Runamo is a cracked dolerite dike that was for centuries held to be a runic inscription and gave rise to a famous scholarly controversy in the 19th century. Diabase (ˈdaɪəbeɪs or Dolerite is a Mafic, Holocrystalline, Igneous rock equivalent to Volcanic Basalt or plutonic A dike or dyke in Geology is a type of Sheet intrusion referring to any geologic body that cuts Discordantly ' across planar The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar [1] It is located 2. 7 km from the church of Bräkne-Hoby in Blekinge, Sweden. Bräkne-Hoby is a locality in Ronneby Municipality, Blekinge County, Sweden. is a one of the Provinces of Sweden ( landskap) situated in the south of the country "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. [1] For hundreds of years people said it was possible to read an inscription, and learned men referred to it. [1]
As early as the 12th century, the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus reported in the introduction to his Gesta Danorum that the runic inscription was no longer legible being too worn down. "Saxo" redirects here For the car see Citroën Saxo and for the bank see Saxo Bank Saxo Grammaticus (c Gesta Danorum ("Deeds of the Danes" is a work of Danish history by the 12th century author Saxo Grammaticus ("Saxo the Literate" This had been established by a delegation sent by the Danish king Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182) to read the inscription:
| “ | Now in Bleking is to be seen a rock which travellers can visit, dotted with letters in a strange character. For there stretches from the southern sea into the desert of Vaarnsland a road of rock, contained between two lines a little way apart and very prolonged, between which is visible in the midst a level space, graven all over with characters made to be read. Värend is one of the constituent small countries at the unification of the province Småland, in Sweden. And though this lies so unevenly as sometimes to break through the tops of the hills, sometimes to pass along the valley bottoms, yet it can be discerned to preserve continuous traces of the characters. Now Waldemar, well-starred son of holy Canute, marvelled at these, and desired to know their purport, and sent men to go along the rock and gather with close search the series of the characters that were to be seen there; they were then to denote them with certain marks, using letters of similar shape. Canute Lavard (meaning "Canute the Lord" Danish: Knud Lavard) (c These men could not gather any sort of interpretation of them, because owing to the hollow space of the graving being partly smeared up with mud and partly worn by the feet of travellers in the trampling of the road, the long line that had been drawn became blurred. [2] | ” |
Later in book 7 of Gesta Danorum, Saxo explains that it was a memorial by the Danish king Harald Wartooth to his father's great deeds:
| “ | HARALD, being of great beauty and unusual size, and surpassing those of his age in strength and stature, received such favour from Odin (whose oracle was thought to have been the cause of his birth), that steel could not injure his perfect soundness. Harald Wartooth ( Old Norse: Haraldr Hilditönn, modern Swedish and Danish Harald Hildetand) was a legendary king of Sweden, Denmark Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. The result was, that shafts which wounded others were disabled from doing him any harm. Nor was the boon unrequited; for he is reported to have promised to Odin all the souls which his sword cast out of their bodies. He also had his father's deeds recorded for a memorial by craftsmen on a rock in Bleking, whereof I have made mention. [3] | ” |
In spite of Saxo's report that the inscription was illegible as early as the 12th century, the Danish physician and antiquary Ole Worm declared in the 17th century that he had managed to read four letters in the description: Lund[4]. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health An antiquarian or antiquary is one concerned with Antiquities or things of the past Ole Worm ( May 13, 1588 &ndash August 31, 1655) (pronounced "Olə Vorm" who often went by the Latinized form of his name As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar (lɵnd is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76188 inhabitants out of a muncipal total of 105000
There was considerable interest in the inscription during the Gothicismus of the early 19th century. Gothicismus, Gothism, or Gothicism (Göticism is the name given to what is considered to have been a Cultural movement in Sweden. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar [5] The Swedish writer Esaias Tegnér referred to it in his unfinished poem on the giantess Gerðr and Axel who became bishop Absalon of Lund. Esaias Tegnér ( 13 November 1782 in Kyrkerud, Värmland &ndash 2 November 1846) was a Swedish Writer Gerðr is a Jötunn in Norse Mythology most well known as the wife of the Norse god Freyr. Absalon (c 1128 &ndash March 21, 1201) was a Danish Archbishop and statesman [5]
In 1833, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters sent an expedition led by a Dano-Icelandic scholar named Finn Magnussen. Year 1833 ( MDCCCXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters ( Danish: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab) is a Danish non-governmental science Academy founded November Finn Magnussen, or Finnur Magnússon, (August 27 1781 in Skálholt, Iceland – December 24 1847 in Copenhagen, Denmark) was a [1][6] The mission was to explore the signs making use of geological and artistic expertise,[7] including the geologist Johan Georg Forchhammer. Johan Georg Forchhammer ( July 24 1794 &ndash December 14 1865) was a Danish Mineralogist and Geologist. [1] At first, Finn Magnussen was unable to read the signs, but resolving to read them from right to left and by interpreting some of them as cipher runes, he was able to discern a poem. Cipher runes, or cryptic runes, are the cryptographical replacement of the letters of the Runic alphabet. [7] This poem was an incantation by Harald Hildekinn (sic. ), i. e. Harald Wartooth, for victory against the Swedish king Sigurd Ring at the Battle of Brávellir,[7] or stanzas from the skaldic poem that the champion Starkad composed on the battle. Sigurd Ring ( Old Norse: Sigurðr hringr) or Ring ( Old Norse: Hringr) (ca 750) was a Swedish and Danish king mentioned in The Battle of Brávellir or the Battle of Bråvalla was a legendary battle that is described in the Norse sagas as taking place on the Brávellir between The skald was a member of a group of Poets whose courtly poetry (Icelandic dróttkvæði) is associated with the courts of Scandinavian and Icelandic Starkad, Old Norse: Starkaðr or Störkuðr, Latin: Starcaterus, and during the late Middle Ages, also known as Starkodder [1][6]
Magnussen's report made the famous Swedish scientist Jöns Jacob Berzelius undertake his own study in 1836, and he concluded that the inscription was nothing but natural cracks in the rock. Friherre Jöns Jacob Berzelius (20 August 1779 &ndash 7 August 1848 was a Swedish chemist Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap [7] Magnussen defended his thesis in an extensive publication in 1841, but the Danish archaeologist Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae made a third study at the location in 1844, which turned the general scholarly opinion towards Berzelius' theory. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae ( 14 March, 1821 &ndash 15 August, 1885) was a Danish archaeologist, historian and politician Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year [6][7] Since then, it is generally considered to be a dolerite dike with cracks. Diabase (ˈdaɪəbeɪs or Dolerite is a Mafic, Holocrystalline, Igneous rock equivalent to Volcanic Basalt or plutonic A dike or dyke in Geology is a type of Sheet intrusion referring to any geologic body that cuts Discordantly ' across planar [8]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f The article Runamo in Nordisk familjebok (1916).
- ^ The Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus, Preface, at the Online Medieval and Classical Library.
- ^ The Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus, book 7, at the Online Medieval and Classical Library.
- ^ An article in Sydöstran, retrieved January 1st 2006. The term pareidolia (pæraɪˈdoʊliə describes a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound being perceived as significant
- ^ a b Andersson 1947:222
- ^ a b c Brate 1922:135
- ^ a b c d e Andersson 1947:223
- ^ The article Runamo in Nationalencyklopedin. Nationalencyklopedin ( NE) is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language Encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant
Bibliography
- Andersson, Ingvar. (1947). Skånes historia, till Saxo och Skånelagen. P. A. Norstedt & söners förlag/Stockholm.
- Brate, Eric. (1922). Sveriges runinskrifter, online.
- Saxo Grammaticus. Gesta Danorum, English Book I-IX: Online Medieval and Classical Library
- The article Runamo in Nationalencyklopedin (1995). Nationalencyklopedin ( NE) is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language Encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant
- The article Runamo in Nordisk familjebok (1916).
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