The rune poems are poems that list the letters of runic alphabets while providing an explanatory poetic stanza for each letter. Three different poems have been preserved: the Icelandic Rune Poem, the Norwegian Rune Poem, and the Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem.

The Icelandic and Norwegian poems list 16 Younger Futhark runes, while the Anglo Saxon Rune Poem lists 26 Anglo-Saxon runes. The Younger Futhark, also called the Scandinavian runes, is a Runic alphabet, a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, consisting of only 16 characters in Futhorc, a Runic alphabet used by the Anglo-Saxons, was descended from the Elder Futhark of 24 runes and contained between 26 and 33 characters Each poem differs in poetic verse but contain numerous parallels between one another. Further, the poems provide references to figures from Norse paganism and Anglo-Saxon paganism, the latter included alongside Christian references. Norse paganism is a term used to describe the religious traditions which were common amongst the Germanic tribes living in Nordic countries prior to and Anglo-Saxon paganism refers to the Migration Period religion practiced by the English in 5th to 7th century England. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A list of rune names is also recorded in the Abecedarium Nordmannicum, a 9th century manuscript, but as to if this can be called a poem or not is a matter of some debate. Codex Sangallensis 878 is a manuscript kept in the library of the Abbey of St

The rune poems have been theorized as having been mnemonic devices that allowed the user to remember the order and names of each letter of the alphabet and may have been a catalog of important cultural information, memorably arranged; comparable with the Old English sayings, Gnomic poetry, and Old Norse poetry of wisdom and learning. A mnemonic device (nəˈmɒnɪk is a Memory aid Commonly met mnemonics are often verbal something such as a very short poem or a special word used to help a person remember A saying is something that is said notable in one respect or another For the map projection see Gnomonic projection; for the game see Nomic. Old Norse poetry encompasses a range of verse forms written in Old Norse, during the period from the 8th century (see Eggjum stone) to as late as the far ^[1]

Contents 1 Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem 2 Norwegian Rune Poem 3 Icelandic Rune Poem 4 Abecedarium Nordmannicum 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem

The Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem as recorded was likely composed in the 8th or 9th century^[2] and was preserved in the 10th century manuscript Cotton Otho B. The 8th century is the period from 701 to 800 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. x, fol. 165a - 165b, housed at the Cotton library in London, England. The Cotton or Cottonian library was the Library compiled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton (1571 - 1631 an antiquarian and bibliophile London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland In 1731, the manuscript was lost with numerous other manuscripts in a fire at the Cotton library. ^[3] However, the poem text had been copied by George Hickes in 1705 and his copy has formed the basis of all later editions of the poems. George Hickes ( 20 June 1642 OS - 15 December 1715 OS) English divine and scholar was born at Newsham ^[3]

George Hickes' record of the poem may deviate from the original manuscript. ^[3] Hickes recorded the poem in prose, divided the prose into 29 stanzas, and placed a copper plate engraved with runic characters on the left-hand margin so that each rune stands immediately in front of the stanza where it belongs. ^[3] For five of the runes (wen, hægl, nyd, eoh, and Ing) Hickes gives variant forms and two more runes are given at the foot of the column; cweorð and an unnamed rune (calc) which are not handled in the poem itself. ^[3] A second copper plate appears across the foot of the page and contains two more runes: stan and gar. ^[3]

Van Kirk Dobbie states that this apparatus is not likely to have been present in the original text of the Cotton manuscript and states that it's possible that the original Anglo-Saxon rune poem manuscript would have appeared similar in arrangement of runes and texts to that of the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems. ^[3]

Norwegian Rune Poem

The Norwegian Rune Poem was preserved in a 17th century copy of a destroyed 13th century manuscript. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar ^[4] The Norwegian Rune Poem is preserved in skaldic metre, featuring the first line exhibiting a "(rune name)(copula) X" pattern, followed by a second rhyming line providing information somehow relating to its subject. The skald was a member of a group of Poets whose courtly poetry (Icelandic dróttkvæði) is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International ^[5]

Icelandic Rune Poem

The Icelandic Rune Poem is recorded in four Arnamagnæan manuscripts, the youngest of the four dating from the late 15th century. The Arnamagnæan Manuscript Collection ( Danish: Den Arnamagnæanske Håndskriftsamling, Icelandic Handritasafn Árna Magnússonar) derives its ^[4] The Icelandic Rune Poem is has been called the most systemized of the rune poems (including the Abecedarium Nordmannicum) and has been compared to the ljóðaháttr verse form. In prosody, alliterative verse is a form of verse that uses Alliteration as the principal structuring device to unify lines of poetry as opposed to ^[5]

Abecedarium Nordmannicum

Main article: Abecedarium Nordmannicum

Recorded in the 9th century, the Abecedarium Nordmannicum is the earliest known catalog of Norse rune names, though it does not contain definitions, is partly in Continental Germanic and also contains an amount of distinctive Anglo-Saxon rune types. Codex Sangallensis 878 is a manuscript kept in the library of the Abbey of St The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. ^[6] The text is recorded in Codex Sangallensis 878,^[5] kept in the St. Gallen abbey, and may originate from Fulda, Germany. Codex Sangallensis 878 is a manuscript kept in the library of the Abbey of St The Abbey of St Gall (Sankt Gallen was for many centuries one of the chief Benedictine Abbeys in Europe Fulda (ˈfʊlda is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the Fulda River and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district ( Kreis Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

See also

• Gothic alphabet
• Solomon and Saturn
• Briatharogaim
• Runic divination

Notes

References

External links

• Rune Poems from "Runic and Heroic Poems" by Bruce Dickins

Runes

See also: Rune poems · Runestones · Runology · Runic divination

Elder Fuþark:

ᚠ

ᚢ

ᚦ

ᚨ

ᚱ

ᚲ

ᚷ

ᚹ

ᚺ

ᚾ

ᛁ

ᛃ

ᛇ

ᛈ

ᛉ

ᛊ

ᛏ

ᛒ

ᛖ

ᛗ

ᛚ

ᛜ

ᛞ

ᛟ

Anglo-Saxon Fuþorc:

ᚠ

ᚢ

ᚦ

ᚩ o

ᚱ

ᚳ c

ᚷ ȝ

ᚹ

ᚻ

ᚾ

ᛁ

ᛄ

ᛇ eo

ᛈ

ᛉ x

ᛋ

ᛏ

ᛒ

ᛖ

ᛗ

ᛚ

ᛝ

ᛞ

ᛟ œ

ᚪ a

ᚫ æ

ᚣ y

ᛠ ea

Younger Fuþark:

ᚠ

ᚢ

ᚦ

ᚬ ą

ᚱ

ᚴ

ᚼ

ᚾ

ᛁ

ᛅ a

ᛋ

ᛏ

ᛒ

ᛘ

ᛚ

ᛦ ʀ

Transliteration:

f

u

þ

a

r

k

g

w ·

h

n

i

j

ï

p

z

s ·

t

b

e

m

l

ŋ

d

o

Columbia University Press is a University press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. The Rune Poems are three poems that list the letters of Runic alphabets while providing an explanatory poetic stanza for each letter A runestone is typically a raised stone with a runic inscription but the term can also be applied to inscriptions on boulders and on bedrock This article is about the philological discipline not to be confused with occultist concepts like Runosophy. The Elder Futhark (or Elder Fuþark, Older Futhark, Old Futhark) is the oldest form of the Runic alphabet, used by Germanic tribes The Fe Rune ( Old Norse fé; Old English feoh) represents the f -sound in the Younger The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark u rune is *Ūruz meaning " wild ox " or *Ûram The Germanic Rune is called Thurs ( Þurs "giant" see Jötunn) in the Icelandic and Norwegian Rune poems *Raidô "ride journey" is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the r - Rune of the Elder Futhark. The k - Rune (Younger Futhark, Anglo-Saxon futhorc) is called Kaun in both the Norwegian and Icelandic Rune poems meaning " Gyfu is the name for the g - Rune in the Anglo-Saxon Rune poem, meaning "gift" or "generosity" Wynn ( (also spelled wen, ƿynn, or ƿen) was a letter of the Old English alphabet. *Haglaz or *Hagalaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the h - Rune, meaning " Hail " (the precipitation *Naudiz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the n - Rune, meaning "need distress" *Isaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the i - Rune, meaning " Ice " Eiwaz or Eihaz (reconstructed *īhaz / *ēhaz or *īwaz / *ēwaz) was a Proto-Germanic word for " yew " is the rune denoting the sound p in the Elder Futhark Runic alphabet, in the Anglo-Saxon Rune poem named peorð. *Algiz, sometimes *Elhaz, is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name for the rune, representing the Proto-Germanic terminal -z *Sôwilô or *Saewelô is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the s-rune meaning "sun" The t - Rune is named after Tyr, and was identified with this god *Berkanan is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the b Rune, meaning " Birch " *Ehwaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark e Rune, meaning " Horse " (cognate to Latin *Mannaz or *Manwaz (ᛗ is the Proto-Germanic term for " Man " in the gender-neutral sense of "individual human being" *Laguz or *Laukaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the l - Rune, *laguz meaning " Water " or " Yngvi, Yngvin, Ingwine, Inguin are names that relate to an older theonym Ing and which appears to have been the older name for the god Freyr In Norse mythology, Dagr ( Old Norse "day" is Day personified The Elder Futhark Odal Rune ( represents the o sound Its reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is * ôþalan. Futhorc, a Runic alphabet used by the Anglo-Saxons, was descended from the Elder Futhark of 24 runes and contained between 26 and 33 characters The Fe Rune ( Old Norse fé; Old English feoh) represents the f -sound in the Younger The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark u rune is *Ūruz meaning " wild ox " or *Ûram The Germanic Rune is called Thurs ( Þurs "giant" see Jötunn) in the Icelandic and Norwegian Rune poems O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes *Raidô "ride journey" is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the r - Rune of the Elder Futhark. The k - Rune (Younger Futhark, Anglo-Saxon futhorc) is called Kaun in both the Norwegian and Icelandic Rune poems meaning " C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (siː Gyfu is the name for the g - Rune in the Anglo-Saxon Rune poem, meaning "gift" or "generosity" See also Grave accent Double acute accent International Phonetic Alphabet Wynn ( (also spelled wen, ƿynn, or ƿen) was a letter of the Old English alphabet. *Haglaz or *Hagalaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the h - Rune, meaning " Hail " (the precipitation *Naudiz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the n - Rune, meaning "need distress" *Isaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the i - Rune, meaning " Ice " Eiwaz or Eihaz (reconstructed *īhaz / *ēhaz or *īwaz / *ēwaz) was a Proto-Germanic word for " yew " is the rune denoting the sound p in the Elder Futhark Runic alphabet, in the Anglo-Saxon Rune poem named peorð. *Algiz, sometimes *Elhaz, is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name for the rune, representing the Proto-Germanic terminal -z *Sôwilô or *Saewelô is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the s-rune meaning "sun" The t - Rune is named after Tyr, and was identified with this god *Berkanan is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the b Rune, meaning " Birch " *Ehwaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark e Rune, meaning " Horse " (cognate to Latin *Mannaz or *Manwaz (ᛗ is the Proto-Germanic term for " Man " in the gender-neutral sense of "individual human being" *Laguz or *Laukaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the l - Rune, *laguz meaning " Water " or " Yngvi, Yngvin, Ingwine, Inguin are names that relate to an older theonym Ing and which appears to have been the older name for the god Freyr In Norse mythology, Dagr ( Old Norse "day" is Day personified The Elder Futhark Odal Rune ( represents the o sound Its reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is * ôþalan. This article is about the typographic ligature for other uses see Oe Œ The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark u rune is *Ūruz meaning " wild ox " or *Ûram The Ear ᛠ rune of the Anglo-Saxon futhorc is a late addition to the alphabet The Younger Futhark, also called the Scandinavian runes, is a Runic alphabet, a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, consisting of only 16 characters in The Fe Rune ( Old Norse fé; Old English feoh) represents the f -sound in the Younger The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark u rune is *Ūruz meaning " wild ox " or *Ûram The Germanic Rune is called Thurs ( Þurs "giant" see Jötunn) in the Icelandic and Norwegian Rune poems Ą ( minuscule: ą) is a letter in the Polish, Kashubian, Lithuanian, Creek, Navajo, Western Apache *Raidô "ride journey" is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the r - Rune of the Elder Futhark. The k - Rune (Younger Futhark, Anglo-Saxon futhorc) is called Kaun in both the Norwegian and Icelandic Rune poems meaning " *Haglaz or *Hagalaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the h - Rune, meaning " Hail " (the precipitation *Naudiz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the n - Rune, meaning "need distress" *Isaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the i - Rune, meaning " Ice " *Sôwilô or *Saewelô is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the s-rune meaning "sun" The t - Rune is named after Tyr, and was identified with this god *Berkanan is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the b Rune, meaning " Birch " *Mannaz or *Manwaz (ᛗ is the Proto-Germanic term for " Man " in the gender-neutral sense of "individual human being" *Laguz or *Laukaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the l - Rune, *laguz meaning " Water " or " The Yr rune is a Rune of the Younger Futhark. The name yr means "yew" in Old Norse. The Yr rune is a Rune of the Younger Futhark. The name yr means "yew" in Old Norse. Runic transliteration and transcription are part of analysing a runic inscription. F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled u (juː Î, î ( I - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Romanian language. The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (eɪ plural R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u (ˈdʌbljuː N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added Ï is a symbol used in various languages written with the Latin alphabet. P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled pee or occasionally pe (piː Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (biː plural bees. E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (iː plural es or ees (also written E's E M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl Ś is an S with an Acute accent. It is found in the Polish alphabet and it is used in some other countries Slavic usually ( Voiceless alveolo-palatal D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes

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