in 1918, but they were fueled by the demobilization of the Red Army after their defeat of the major forces of the White Movement. The second is the resistance of the White remnants in Eastern Siberia (Transbaikalia, Yakutia) and Russian Far East. The Sakha Republic (Yakutia (Респу́блика Саха́ (Яку́тия Саха Республиката is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i In Soviet historiography the end of the Civil War is dated by October 25, 1922, the day of the take over of Vladivostok, however some hostilities continued later as well. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai.

Course of events

The first attempt to regain power from the Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising in October, 1917. Kerensky-Krasnov uprising is the term used in Soviet historiography to denote an attempt of Alexander Kerensky to retake power from Bolsheviks. It was supported by the Junker mutiny in Petrograd, but quickly put down by the Red Guards, notably the Latvian rifle Division under I. Junker mutiny (Юнкерский мятеж was a counterrevolutionary Mutiny of students of Junker schools against the Bolsheviks in Petrograd I. Vatsetis.

1918 Bolshevik propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as Saint George slaying the reactionary dragon of counterrevolution (Trotsky was People's Commissar of War, and organizer of the Red Army). In Christian hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Anglican Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr Note the dragon is wearing a top hat, which the Soviets associated with capitalism. For the item of clothing see Top hat. For the fictional TUGS character see Top Hat (TUGS.

The initial groups that fought against the Communists were local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty to the Provisional Government. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern The Russian Provisional Government was formed in Petrograd in 1917 after the February Revolution and the Abdication Prominent among them were Kaledin of the Don Cossacks and Semenov of the Siberian Cossacks. Don Cossacks (Донские казаки were Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, or Semenov (Григо́рий Миха́йлович Семёнов ( September 13 (25 1890– August 30, 1946 Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving In November, General Alekseev, the old Tsarist Commander-in-Chief, began to organize a Volunteer Army (Добровольческая Армия, Dobrovolcheskaya Armiya) in Novocherkassk. Mikhail Vasiliyevich Alekseyev (Алексеев Михаил Васильевич ( November 3, 1857 — September 25, 1918) was a Russian Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. For the British Volunteer Army see Volunteer Army (British. For voluntary military service see Volunteer military. Novocherkassk (Новочерка́сск is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Tuzlov River and on He was joined in December by Kornilov. Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov ( Russian: Лавр Гео́ргиевич Корни́лов ( August 18, 1870 &ndash April 13, 1918 These forces fought against the Bolshevik army all across the Ukraine. The Cossacks took Rostov in December 1917. Rostov (Росто́в Old Norse: Rostofa is one of the oldest towns in Russia and an important tourist centre of the so called Golden

1918

In July 1918, Lenin established the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republic (RSFSR). The Bolsheviks, however, were facing mammoth problems — chief amongst which were impending bankruptcy, White opposition and impatience on the part of the people. The Bolsheviks had to fight for their very survival. The secret police (Cheka) conducted a reign of terror (the "Red Terror"), during which thousands were put to death. The Cheka ( ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya,) was the first of a succession of Soviet State security The Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and Executions conducted by the Bolshevik government As one Bolshevik leader observed, "The Bourgeoisie put individuals to death; we exterminate whole classes. " Even the abdicated Tsar and his family, in captivity, were killed (the common explanation is that this was done to prevent their release and use as a "banner" by the advancing Whites). Soviet novelist Boris Pasternak writes evocatively of this period in his book, Dr Zhivago, describing the many atrocities committed by both sides. Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (Бори́с Леони́дович Пастерна́к ( — May 30, 1960) was a Nobel Prize -winning Soviet Doctor Zhivago ( Russian: Доктор Живаго, Doktor Zhivago) is a 20th century Novel by Boris Pasternak.

Rostov was captured in March 1918. In the course of the Ice March, the Cossack Volunteer Army was evacuated to the Kuban, where they joined with the Kuban Cossacks to mount an abortive assault on Ekaterinodar. The Ice March (Russian Ледяной поход also called the First Kuban Campaign (Russian Первый кубанский поход a military withdrawal Kuban ( Кубáнь) is a geographic region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe Kuban Cossacks (Кубанские кaзаки Kubanskiye Kаzaki) are Cossacks who live in the Kuban region of Russia. Krasnodar (Краснода́р is a city in Southern Russia on the Kuban River. General Kornilov was killed in the fighting on April 13, Operational command passed to General Denikin who spent the next few months rebuilding his Cossack army. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople In October, General Alekseev died of a heart attack and General Denikin was (in theory at least) now the top political leader for the White armies in Southern Russia.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which pulled Russia out of the war and gave Germany control over vast stretches of western Russia, came as a shock to the Allies. The British and the French had supported Russia on a massive scale with war materials and money. After the treaty, it looked like much of that material would fall into the hands of the Germans. Under this pretext, the United Kingdom and France sent troops into Russian ports. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. There were violent confrontations with troops loyal to the Bolsheviks.

Main article: Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War

It was not until Spring of 1918 that the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, as well as some of the Mensheviks joined the armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched in 1918 during the Russian Civil War and World War I The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (the PSR the SRs, or Esers; Партия социалистов-революционеров (ПСР эсеры was a Russian The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir Initially, they had been opposed to civil war, but the Brest-Litovsk treaty and the establishment of harsh dictatorial measures changed their position. A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute The Socialist-Revolutionaries could well have been a serious threat, for they had some popular support and the authority of their election victory on the Russian Constituent Assembly in 1918, but they needed an army. An early attempt by the Socialist-Revolutionary Party to recruit Latvian troops in July 1918 was a failure. The Czechoslovak Legion proved to be a more reliable group in aid of their "democratic counter-revolution". Czechoslovak Legions ( Československé legie in Czech and Slovak were Czech and Slovak volunteer armed forces fighting together with the Entente powers

Soldiers pose over the Bolsheviks killed at Vladivostok

The Czech Legion had been part of the Russian army and numbered around 30,000 by October 1917. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Most were former prisoners of war and deserters from the Austro-Hungarian Army. The Austro-Hungarian Army was the ground force of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy (1867 - 1918 Encouraged by Tomáš Masaryk, the legion was renamed the Czechoslovak Army Corps and hoped to continue fighting the Germans. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (ˈtomaːʃ ˈɡarɪk ˈmasarɪk sometimes called Thomas Masaryk in English ( March 7, 1850 – September 14, An agreement with the new Bolshevik government to pass by sea through Vladivostok (so they could unite with the Czechoslovak legions in France) collapsed over an attempt to disarm the Corps. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Czechoslovak Legions ( Československé legie in Czech and Slovak were Czech and Slovak volunteer armed forces fighting together with the Entente powers Instead their soldiers disarmed the Bolshevik forces in June 1918 at Cheliabinsk. Chelyabinsk (Челя́бинск is a city in Russia, located just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on Miass River. Within a month the Czechoslovak Legion controlled most of the Trans-Siberian Railroad from Lake Baikal to the Ural Mountains regions. The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad (Транссибирская магистраль Транссиб in Russian, or Transsibirskaya magistral' Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye By August they had extended their control even farther, taking over Ekaterinburg on July 26, 1918. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Shortly before the fall of Ekaterinburg (on July 17, 1918), the former Tsar and his family had been executed by the Ural Soviet to prevent them falling into the hands of the Whites. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye

The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries supported peasant fighting against Soviet control of food supplies. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground In May 1918, with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion, they took Samara and Saratov, establishing the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Комуч, Komuch). Samara Oblast (Сама́рская о́бласть Samarskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) History The Legend of Saratov Gelonus, a legendary Scythian city and the northernmost Greek colony may be conjectured to have been situated in the locality The Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly ( Ком итет членов Уч редительного собрания (Комуч in Russian or Kom By July the authority of Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. The Komuch pursued an ambivalent social policy, combining democratic and even socialist measures, such as the institution of an eight-hour working day, with "restorative" actions, such as returning both factories and land to their former owners. The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (aka the Short-time movement) had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where

There were also conservative and nationalist "governments" being formed by the Bashkirs, the Kyrgyz and the Tatars (see Idel-Ural State) as well as a Siberian Regional Government in Omsk. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Idel-Ural literally means "Volga-Ural" in Tatar.Historically it refers to a short-lived Tatar Republic with its centre in Kazan The Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia (PGAS or in full the Social Revolutionary-Menshevik Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia, was an ephemeral Puppet Omsk (Омск is a city in southwest Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast. In September 1918, all the anti-Soviet governments met in Ufa and agreed to form a new Russian Provisional Government in Omsk, headed by a Directory of five: three Socialist-Revolutionaries (Avksentiev, Boldyrev and Zenzinov) and two Kadets, (V. Ufa (Уфа́ Өфө Öfö; Уфа|Ufa Ӗпхӳ Ephü) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. The Constitutional Democratic Party ( Constitutional Democrats, formally Party of Popular Freedom, informally Kadets) was a liberal Political A. Vinogradov and P. V. Vologodskii).

However, the new government quickly came under the influence of the new War Minister, Rear-Admiral Kolchak. Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak (Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Колча́к &ndash February 7, 1920) was a Russian naval commander On November 18, a coup d'état established Kolchak as dictator. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull The members of the Directory were arrested and Kolchak proclaimed the "Supreme Ruler of Russia". Kolchak was apolitical and not involved in the coup. He proved to be ineffective as both a political and military leader (his training being all in naval warfare). Kolchak also did not get along with the leaders of Czechoslovak Legion, the strongest military force in the area.

To the Soviets, the emergence of Admiral Kolchak was a political victory because it confirmed their opponents as anti-democratic reactionaries. Following a reorganisation of the People's Army, Kolchak's forces captured Perm and Ufa in December of 1918. Perm (Пермь pʲɛrmʲ is a city and administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia. But this was to be the high water-mark for his army.

In July, two left Socialist-Revolutionaries and Cheka employees, Blyumkin and Andreyev, assassinated the German ambassador, Count Mirbach, in Moscow, in an attempt to provoke the Germans into renewing hostilities. Not to be confused with Left Socialists (Denmark Left Socialist Party (Sweden and Left Socialist Party (Belgium. Wilhelm Graf von Mirbach-Harff ( 2 July 1871 &ndash 9 July 1918) was a German Diplomat from Bad Ischl in Other left Socialist-Revolutionaries attempted to rouse Red Army troops against the regime. The Soviets managed to put down these local uprisings, and Lenin personally apologised to the Germans for the assassination. There were mass arrests of Socialist-Revolutionaries. Following two further terrorist acts on August 30 — these were the assassination of the Chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, Uritsky, and the wounding of Lenin -- the "Red Terror" was unleashed in response. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and The Cheka ( ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya,) was the first of a succession of Soviet State security Moisei Solomonovich Uritsky (Моисей Соломонович Урицкий 1873&ndash August 30 1918) was a Bolshevik Revolutionary leader The Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and Executions conducted by the Bolshevik government Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries were expelled from the Soviets and anyone suspected of counter-revolutionary activity could be imprisoned or executed without trial. The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir

1919

London Geographical Institute’s 1919 map of Europe after the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Batum and before the treaties of Tartu, Kars and Riga

The stage was now set for the key year of the Civil War. Not to be confused with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (February 9 1918, a similar treaty involving Ukraine and the Central Powers. Treaty of Batum was a treaty between Democratic Republic of Armenia and Ottoman Empire signed in Batum on June 4, 1918. The Treaty of Kars (Kars Antlaşması Карсский договор / Karskiy dogovor) was a friendship treaty between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey The Peace of Riga, also known as the Treaty of Riga; (Ри́жский ми́рный договóр -- Romanisation Rízhsky Mírny dogovór --, Rīgas The Bolshevik government was firmly in control of the core of Russia, from Petrograd through Moscow and south to Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd). Against this government in the east, Admiral Kolchak had a small army and had some control over the Trans-Siberian Railroad. In the south Cossacks armies controlled much of the Don and the Ukraine. In the Caucasus, General Denikin had established an army. Anton Ivanovich Denikin (Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин ( December 16, 1872 – August 8, 1947) was Lieutenant General In the newly independent country of Estonia General Yudenich was organizing an army. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Estonia was overtly hostile to the Bolsheviks and had been fighting with them since November 1918. The Estonian War of Independence (Vabadussõda literally "freedom war" which occurred in 1918-1920 took place during the Russian Civil War, was the The French occupied Odessa. ODESSA which stands for the German phrase O rganisation d er e hemaligen SS - A ngehörigen which in turn translates The British occupied Murmansk. Murmansk (Му́рманск Murmanska Muurman is a city and Seaport in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, 12 km The British and the United States occupied Arkhangelsk and the Japanese occupied Vladivostok. Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai.

Trotsky ordered the Bolshevik army to recapture Ukraine first. This they did in a quick campaign in the winter-spring of 1919. The Cossacks had been unable to organize and capitalize on their successes at the end of 1917. Consequently, when the Soviet counter-offensive began in January 1919—under the Bolshevik leader Antonov-Ovseenko—the Cossack forces rapidly fell apart. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Vladimir Alexandrovich Antonov-Ovseenko (actual surname Ovseenko) (Владимир Александрович Антонов(-Овсеенко Володимир Антонов-Овсєєнко The Red Army captured Kiev on February 3, 1919 and ten days later, with his army in chaos, General Kaledin committed suicide. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

White Army propaganda poster depicting Trotsky as a "Red devil" that attempts to appeal to anti-Semitism. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The text above the picture reads, "Peace and Liberty in Sovdepiya"

With Bolshevik forces seemingly triumphant in Ukraine, the French, having done almost no fighting, withdrew their troops from Odessa on April 8, 1919. Sovdepia or Sovdepiya ( Russian: Совдепия was a Derogatory name for Soviet Russia, and subsequently the Soviet Union used Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

While the war was going on in Ukraine, Trotsky sent another army against Kolchak's forces. This army, lead by the capable commander Tukhachevsky, recaptured Ekaterinburg on January 27, 1919 and continued to push along the Trans-Siberian railroad. Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (Михаи́л Никола́евич Тухаче́вский Michał Tuchaczewski ( &ndash June 12, 1937) was a Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Both sides had victories and losses, but by the middle of summer the Red army was larger than the White army and was winning back lands it had lost earlier. The British and United States pulled their troops out of Murmansk and Arkhangelsk before the onset of winter, having accomplished little. Murmansk (Му́рманск Murmanska Muurman is a city and Seaport in the extreme northwest part of Russia, on the Kola Bay, 12 km Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast The Red Army captured Omsk on November 14, 1919. Omsk (Омск is a city in southwest Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Admiral Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after this defeat and in fact, the White army in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December.

Even though the United Kingdom withdrew its troops, it continued to give significant military aid (money, weapons, food, ammunition, and some military advisors) to the White armies during 1919, especially to General Yudenich.

Despite large quantities of aid given to White commanders by Allied nations, many White commanders felt that the aid that was given was insufficient. Yudenich, in particular, complained that he was receiving insufficient support. The First World War greatly influenced the tactical thinking of many commanders on both sides of the Civil War, and as such they imagined that they required far more heavy weaponry than the mobile style of warfare that dominated the Civil War necessitated.

In the early summer, the Caucasus Army (now under operational command of General Wrangel) attacked north, trying to relieve the pressure on Kolchak's army or even link up with it. Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel (Пётр Николаевич Врангель (Peter von Wrangel ( August 15, 1878, Zarasai, Lithuania (then Wrangel's troops managed to capture Tsaritsyn on June 17, 1919. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Trotsky responded to this threat by sending Tukhachevsky with a new army against Wrangel's troops. The Caucasus army of Wrangel, faced with superior numbers, retreated south, leaving Tsaritsyn to the Bolsheviks.

Later in the summer, another Cossack force called the Don Army under the command of Cossack General Mamontov attacked into Ukraine. The Red army, stretched thin by fighting on all fronts, was forced out of Kiev on September 2, 1919. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mamontov's Don Army continued north towards Voronezh but there they were defeated by Tukhachevsky's army on October 24. Voronezh (Воро́неж) is a large city in southwestern Russia not far from Ukraine. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Tukhachevsky's army then turned towards yet another threat, the rebuilt Volunteer Army, and destroyed that army at Orel in October. The Red Army recaptured Kiev on December 17 and the defeated Cossacks fled back towards the Black Sea. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey

1919 poster, "Mount your horses, workers and peasants! The Red Cavalry is the pledge of victory. "

While the White Armies were being defeated in the south, the center and the east, there was still one more threat to the Bolshevik government. This threat came from General Yudenich who had spent the spring and summer organizing a small army in Estonia, with British support. In October of 1919 he tried to capture Petrograd in a sudden assault with a force of around 20,000 men. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River The attack was well executed, with night attacks and maneuvers to turn the flanks of the defending Red army. Yudenich also had six British tanks that caused panic whenever they appeared. By October 19, 1919 Yudenich's troops had reached the outskirts of Petrograd. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Bolshevik leadership in Moscow was willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss and personally went to the city to organize the defenses. Trotsky did everything he could to defend the city including arming the industrial workers and ordering the transfer of military forces up from Moscow. Within a few weeks the Red army defending Petrograd had tripled in size and outnumbered Yudenich three to one. At this point Yudenich gave up his attack and withdrew his army back to Estonia. Upon his return to Estonia, his army was disarmed by order of the Estonian government. The Bolshevik forces that followed Yudenich were beaten back by the Estonian army. Following the Treaty of Tartu most of Yudenich's soldiers then went into exile. Tartu Peace Treaty ( Estonian: Tartu rahu, literally "Tartu peace" or Treaty of Tartu was a peace treaty between Estonia and Russian

These victories by the Bolsheviks over Mamontov's Cossack army at Voronezh, Yudenich at Petrograd, and Kolchak at Omsk—all in a one month period—transformed the war. Quite suddenly the Bolshevik government had triumphed over all its internal enemies; the job that remained now was mopping up.

1920

In Siberia, Admiral Kolchak's army had disintegrated. He himself gave up command after the loss of Omsk and designated Semenov as the new leader of the White Army in Siberia. Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov, or Semenov (Григо́рий Миха́йлович Семёнов ( September 13 (25 1890– August 30, 1946 Not long after this he was arrested by a dissident faction (which was probably made up of nationalist Bashkirs^[7]) as he traveled towards Irkutsk (historian Richard Pipes thinks the French military liaison was involved in this). The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. Irkutsk (Ирку́тск Эрхүү Erkhüü; Эрхүү Erkhüü) is one of the largest cities in Siberia and the administrative center of Richard Edgar Pipes (born July 11, 1923) is an American historian who specializes in Russian history, particularly with respect to the history of the Kolchak was turned over to the Red army in February 1920 and executed two weeks later (likely on Lenin's order). Fighting in Siberia continued for the next year as armed gangs—essentially bandits—roamed the land. Semenov and his tattered band of Cossacks ultimately retreated into China. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National

The Czechoslovak Legion had no real interest in fighting in the Russian Civil War. They wanted to fight the German army, but with the end of World War I, that desire died. Uninspired by Kolchak (and not, in turn, trusted by him) they spent most of 1919 moving their troops east and having them shipped, boat by boat, back to Europe. They were aided in this effort by U. S. military units, under the command of General William S. Graves, who took control over the eastern end of the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Major General William Sidney Graves (Уильям Сидней Грейвс ( March 27, 1865 – February 27, 1940) The Czechoslovak Legion managed to evacuate all their forces out from Vladivostok (as had been their original plan in 1918). They were gone by April 1920 which is when the U. S. troops also left Siberia.

Most of the White Armies were evacuated by British ships during the winter-spring of 1920. General Wrangel was the only holdout; his army remained an organized force in the Crimea throughout the summer of 1920. Then, trying to take advantage of the Red Army defeats at the end of the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1920, General Wrangel attacked north. This offensive was rapidly halted by the Red Army and his troops were forced to retreat back to the Crimea in November 1920. He was evacuated by the British out of the Crimea on November 14, 1920 amidst horrific scenes of desperation and cruelty. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Tens of thousands of Russians tried to escape from the Red army but were unable to find transport on the British ships.

1921-1922

After the defeat of Wrangel, the Red Army attacked its Makhnovist allies at the end of 1920. Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Нестор Іванович Махно October 26, 1888 – July 6, 1934) was an anarcho-communist A naval mutiny at Kronstadt, and peasant revolts in Ukraine, Tambov, and Siberia broke out in 1921. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion

The Japanese, who had plans to annex the Amur Krai of Eastern Siberia, finally pulled their troops out as the Bolshevik forces gradually asserted control over all of Siberia. Amur Oblast (Аму́рская о́бласть Amurskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) situated about 8000 km Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving On 25 October 1922 Vladivostok fell to the Red Army and the Provisional Priamur Government was extinguished. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. The Provisional Priamurye Government (also rendered as Provisional Priamur Government) existed in the Siberian region of Priamurye, Russia, between General Anatoly Pepelyayev continued armed resistance in the Ayano-Maysky District until June 1923. Anatoly Nikolayevich Pepelyayev ( Russian: Анатолий Николаевич Пепеляев 15 August, 1891 - 14 January, 1938 The Yakut Revolt (Russian Якутский мятеж or the Yakut Expedition (Russian Якутский поход was the last episode of the Russian Civil War Ayano-Maysky District (Ая́но-Ма́йский райо́н is a district ( Raion) in Khabarovsk Krai in Russia. The regions of Kamchatka and Northern Sakhalin remained under Japanese occupation until their treaty with Soviet Union in 1925, when their forces were finally withdrawn. Sakhalin (Сахали́н səxʌˈlʲin Japanese:nihongo|樺太|karafuto or; Chinese: 庫頁 Kùyè also Saghalien, is a large elongated

Aftermath

The results of the civil war were momentous. Russia had been at war for seven years, during which time some 20,000,000 of its people had lost their lives. The civil war had taken an estimated 15,000,000 of them, including at least 1,000,000 soldiers of the Russian Red Army and more than 500,000 White soldiers who died in battle. 50,000 Russian Communists were killed by the counter-revolutionary Whites, and 250,000 civilians were killed by the Cheka. The Cheka ( ЧК - чрезвычайная комиссия Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya,) was the first of a succession of Soviet State security ^[8][9] An estimated 100,000 Jews were murdered by the White Army in Ukraine. ^[10] Punitive organs of the "All Great Don Host" sentenced 25,000 people to death between May 1918 to January 1919. ^[11] Kolchak's Government shot 25,000 people in Ekaterinburg province alone. ^[12] At the end of the Civil War, the Russian SFSR was exhausted and near ruin. The droughts of 1920 and 1921, as well as the 1921 famine, worsened the disaster still further. The Russian famine of 1921, better known as Povolzhye famine, which began in the early spring of that year and lasted through 1922, was a severe Famine Disease had reached pandemic proportions, with 3,000,000 dying of typhus alone in 1920. Millions more were also killed by widespread starvation, wholesale massacres by both sides, and even pogroms against Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses

Refugees on flatcars

Another one to two million people, known as the White emigres, fled Russia - many with General Wrangel, some through the Far East, others fled west into the newly independent Baltic countries in order. These émigrés included a large part of the educated and skilled population of Russia.

The Russian economy was devastated by the war, with factories and bridges destroyed, cattle and raw materials pillaged, mines flooded, and machines damaged. The industrial production value descended to one seventh of the value of 1913, and agriculture to one third. According to Pravda, "The workers of the towns and some of the villages choke in the throes of hunger. Pravda (Правда "The Truth" was a leading Newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central Committee of the The railways barely crawl. The houses are crumbling. The towns are full of refuse. Epidemics spread and death strikes -- industry is ruined. "

It is estimated that the total output of mines and factories in 1921 had fallen to 20 percent of the pre-World War level, and many crucial items experienced an even more drastic decline. For example, cotton production fell to five percent, and iron to two percent of pre-war levels.

War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. War communism (or military communism) (Военный коммунизм 1918 - 1921 is the term created by western historians referring to the economic and political system The peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land. By 1921, cultivated land had shrunk to 62 percent of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37 percent of normal. The number of horses declined from 35 million in 1916 to 24 million in 1920, and cattle from 58 to 37 million. The exchange rate with the U. S. dollar declined from two rubles in 1914 to 1,200 in 1920. The ruble or rouble (рубль rublʹ, plural ru рубли́ rubli; see note on English spelling and Russian plurals with numbers

With the end of the war, the Communist Party assumed complete control of the country, repressing by severe measures all strikes and riots. With their rivals eliminated, they could turn their attentions to the building of a socialist state. The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any Although Russia eventually recovered and even experienced extremely rapid economic growth in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar in Russian society, and had permanent effects on the later history of the Soviet Union.

References

Further reading

• T. N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History (many editions) Harper & Row Publishers.
• DK Atlas of World History, 1999, Dorling Kindersley Publishing.

See also

• Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War
  • North Russia Campaign
  • Polar Bear Expedition
  • American Expeditionary Force Siberia
  • Siberian Intervention
• Don Army
• German Caucasus Expedition
• Latvian Riflemen
• Stalin in the Russian Civil War
• Nestor Makhno
• Decossackization
• Russian Liberation Movement
• Red Terror
• Japanese-planned Republic of the Far East
• Siberian Intervention
• White Terror
• White Movement
• Black Army
• Green Ukraine
• Green Army
• Red Army

Short lived states:

• Bukharan People's Soviet Republic
• Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
• Democratic Republic of Armenia
• United Baltic Duchy
• Belarusian National Republic
• Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic
• Far Eastern Republic
• Idel-Ural State

Media:

• Doctor Zhivago - a novel about the Russian Civil War. The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched in 1918 during the Russian Civil War and World War I The North Russia Campaign (also known as the Northern Russian Expedition or the Allied Intervention in North Russia) was part of the Allied Intervention in Russia The Polar Bear Expedition (also known as the Northern Russian Expedition, the American North Russia Expeditionary Force - ANREF or the American The American Expeditionary Force Siberia (AEF Siberia was a United States Army force that was involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok The of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers and Japan The Don Army was part of the White movement of the Russian Civil War, operating from 1917 to 1919, in the Don region and centered in the town The German Caucasus Expedition was a military expedition sent by the German Empire to the formerly Russian Transcaucasia during the World War I Latvian riflemen (Latviešu strēlnieki Латышские стрелки were military formations assembled starting 1915 in Latvia in order to defend Baltic territories From May 1918 to August 1920 the future leader of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin was employed with only brief gaps as a military Political commissar Nestor Ivanovich Makhno (Нестор Іванович Махно October 26, 1888 – July 6, 1934) was an anarcho-communist Decossackization is a term used to describe Lenin 's Bolsheviks policy of the systematic elimination of the Cossacks as social groups Russian Liberation Movement (Русское Освободительное Движение is a term used to describe Russians during World War II who tried to create an anti-communist The Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and Executions conducted by the Bolshevik government The term Japanese-planned Republic of the Far East refers to the planned organization of a Japanese Puppet state in the Russian Far East during 1918-22 and the The of 1918–1922 was the dispatch of troops of the Entente powers to the Russian Maritime Provinces as part of a larger effort by the western powers and Japan In general the term White Terror refers to acts of violence carried out by Reactionary (usually monarchist or conservative) groups as part of a The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard The Zeleny Klyn (Зелений клин or Zelena Ukraina, also known as Eastern Ukraina, was an area of land settled by Ukrainians which is a part of The Green armies, Green Army (Russian Зелёная Армия) or Greens (Russian Зелёные) were armed peasant groups which fought The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (Бухарская Народная Советская Республика was the name of Uzbekistan from 1920 to 1925 The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ( ADR; Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti was the first Democratic and Secular Republic in the Muslim world The Democratic Republic of Armenia ( DRA; Armenian: Դեմոկրատական Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Demokratakan Hayastani Hanrapetutyun The United Baltic Duchy (Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste Ühendatud Balti Hertsogiriik was a proposal to unite the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia The Belarusian People's Republic (Белару́ская Наро́дная Рэспу́бліка bʲeɫa'ruskaja na'rodnaja rɛs'publʲika translit The Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic or Bessarabian SSR (Бессарабская Советская Социалистическая Республика Бессарабская The Far Eastern Republic (Дальневосто́чная Респу́блика ДВР romanised: Dalnevostochnaya Respublika DVR) sometimes called the Idel-Ural literally means "Volga-Ural" in Tatar.Historically it refers to a short-lived Tatar Republic with its centre in Kazan Doctor Zhivago ( Russian: Доктор Живаго, Doktor Zhivago) is a 20th century Novel by Boris Pasternak.
• Doctor Zhivago - a film based on the novel. Doctor Zhivago ( Доктор Живаго) is a 1965 drama - romance - War film directed by David Lean and loosely
• Reds - a Hollywood movie set in the time period

External links

• Russian Revolution and Civil War archive at libcom.org/library
• "BBC History of the Russian Revolution" (February 3, 2007)
• "Russian Civil War" (Spartacus History, downloaded January 3, 2006)
• "Russian Civil War 1918-1920" (On War website, downloaded January 4, 2006)
• "Civil War of 1917 - 1922 at Encyclopedia of Russian History (February 3, 2007)
• "Russian Civil War Polities" (World Statesmen. Reds is a 1981 film starring Warren Beatty and Diane Keaton. It centers on the life of John Reed, the Communist, journalist Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. org, downloaded February 16, 2007)